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� CLASS 11 BIOLOGY – ALL EXAMPLES (CHAPTER

WISE)
Unit 1: Diversity of the Living World
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� Chapter 1 – The Living World
Examples mentioned:

• Mangifera indica – Mango

• Homo sapiens – Human being
• Panthera leo – Lion
• Panthera tigris – Tiger
• Felis domesticus – Cat
• Solanum tuberosum – Potato
• Solanum nigrum – Black nightshade
• Solanum melongena – Brinjal
• Panthera pardus – Leopard
• Corvus splendens – House crow
• Corvus macrorhynchos – Jungle crow
• Quercus incana – Oak
• Brassica campestris – Mustard
• Pisum sativum – Pea
• Oryza sativa – Rice
• Zea mays – Maize
• Triticum aestivum – Wheat
• Canis lupus – Wolf
• Canis familiaris – Dog
• Felis catus – Cat
Context examples:
• Need for identification and nomenclature
• Binomial nomenclature by Carolus Linnaeus
• Species concept explained using Mango and Man
• Taxonomic hierarchy illustrated using Man (Homo sapiens) and Mango (Mangifera indica)
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� Chapter 2 – Biological Classification
Kingdom Monera

• Mycoplasma – Smallest living cell, no cell wall

• Bacillus, Coccus, Vibrio, Spirillum – Bacterial shapes
• Rhizobium – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots
• Azospirillum – Free-living nitrogen fixer
• Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria) – Photosynthetic bacteria
• Lactobacillus – Used in curd formation
Kingdom Protista
• Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena – Locomotion and nutrition diversity
• Plasmodium – Causes malaria
• Dinoflagellates – Gonyaulax example
• Diatoms – Cell wall of silica; form diatomaceous earth
Kingdom Fungi
• Yeast – Unicellular fungus, fermentation
• Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus – Common molds
• Agaricus – Mushroom
• Puccinia – Rust fungus
• Ustilago – Smut fungus
• Alternaria – Leaf spot
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Baker’s yeast
Kingdom Plantae
• Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Ulva, Pinus, Cycas, Mango
Kingdom Animalia
• Porifera to Chordata
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� Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
Algae

• Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulva, Spirogyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus, Porphyra,

Gracilaria, Gelidium
◦ Laminaria, Sargassum → Source of iodine
◦ Gracilaria, Gelidium → Agar production
Bryophytes
• Riccia, Marchantia – Liverworts
• Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum – Mosses
Pteridophytes
• Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris, Dryopteris, Adiantum
Gymnosperms
• Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra, Gnetum
Angiosperms
• Pea, Wheat, Mango, Maize, Sunflower
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� Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom
Non-chordates

• Sycon (Porifera)
• Hydra, Aurelia (Cnidaria)
• Planaria, Taenia, Fasciola (Platyhelminthes)
• Ascaris, Wuchereria (Nematoda)
• Nereis, Earthworm, Leech (Annelida)
• Prawn, Cockroach, Butterfly (Arthropoda)
• Pila, Octopus, Sepia (Mollusca)
• Starfish, Sea urchin (Echinodermata)
Chordates
• Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Amphioxus (Protochordates)
• Scoliodon, Labeo, Rana, Bufo, Draco, Columba, Oryctolagus, Homo sapiens
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� Unit 2 – Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

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� Chapter 5 – Morphology of Flowering Plants

Examples of plant parts and modifications:

Roots
• Taproot → Radish, Carrot, Mustard
• Fibrous → Maize, Wheat, Grass
• Adventitious → Grass, Banyan, Sweet potato
• Pneumatophores → Avicennia (for gaseous exchange)
• Prop roots → Sugarcane, Banyan
Stems
• Herbaceous → Sunflower, Mustard
• Woody → Teak, Mango, Rose
• Modified stems:
◦ Tuber → Potato
◦ Rhizome → Ginger, Turmeric
◦ Runner → Strawberry
◦ Cladode → Opuntia
◦ Thorns → Bougainvillea, Citrus
Leaves
• Simple → Bauhinia, Hibiscus
• Compound → Dalbergia, Rose
• Leaf modifications:
◦ Tendrils → Pea
◦ Spines → Opuntia
◦ Pitcher → Nepenthes
◦ Phyllode → Acacia
◦ Floating → Hydrilla, Nymphaea
◦ Succulent → Opuntia
Flowers
• Solitary → Hibiscus, China rose
• Inflorescence → Mustard (Raceme), Sunflower (Head)
• Symmetry → Radial: Hibiscus, Bilateral: Pea
• Examples of parts: Sepals (China rose), Petals (Hibiscus), Stamens (Lily), Carpels (Pea)
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� Chapter 6 – Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Roots
• Dicot root → Bean, Sunflower, Radish
• Monocot root → Maize, Grass, Wheat
Stems
• Dicot stem → Sunflower, Cucurbita
• Monocot stem → Maize, Sugarcane
• Secondary growth → Sunflower (limited), Mango (tree)
Leaves
• Dicot leaf → Bean, Rose
• Monocot leaf → Maize, Grass
Other Examples
• Vascular tissues → Xylem: Trachea, Tracheids; Phloem: Sieve tubes, Companion cells
• Anatomy diagrams often refer to T.S. of Sunflower stem, Maize stem, Bean root, Maize root
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� Chapter 7 – Structural Organisation in Animals

