Solution Manual + Answer Key

Solution Manual for Digital Design with RTL Design VHDL and
Verilog 2nd Edition by Frank Vahid

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Book Title: Digital Design with RTL Design VHDL and Verilog

Edition: 2nd Edition

Author: Frank Vahid

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CHAPTER
1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 EXERCISES

Section 1.2: The World of Digital Systems

1.1. What is a digital signal and how does it differ from an analog signal? Give two
everyday examples of digital phenomena (e.g., a window can be open or closed) and
two everyday examples of analog phenomena.
A digital signal at any time takes on one of a finite number of possible values,
whereas an analog signal can take on one of infinite possible values. Examples of
digital phenomena include a traffic light that is either be red, yellow, or green; a tele-
vision that is on channel 1, 2, 3, ..., or 99; a book that is open to page 1, 2, ..., or 200;
or a clothes hangar that either has something hanging from it or doesn’t. Examples
of analog phenomena include the temperature of a room, the speed of a car, the dis-
tance separating two objects, or the volume of a television set (of course, each ana-
log phenomena could be digitized into a finite number of possible values, with some
accompanying loss of information).
1.2 Suppose an analog audio signal comes in over a wire, and the voltage on the wire can
range from 0 Volts (V) to 3 V. You want to convert the analog signal to a digital sig-
nal. You decide to encode each sample using two bits, such that 0 V would be
encoded as 00, 1 V as 01, 2 V as 10, and 3 V as 11. You sample the signal every 1
millisecond and detect the following sequence of voltages: 0V 0V 1V 2V 3V 2V 1V.
Show the signal converted to digital as a stream of 0s and 1s.
00 00 01 10 11 10 01
1.3 Assume that 0 V is encoded as 00, 1 V as 01, 2 V as 10, and 3 V as 11. You are
given a digital encoding of an audio signal as follows: 1111101001010000. Plot

1
2 c 1 Introduction

the re-created signal with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. Assume that
each encoding’s corresponding voltage should be output for 1 millisecond.

0
V

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ms

1.4 Assume that a signal is encoded using 12 bits. Assume that many of the encodings
turn out to be either 000000000000, 000000000001, or 111111111111. We
thus decide to create compressed encodings by representing 000000000000 as
00, 000000000001 as 01, and 111111111111 as 10. 11 means that an
uncompressed encoding follows. Using this encoding scheme, decompress the fol-
lowing encoded stream:
00 00 01 10 11 010101010101 00 00 10 10
000000000000 000000000000 000000000001 111111111111 010101010101
000000000000 000000000000 111111111111 111111111111
1.5 Using the same encoding scheme as in Exercise 1.4, compress the following unen-
coded stream:
000000000000 000000000001 100000000000 111111111111
00 01 11 100000000000 10
1.6 Encode the following words into bits using the ASCII encoding table in Figure 1.9.
a. LET
b. RESET!
c. HELLO $1
a) 1001100 1000101 1010100
b) 1010010 1000101 1010011 1000101 1010100 0100001
c) 1001000 1000101 1001100 1001100 1001111 0100000 0100100 0110001 (don’t
forget the encoding 0100000 for the space between the O and the $).
1.7 Suppose your are building a keybad that has the buttons A through G. A three-bit
output should indicate which button is currently being pressed. 000 represents no
button being pressed. Decide on a 3-bit encoding to represent each button being
pressed.
One possible set of encodings is: A=001, B=010, C=011, D=100, E=101, F=110,
and G=111. Another possible set is: A=001, B=010, C=100, D=101, E=110, F=111,
G=011. Many other sets of encodings are possible; any set of encodings is fine as
long as each encoding is unique.
1.8 Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:
a. 100
 1.1 Exercises b 3

b. 1011
c. 0000000000001
d. 111111
e. 101010
a) 4
b) 11
c) 1
d) 63
e) 42
1.9 Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:
a. 1010
b. 1000000
c. 11001100
d. 11111
e. 10111011001
a) 10
b) 64
c) 204
d) 31
e) 1497
1.10 Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:
a. 000011
b. 1111
c. 11110
d. 111100
e. 0011010
a) 3
b) 15
c) 30
d) 60
e) 26
1.11 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the addition
method:
a. 9
b. 15
c. 32
d. 140
a) 1001
b) 1111
c) 100000
d) 10001100
4 c 1 Introduction

