TISSUES

Muticellular organisms are made of millions of [Link] show division of labour

and each cell
performs a particular function efficiently. Such cells are grouped together and is
called tissue.
TISSUE : A group of cells that are similar in structure and origin (come from same parent
cell) and perform similar function.
HISTOLOGY : Study of tissues

What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?

Multi-cellular organisms have millions of cells. Each group of cell is called tissue and it
performs a special function [Link]: muscle cells (contract and relax to bring
movement), nerve cells (carry message) and blood, all are tissues. In plants, vascular
tissues (xylem and phloem )conduct water and food from one part of the plant to other parts.
So, multi-cellular organisms show division of labour.
 ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS MADE OF SAME
TISSUES?

Due to difference in structure and function of plants and animals,they

are made of different types of tissues.
 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE (MERISTEM)
• have the power to divide to form new cells.
• increase the length and girth (width) of plants and are found in growing areas of plants.
•new cells that are produced by the meristem are similar to the meristem,but as they grow their
characteristics change and they differentiate.
CHARACTERISTICS : Cells are active (living),have dense cytoplasm,thin cellulose walls, prominent
nuclei and lack vacuole as vacuoles provide rigidity to cells and prevent quick cell division. Cell needs
a dense cytoplasm and soft cell wall for cell division. (ACC NV)
TYPES OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE DEPENDING ON THEIR LOCATION

TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION

i) APICAL MERISTEM Growing tips of Increases length(height) of the
shoot(shoot plant
apex meristem) and root – PRIMARY GROWTH
(root apex meristem)
ii) INTERCALARY At base of leaves or Increase in length of organ like
MERISTEM internode leaves and internodes

iii) LATERAL MERISTEM On sides of stem and roots. Increase the diameter and girth –
(found in woody trees 2 TYPES - SECONDARY GROWTH
and plants) [Link] cambium
(found beneath
bark)
2. vascular cambium
(found in vascular bundles)
RECAP:
1. What is the unique feature of meristem?
2. Growth in plants is restricted to certain [Link].
3. What happens to apical meristem when it looses its ability to divide?
4. Draw a well labeled diagram to show various types of meristematic
tissue and their location.
5. What type of tissue is found at the shoot apex?Name one more part of plant
body where this type of tissue is found.
6. Why vacuoles are absent in the cells of meristematic tissue?
7. Do the roots of a plant continue to grow after their tips are removed?Give
reason.
 PERMANENT
TISSUES
• tissue that comes from meristematic tissue and are matured.
• made of dead cells that have lost the power to divide.
• have a definite shape,size and function and may be dead or living.
• The process by which cells arise from meristematic tissue and take up a
permanent shape,size and function is called DIFFERENTIATION.
RECAP:
1. State the major difference between meristematic and permanent tissues.
2. Name the 3 simple permanent [Link] their location and function.
3. Differentiate between the three types of simple permanent tissues on the
basis of their cell walls.
4. Which tissue is called packaging tissue in plants?
5. Which chemical is deposited at the corners of cells of collenchyma?
6. Intercellular spaces are absent in [Link]?
7. Water hyacinth floats on water [Link].
8. Name the tissue that is dead and has no intercellular spaces.
9. Name the tissue that makes husk of coconut and write its any 3
characteristics.
10. What is chlorenchyma?State its functions.
11. How simple permanent tissues are different from complex permanent tissues
in
plants?
12. Draw neat diagrams showing the transverse and longitudinal sections of
simple permanent tissues.
13. Branches of trees move and bend [Link].
EPIDERMIS
Structure Function

Layer of cells covering surface of entire plant. Acts as a barrier to microorganisms and pathogens.

Allow light to pass through for photosynthesis in the

Layer is thin and transparent.
tissues below.

Epidermal tissues have tiny hairs projecting from

surface of epidermis. Trichomes are abundant in Leaf trichomes trap water to prevent water loss.
some plant leaves.

Root hairs are elongations of epidermal cells in the Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption of
root. water from the soil .

Epidermal tissues in leaves are covered with a

waxy cuticle. The waxy cuticle prevents water loss from leaves.

Some epidermal cells secrete poisonous or bad- The bitter taste of the substances prevent grazing by
tasting substances. animals.
STOMATA : Epidermis of leaf has pores stomata surrounded by two kidney-shaped
guard cells.
FUNCTION OF STOMATA:
• exchange of gases.
•transpiration (loss of water in the form of water vapour).It helps in conduction of water
and minerals from root to other parts of plant.
Is the outer layer of a branch of a tree different from the outer layer of a young
stem?
As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue called epidermis changes. It is
replaced by secondary meristem which gives new cells on both [Link] on the
outside are cut off from this layer. This forms the several-layer thick cork or the bark of
the tree. Cells of cork are dead and tightly arranged without intercellular spaces .They
have a chemical called suberin in their walls which makes them impervious to gases
and water.