Tissues
• Epithelial → Simple squamous (Lining of blood vessels), Columnar (Intestine), Ciliated
(Trachea)
• Connective → Bone (Femur), Cartilage (Trachea), Blood (Human), Adipose (Fat tissue)
• Muscular → Skeletal (Biceps), Smooth (Intestine), Cardiac (Heart)
• Nervous → Neuron (Cerebrum, Spinal cord)
Organs
• Digestive → Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Pancreas
• Circulatory → Heart, Blood vessels
• Excretory → Kidney, Urinary bladder
• Respiratory → Lungs, Trachea
Organ Systems in Frog
• Digestive → Buccal cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestine
• Circulatory → Three-chambered heart, Dorsal aorta
• Respiratory → Skin, Lungs
• Nervous → Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata
Organ Systems in Earthworm
• Digestive → Pharynx, Crop, Gizzard, Intestine
• Circulatory → Closed system, Dorsal and ventral vessels
• Nervous → Ventral nerve cord, Ganglia
• Excretory → Nephridia
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� Unit 3 – Cell Structure and Function
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� Chapter 8 – Cell: The Unit of Life

Examples of cells and types:

Prokaryotic cells
• E. coli – rod-shaped bacteria
• Mycoplasma – smallest free-living cell
• Bacteria in general (Bacillus, Coccus, Vibrio)
Eukaryotic cells
• Plant cells → Onion epidermal cell, Elodea leaf cell, Guard cells of Tradescantia
• Animal cells → Human cheek cells, Amoeba
Organelle examples:
• Mitochondria → Site of aerobic respiration
• Chloroplast → Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Elodea
• Golgi apparatus → In secretory cells, e.g., pancreatic cells
• Lysosomes → Macrophage cells
• Ribosomes → Free (cytoplasm) or bound (rough ER)
Unique structures examples:
• Cilia → Paramecium
• Flagella → Euglena, Sperm
• Microvilli → Small intestine epithelial cells
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� Chapter 9 – Biomolecules
Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides → Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

• Disaccharides → Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
• Polysaccharides → Starch (plants), Glycogen (animals), Cellulose (plant cell wall), Chitin
(fungi/exoskeleton)
Proteins
• Structural → Keratin (hair/nails), Collagen (connective tissue)
• Functional → Enzymes (Amylase, Pepsin, Trypsin), Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon),
Hemoglobin
Lipids
• Triglycerides → Oil, Fats
• Phospholipids → Cell membrane
• Steroids → Cholesterol, Sex hormones (Testosterone, Estrogen)
Nucleic acids
• DNA → Human genome, Bacteriophage genome
• RNA → mRNA, tRNA, rRNA in all cells
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� Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Examples of cell division:

Mitosis
• Onion root tip cells – classical lab example
• Grasshopper embryonic cells
• Human somatic cells – epithelial cells
Meiosis
• Testis of human male – sperm formation
• Ovary of human female – egg formation
• Grasshopper gonads
• Flowering plants (Pea, Maize)
Cell cycle examples:
• Interphase → Resting nucleus in onion root tip
• G1, S, G2 phases → DNA replication in eukaryotic cells
Special notes/examples:
• Cancer → uncontrolled mitosis (HeLa cells)
• Meiosis → formation of gametes (haploid cells)
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� Unit 4 – Plant Physiology
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� Chapter 11 – Transport in Plants
Water Transport

• Root hairs → Maize, Sunflower

• Xylem elements → Tracheids, Vessels
• Example of ascent of sap → Sunflower, Maize
Transpiration
• Types → Stomatal transpiration (Hibiscus), Cuticular transpiration (Cactus), Lenticular
transpiration (Peepal)
• Guttation → Grass, Tomato
Phloem Transport
• Sugars → Sucrose
• Source → Leaves of sugarcane, Maize
• Sink → Roots of potato, Tuber formation
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� Chapter 12 – Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients

• Nitrogen → Leguminous plants (Rhizobium symbiosis)

• Phosphorus → Roots, seeds, fruits
• Potassium → Tomato, Banana
Micronutrients
• Iron → Legumes, Grasses (chlorosis if deficient)
• Manganese → Photosynthetic plants
Deficiency Symptoms Examples
• Nitrogen → Chlorosis, stunted growth
• Potassium → Necrosis at leaf margins
• Calcium → Death of growing tips, blossom end rot in tomato
☀ Chapter 13 – Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Examples of Photosynthetic Pathways