1.12 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the addition
method:
a. 19
b. 30
c. 64
d. 128
a) 10011
b) 11110
c) 1000000
d) 10000000
1.13 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the addition
method:
a. 3
b. 65
c. 90
d. 100
a) 11
b) 1000001
c) 1011010
d) 1100100
1.14 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the divide-by-2
method:
a. 9
b. 15
c. 32
d. 140
a) 1001
b) 1111
c) 100000
d) 10001100
1.15 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the divide-by-2
method:
a. 19
b. 30
c. 64
d. 128
a) 10011
b) 11110
c) 1000000
d) 10000000
 1.1 Exercises b 5

1.16 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the divide-by-2
method:
a. 3
b. 65
c. 90
d. 100
a) 11
b) 1000001
c) 1011010
d) 1100100
1.17 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers using the divide-by-2
method:
a. 23
b. 87
c. 123
d. 101
a) 10111
b) 1010111
c) 1111011
d) 1100101
1.18 Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:
a. 11110000
b. 11111111
c. 01011010
d. 1001101101101
a) F0
b) FF
c) 5A
d) 136D
1.19 Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:
a. 11001101
b. 10100101
c. 11110001
d. 1101101111100
a) CD
b) A5
c) F1
d) 1B7C
1.20 Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:
a. 11100111
b. 11001000
6 c 1 Introduction

c. 10100100
d. 011001101101101
a) E7
b) C8
c) A4
d) 336D
1.21 Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:
a. FF
b. F0A2
c. 0F100
d. 100
a) 1111 1111
b) 1111 0000 1010 0010
c) 0000 1111 0001 0000 0000
d) 0001 0000 0000
1.22 Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:
a. 4F5E
b. 3FAD
c. 3E2A
d. DEED
a) 0100 1111 0101 1110
b) 0011 1111 1010 1101
c) 0011 1110 0010 1010
d) 1101 1110 1110 1101
1.23 Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:
a. B0C4
b. 1EF03
c. F002
d. BEEF
a) 1011 0000 1100 0100
b) 0001 1110 1111 0000 0011
c) 1111 0000 0000 0010
d) 1011 1110 1110 1111
1.24 Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal:
a. FF
b. F0A2
c. 0F100
d. 100
a) 255
b) 61602
c) 61696
 1.1 Exercises b 7

d) 256
1.25 Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal:
a. 10
b. 4E3
c. FF0
d. 200
a) 16
b) 1251
c) 4080
d) 512
1.26 Convert the decimal number 128 to the following number systems:
a. binary
b. hexadecimal
c. base three
d. base five
e. base fifteen
a) 10000000
b) 80
c) 11202
d) 1003
e) 88
1.27 Compare the number of digits necessary to represent the following decimal numbers
in binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal representations. You need not determine
the actual representations -- just the number of required digits. For example, repre-
senting the decimal number 12 requires four digits in binary (1100 is the actual rep-
resentation), two digits in octal (14), two digits in decimal (12), and one digit in
hexadecimal (C).
a. 8
b. 60
c. 300
d. 1000
e. 999,999
a) 4 digits in binary, 2 digits in octal, 1 digit in decimal, 1 digit in hexadecimal
b) 6 digits in binary, 2 digits in octal, 2 digits in decimal, 2 digits in hexadecimal
c) 9 digits in binary, 3 digits in octal, 3 digits in decimal, 3 digits in hexadecimal
d) 10 digits in binary, 4 digits in octal, 4 digits in decimal, 3 digits in hexadecimal
e) 20 digits in binary, 7 digits in octal, 6 digits in decimal, 5 digits in hexadecimal
1.28 Determine the decimal number ranges that can be represented in binary, octal, deci-
mal, and hexadecimal using the following numbers of digits. For example, 2 digits
can represent decimal number range 0 through 3 in binary (00 through 11), 0
through 63 in octal (00 through 77), 0 through 99 in decimal (00 through 99), and 0
through 255 in hexadecimal (00 through FF).
8 c 1 Introduction