CORK : protective in nature,prevents loss of water from plant and [Link] it does not
catch fire easily and is light,it is used as an insulator and in sports goods.
Structure of CORK, a protective tissue

COR
K
RECAP:
1. Name the protective tissue present in plants.
2. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
3. State the characteristics of cells of epidermis.
4. Draw a diagram of leaf epidermal peel showing stomata and label
its parts.
5. How does a cork act as a protective tissue?
6. Which structure/tissue protects the plants body against the
invasion of parasites?
 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES
Made of more than one type of cells that have a common origin and work together
to do a common function.
Present in complex plants and help a plant to survive in terrestrial environment
(land).
FUNCTION: transport water,minerals and food to all parts of plants

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE TYPES

XYLEM PHLOEM
1. tracheids 1. sieve tubes
2. vessels/tracheae 2. companion cells
3. xylem 3. phloem
parenchyma parenchyma
4. xylem 4. phloem fibres
sclerenchyma
Both the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem)are called VASCULAR
TISSUES and together form vascular bundles.
X (VT) + P(VT) = VB
xylem (vascular tissue) + phloem (vascular tissue) = vascular
 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
XYLEM (wood):
1. Cells have thick walls
2. Elements are tracheids,vessels,xylem parenchyma,xylem
sclerenchyma
3. Vessels are most important element and are shorter and wider
than tracheids
4. Vessels and tracheids have tube like structures (tubular)that
helps in transporting water and minerals vertically
efficiently.
5. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral conduction
of water
6. In addition to transporting water and mineral salts from roots to
leaves, xylem also provides support to plants and trees
because of its tough lignified vessels.

PHLOEM (bast) :
1. Sieve tubes are tube like structures
2. Elements are sieve tubes,companion cells,phloem
parenchyma,phloem fibres
3. The end walls are called sieve plates and are perforated due to
presence of pores
4. Phloem transports the prepared food from leaves to storage
organ and from storage organs to growing [Link]
materials can move in both the directions in it
 XYLEM PHLOEM
• Conducts water and minerals
• Conducts food
• Conduction takes place in one direction
• Occurs in 2 directions – upward and
• Conducting channels are tracheids and downward
vessels
• Conducting channels are sieve tubes
• Only xylem parenchyma is living,all
other elements are dead • All elements are living only phloem fibres
are dead
• Xylem conducts and gives mechanical
strength • Phloem conducts,gives no mechanical
strength
also due to presence of lignified
vessels
RECAP:
1. Name the vascular tissues present in plants and state their function.
2. What constitutes xylem and phloem?
3. Name the dead elements of xylem and phloem.
4. Draw a neat diagram of the tissue that is responsible for translocation
of food in
plants.
5. Differentiate between vessels and tracheids.
6. How simple permanent tissues are different from complex permanent
tissues in plants?
 ANIMAL TISSUES
ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION
EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS
TISSUE TISSUE TISSUE TISSUE
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE (simplest tissue)
• covering or protective tissue that is separated from underlying tissue by
fibrous basement [Link] always grows on other tissue.
•can be simple (made of one layer of cell) or stratified (made of many
layers of cells) CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Tightly packed cells to form a continuous sheet
2. Almost no intercellular spaces
LOCATION:
Skin, lining of mouth, blood vessels, alveoli, kidney tubules
It covers the organs and cavities inside the body and separates different
systems from each [Link] it forms the outer layer of skin ,it protects the body
from drying, injury, and infections.

NOTE: As whatever that enters the body or leaves the body,must cross atleast
one layer of epithelium (SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM),permeability of cells
of epithelium is important for exchange of substances.
 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Different epithelia show different structures as they perform different
Type of Epithelium Structure functions
Location in the body Function

Simple squamous Cells are thin, flat, irregular cells Oesophagus,lining of mouth, Protects the underlying
epithelium which fit like floor tiles to form alveoli of the lungs, blood vessels tissue from injury,grems
delicate lining called PAVEMENT
Exchange of gases in
EPITHILIUM
lungs and materials
Nuclei in centre between cells and blood

Cuboidal epithelium Cells are cuboidal with round Kidney tubules, duct of salivary Gives mechanical support
nucleus in centre glands
At times the epithelial
Nuclei in centre tissue folds,forms a gland
that secretes substances.
Such epithilium is called
GLANDULAR EPITHILIUM

Columnar epithelium Cells are more tall and less wide Inner lining of intestine, Helps in absorption
(PILLAR LIKE), placed side by In respiratory tract,cells have cilia excretion and secretion
side. Nucleus is situated near (hair like ) that move and push
the mucous to clear [Link]
the base.
epithilium is called CILIATED
Nuclei near base COLUMNAR EPITHILIUM