• C3 plants → Wheat, Rice, Soybean, Spinach
• C4 plants → Sugarcane, Maize, Sorghum
• CAM plants → Opuntia, Pineapple, Aloe
Pigments
• Chlorophyll → Chlamydomonas, Spinach, Elodea
• Accessory pigments → Carotenoids (Carrot, Tomato)
Experiments
• Hill reaction → Isolated chloroplasts
• Limitation by CO₂ → Hydrilla
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� Chapter 14 – Respiration in Plants

Examples of Respiration Pathways

• Glycolysis → All living cells (human, plants, yeast)
• Krebs cycle → Mitochondria in plant cells (Maize, Wheat)
• Fermentation → Yeast, Potato tuber, Sugarcane juice
Respiratory Substrates
• Carbohydrates → Glucose
• Lipids → Olive oil, Glycerol
• Proteins → Casein, Albumin
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� Chapter 15 – Plant Growth and Development

Plant Growth Regulators

• Auxins → Phototropism in Coleus, Apical dominance in Sunflower
• Gibberellins → Stem elongation in Rice, Seed germination in Barley
• Cytokinins → Callus culture in tissue culture
• Abscisic acid → Dormancy in seeds, Stomatal closure in Cactus
• Ethylene → Fruit ripening in Mango, Banana
Examples of Tropisms
• Phototropism → Coleus, Sunflower
• Geotropism → Maize roots growing downward
• Hydrotropism → Roots of Bean
• Thigmotropism → Creepers like Pea
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� Unit 5 – Human Physiology

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� Chapter 16 – Digestion and Absorption
Digestive Organs & Secretions

• Salivary glands → Salivary amylase in saliva

• Stomach → Pepsin, HCl
• Pancreas → Trypsin, Lipase, Amylase
• Liver → Bile (emulsifies fats)
• Small intestine → Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
Examples of Enzymes
• Amylase → Breaks starch to maltose (in saliva/pancreas)
• Pepsin → Breaks proteins to peptides (stomach)
• Lipase → Breaks fats to glycerol and fatty acids (pancreas)
Absorption Examples
• Glucose → Absorbed by villi of small intestine
• Fat → Absorbed as chylomicrons into lacteals
• Amino acids → Absorbed into blood capillaries
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� Chapter 17 – Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Organs and Examples

• Lungs → Human, Mammals
• Alveoli → Site of gas exchange
• Diaphragm → Muscle aiding ventilation
Examples of Respiratory Pigments
• Hemoglobin → Humans, Mammals
• Myoglobin → Muscle cells
Experiments/Mechanisms
• Artificial respiration → Bybell’s experiment (frog)
• Pulmonary ventilation → Demonstrated in human lungs
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� Chapter 18 – Body Fluids and Circulation

Circulatory System Examples

• Heart → Human heart (4 chambers)
• Blood vessels → Aorta, Pulmonary artery, Veins
• Blood groups → ABO system, Rh factor
Blood Components
• RBC → Erythrocytes with hemoglobin
• WBC → Neutrophils, Lymphocytes
• Platelets → Blood clotting
Double Circulation Examples
• Human circulation → Pulmonary & Systemic circuits
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� Chapter 19 – Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Kidney Structure & Function

• Nephron → Bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus, Loop of Henle
• Ureters → Transport urine to bladder
• Bladder → Storage organ
Excretory Products
• Urea → Humans, Mammals
• Uric acid → Birds, Reptiles
• Ammonia → Fishes
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� Chapter 20 – Locomotion and Movement

Muscles
• Skeletal → Biceps, Triceps (voluntary)
• Smooth → Intestine, Blood vessels (involuntary)
• Cardiac → Heart (involuntary)
Skeletal System Examples
• Axial skeleton → Skull, Vertebral column
• Appendicular skeleton → Limbs, Girdles
• Joints → Ball-and-socket (Hip), Hinge (Elbow)
Other Examples
• Tendons → Attach muscles to bones
• Ligaments → Attach bones to bones
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� Chapter 21 – Neural Control and Coordination

Neuron Types
• Sensory → From receptors to CNS
• Motor → From CNS to effectors
• Interneurons → Within CNS
Reflex Examples
• Knee-jerk reflex → Patellar reflex
• Withdrawal reflex → Touching hot object
Brain Parts & Functions
• Cerebrum → Thinking, memory
• Cerebellum → Coordination, balance
• Medulla oblongata → Heart rate, breathing
Spinal Cord Example
• Dorsal root → Sensory fibers
• Ventral root → Motor fibers
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� Chapter 22 – Chemical Coordination and Integration

Hormones & Examples

• Pituitary → GH (Growth), TSH (Thyroid stimulation)
• Thyroid → Thyroxine (Metabolism)
• Parathyroid → PTH (Calcium regulation)
• Adrenal → Adrenaline (Fight or flight), Cortisol
• Pancreas → Insulin, Glucagon
• Ovary → Estrogen, Progesterone
• Testis → Testosterone
Other Examples
• Target organs → Thyroid (pituitary hormones), Liver (insulin)
• Feedback regulation → Negative feedback in blood sugar control