a. 1
b. 3
c. 6
d. 8
a) 0-1 in binary, 0-7 in octal, 0-9 in decimal, 0-15 in hexadecimal
b) 0-7 in binary, 0-511 in octal, 0-999 in decimal, 0-4,095 in hexadecimal
c) 0-63 in binary, 0-262,143 in octal, 0-999,999 in decimal, 0-16,777,215 in hexa-
decimal
d) 0-255 in binary, 0-16,777,215, 0-99,999,999 in decimal, 0-4,294,967,295 in
hexadecimal
1.29 Rewrite the following bit quantities as byte quantities, using the most appropriate
metric prefix, e.g., 16,000 bits (2,000 bytes) would be rewritten as 2 Kbytes.
a. 8,000,000
b. 32,000,000,000
c. 1,000,000,000
a) 8,000,000 bits * (1 byte/ 8 bits) = 1,000,000 bytes = 1 Mbyte
b) 32,000,000,000 bits / 8 = 4,000,000,000 = 4 Gbytes
c) 1,000,000,000 bits / 8 = 125,000,000 bytes = 125 Mbytes

Section 1.3: Implementing Digital Systems: Programming Microprocessors versus

Designing Digital Circuits

1.30 Use a microprocessor like that in Figure 1.23 to implement a system that sounds an
alarm whenever there is motion detected at the same time in three different rooms.
Each room’s motion sensor output comes to us on a wire as a bit, 1 meaning motion,
0 meaning no motion. We sound the alarm by setting an output wire “alarm” to 1.
Show the connections to and from the microprocessor, and the C code to execute on
the microprocessor.

motion sensor 1 I0 P0 alarm

motion sensor 2 I1 P1
Microprocessor

motion sensor 3 I2 P2
I3 P3
I4 P4
I5 P5
I6 P6
I7 P7

void main() {
while (1) {
P0 = I0 && I1 && I2;
}
}
1.31 A security camera company wishes to add a face recognition feature to their cameras
such that the camera only broadcasts video when a human face is detected in the
video. The camera records 30 video frames per second. For each frame, the camera
would execute a face recognition application. The application implemented on a
 1.1 Exercises b 9

microprocessor requires 50 ms. The application implemented as a custom digital cir-

cuit requires 1 ms. Compute the maximum number of frames per second that each
implementation supports, and indicate which implementation is sufficient for 30
frames per second.
50 ms/frame means 1 frame / 50 ms = 1 frame / 0.05 s = 20 frames / s.
1 ms/frame means 1 frame / 1 ms = 1 frame / 0.001 s = 1000 frames / s.
Thus, the digital circuit implementation would suffice, but the microprocessor
implementation is too slow.
1.32 Suppose a particular banking system supports encrypted transactions, and that
decrypting each transaction consists of three sub-tasks A, B, and C. The execution
times of each task on a microprocessor versus a custom digital circuit are 50 ms ver-
sus 1 ms for A, 20 ms versus 2 ms for B, and 20 ms versus 1 ms for C. Partition the
tasks among the microprocessor and custom digital circuitry, such that you mini-
mize the amount of custom digital circuitry, while meeting the constraint of decrypt-
ing at least 40 transactions per second. Assume each task requires the same amount
of digital circuitry.
40 transactions / second means that decryption should occur at a rate of 1 second /
40 transactions = 0.025 seconds / transaction, or 25ms/transaction. Implementing all
three tasks on the microprocessor would result in 50+20+20 = 90 ms/transaction,
which is too slow. Implementing any one task as a digital circuit is still too slow.
Implementing A as a digital circuit would reduce the time to 1+20+20 = 41 ms.
Implementing A and B as a digital circuit would reduce the time to 1+2+20 = 23 ms.
Implementing A and C as a digital circuit would reduce the time to 1+20+1 = 22 ms.
Thus, either solution suffices. Implementing B and C as a digital circuit would not
suffice, as the time would be 50+2+1 = 53 ms. Implementing all three as a digital
circuit would result in 1+2+1 = 4 ms/transaction, which is plenty fast but uses extra
digital circuitry. Thus, one solution is A and B as digital circuits, C on the micropro-
cessor. Another solution is A and C as digital circuits, B on the microprocessor.
1.33 How many possible partitionings are there of a set of N tasks where each task can be
implemented either on the microprocessor or as a custom digital circuit? How many
possible partitionings are there of a set of 20 tasks (expressed as a number without
any exponents)?
2n
For 20 tasks, there are 220 or 1,048,576 (over 1 million) possible partitionings.
10 c 1 Introduction