Stratified Squamous flat cells arranged in Skin (to prevent wear and tear) Protection, prevent wear
squamous many layers to prevent wear and tongue, oesophagus lining of and tear
epithelium tear of parts. mouth.
RECAP:
1. Name the tissue that is protective tissue in animals.
2. Which epithelium is also called pavement epithelium?
3. Name one organ where ciliated epithilium is [Link] the
function of ciliated epithilium in the organ.
4. Differentiate between different types of epithilium and draw diagrams
for each.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connects various tissues together in any [Link] abundant among all animal tissues.
FUNCTION: binding,supporting and packing of organs of the body.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Few cells,loosely packed ,large intercellular spaces filled with jelly like substance called matrix.

blood (connects all tissues and organs) bone

has fluid matrix(ground substance) called plasma forms skeleton that supports body and anchors
which has proteins,salts and hormones [Link] is a strong and non-flexible tissue in
in which RBC,WBC,platelets are [Link] transports which bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix
gases,food,hormones and waste to parts of body made of calcium and phosphorous compounds
ligament and tendons cartilage (widely spaced cells)
LIGAMENTS connects bone to bone. It is elastic, has hard elastic tissue softer than [Link] is solid
strength and very less matrix. but elastic due to presence of protein called
TENDONS connect muscle to bones. They are CHONDRIN which is why we can bend a cartilage
less elastic,fibrous tissue with great strength and but not the [Link] smoothens the bone
more matrix. sufraces at joints and also found in nose,ear,
trachea,larynx
areolar tissue adipose tissue
It fills space inside the organs,supports internal stores [Link] below the skin and b/w internal
organs and helps in tissue [Link] between [Link] are filled with fat globules. It acts like
skin - muscles,around blood vessels and bone marrow. an insulator due to presence of fats.
RECAP:
1. Name the tissue that is most abundant in the animals.
2. Name the tissue that helps in transportation of substances to
various parts of [Link] its composition.
3. Why is blood called a connective tissue?
4. Differentiate between ligaments and tendons.
5. Difference between areolar and adipose tissue.
 MUSCULAR TISSUE
FUNCTION: It is responsible for the movement in the body.
CHARACTERISTICS : Cells of muscular tissue are long and called muscle fibres.
Muscles have special proteins called CONTRACTILE PROTEINS which contract and
relax to bring movement.
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

STRIATED CARDIAC
UNSTRIATED
 TYPES OF MUSCLE
STRIPED or STRIATED/ SKELETAL/ UNSTRIPED or NON-STRIATED / CARDIAC MUSCLE
VOLUNTARY MUSCLE FIBRES TISSUE
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE FIBRES
FIBRES

Called striped or striated muscles as Called unstriped/non striated Structure in between striated and
they have light and dark bands or muscles as they do not show non-striated muscle fibres and are
striations. light and dark bands. involuntary.
Called voluntary muscles as they move as Called involuntary as they do These muscles show rhythmic
per our will. not move as per our will. contraction and relaxation
Called skeletal muscles as attached to all throughout life and pump blood.
bones and help in movement.
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
• long cylinder shaped unbranched cells • spindle shaped cells • short cylinder shaped,branched
• multinucleated (many nuclei) • uninucleated cells
• fibres arranged in form of bundles • fibres arranged in form of sheets • uninucleated
• fibres arranged in form of network
• have dark and light bands • dark and light bands absent
• faint dark and light bands
LOCATION LOCATION LOCATION
Limbs (arms,legs),tongue,body,face Iris, ureters, bronchi of lungs, walls of heart
neck alimentary canal wall,blood vessels
WORKING Contract quickly but WORKING Contract slowly but WORKING Contract quickly
can't remain contracted for a long can remain contracted for long and [Link] do
.So get fatigued/tired. .So don’t get fatigued/tired. not get fatigued/tired.
RECAP:
1. Name the tissue responsible for movement.
2. What is the role of contractile protein in muscles?
3. What is the specific function of cardiac muscles?
4. Why are skeletal muscles known as striated muscles?
5. How do cardiac muscles resemble both striated and smooth muscle
fibres?
6. Write two differences b/w the muscles present in limbs,wall of
alimentary canal and [Link] your answer with diagrams.
7. In what way are the various muscle fibres different with respect to the
number
of nuclei?
8. Voluntary muscles are known as skeletal [Link].
 NERVOUS TISSUE
Cells of nervous tissue are called NERVE CELLS or [Link] nerve cells
are bound by
connective tissue to make a nerve.
FUNCTION:
1. highly specialised tissue that helps in transmitting stimuli from one place to other
in the body.
2. controls all activities of the body.
LOCATION: Brain,spinal cord and nerves are made of nervous
tissue. STRUCTURE: Its structure looks like a tree with branches
coming out of it. A neuron has 3 parts –
1. a star shaped body called CYTON which has nucleus and cytoplasm
2. a single long part called AXON(carry messages away from cyton)
3. short ,branched part called DENDRITES(carry messages towards cyton).
RECAP:
1. Name the tissue that transmits stimulus in the body.
2. State the function of nerve cells .Where do we find them?
3. Explain structure of neuron with the help of a diagram.
4. Differentiate between axon and cyton