Object Oriented Programming

Chapter One
Introduction to Object-
Oriented Programming

By: Boki C.

1 12/6/2019
 Outline
o Programming Languages
o Programming Paradigm and its types
o Over View of OOP Principles
o Over View of Java Programming

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 Programming Languages (PL)
 A computer program is a set of instructions
used to operate a computer to produce a
specific result.
 Writing computer programs is called computer
programming.
 The languages used to create computer programs are
called programming languages.

How to write Program ?

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 o Programming Language
I. Is a formal constructed language designed to
communicate instructions to a machine,
particularly a computer.
II. Is used to create programs to control the
behavior of a machine
o Hundreds of computer languages are in use today.
o Programming Languages are classifies as:
I. Machine Language
II. Assembly Language
III. High Level Language

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 Machine Language
 Machine language is the “natural language” of a computer and it
is defined by its hardware design.
 Machine languages generally consist of strings of numbers (1s
and 0s) - that instruct computers to perform their most
elementary operations one at a time.
 Machine languages are machine dependent.
 Machine language program is also called object code Such
languages are difficult for humans to write a program.
 Machine-language programming was simply too slow, tedious
and error prone for most programmers.
Example
o Machine Instruction Machine Operation
00000000 Stop Program
00000001 Turn bulb fully on

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 Assembly Language
 Assembly language uses English-like abbreviations/
mnemonic codes to represent elementary operations
instead of sequence of 0s and 1s
 Example:-ADD for addition , SUB for subtraction etc.
 Translator programs called assemblers were
developed to convert assembly-language programs to
machine language Since computer system only
understand the language of 0s and 1s .
 Although such code is clear to humans, but it is not
understandable to computers until translated to
machine language.

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 Assembly Language …
 Computer usage increased rapidly with the
arrival of assembly languages, but
programmers still had to use many
instructions to accomplish the simplest tasks.
 For example, the following section of an
assemblylanguage program adds overtime pay to
base pay and stores the result in gross pay:
 load basepay
 add overpay
 store grosspay

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 High Level Language
 To speed up the programming process, high-level
languages were developed in which single
statements could be written to accomplish a
number of tasks.
 High-level languages allow programmers to write
instructions that look almost like everyday
English and contain commonly used
mathematical notations.
 For example a payroll program written in a
highlevel language might contain a statement such
as
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  grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

High Level Language …

o High level language program is also called source
code.
o Program written in high level languages are
much easier to maintain and modified .
 Translator programs called compilers and
Interpreter convert high-level
language programs into machine
language.

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  Some examples include BASIC, FORTRAN,
Java, C,C++, Pascal and Microsoft’s .NET

Programming Paradigm
o Paradigm can also be termed as method to solve
some problem or do some task.
o Programming paradigm is an approach to solve
problem using some programming language.
o There are lots for programming language that are
known but all of them need to follow some strategy
when they are implemented and this
methodology/strategy is paradigms.
o The two most known programming paradigms are :
I. Structured programming
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 II. Object oriented programming

Structured programming
o In Structured Programming a programmer who is faced with some
problem must identify a computing task that needs to be performed in order
to solve the problem. o Programming then consists of finding a sequence of
instructions that will accomplish that task. o Structured Programming
focuses on process/ logical structure and the data required for that process.
o Structured Programming is also known as Modular Programming o
In Structured Programming, Programs are divided into small self contained
functions. xdx

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 Structured programming …
 Structured programming follows top-down
approach.
 In Structured programming data was separate from the
code.
 Structured Programming is less secure as there is no
way of data hiding.
 Structured Programming provides less reusability,
more function dependency.
 Less abstraction and less flexibility.

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  C and Pascal are examples of procedural programming
languages

Programs with Structural

Programming
1. Unrestricted Access o Functions have unrestricted

access to global data.

2. Real-World Modeling

o Unrelated functions and data, the basics of the procedural

paradigm, provide a poor model of the real world.

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 3. Difficult of Creating New Data Types o Traditional

languages are not extensible because they

will not let you create new data types.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 It is a modern programming paradigm that allows the
Programmer to model a problem in a real-world as an
object.
 Allows us to decompose a problem into a number of
entities called objects and then build data and functions
(methods) around them.
 Hence, programs are divided into what are known as
objects

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  Binds data more closely to the functions that operate on
it and protects it from unintentional modification by
other functions.
 Hence, Object Oriented Programming is more secure
as having data hiding feature.
 Follows bottom-up approach in program design
Object Oriented Programming…
 An object represents an entity in the real world that can
be distinctly identified.
 Everywhere you look in the real world you see objects -
people, animals, plants, cars, planes, buildings, computers
and so on.
 Humans think in terms of objects. Telephones, houses,
traffic lights and water are just a few more objects.

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  All objects have attributes (e.g., a car has a size, shape,
color and weight), and they all exhibit behaviors (e.g., a
car accelerates, brakes and turns).
 Humans learn about existing objects by studying their
attributes and observing their behaviors.
 Comparisons can be made, for example, between babies
and adults and between humans and chimpanzees.

Object Oriented Programming…

 OOP models object by their attributes and behaviors
just as we describe real-world objects.
 OOP also takes advantage of class relationships,
where objects of a certain class, such as a class of
vehicles, have the same characteristics (cars, trucks,
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 little red wagons and taxi have much behaviors in
common).
 OOP also models communication between objects.
 Just as people send messages to one another; objects
also communicate via messages.

Object Oriented Programming…

 For example, suppose you want to write a program that
automates the video rental process for a local video store.
 The two main objects in this problem are the video and
the customer.
 Then, specify for each object the relevant data and possible
operations to be performed on that data.

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  For a video object, the data might include: movie name,
starring actors, producer, production company, number of
copies in stock
 Some of the operations on a video object might include:
 checking the name of the movie.
 reducing the number of copies in stock by one after a copy is
rented.
 incrementing the number of copies in stock by one after a
customer returns a copy.

Object Oriented Programming…

 OOP give emphasis for data rather than procedure
 Data is not allowed to move freely around a system, but it
is tied closely to the functions that operate on it.(i.e. Data
is hidden from external functions)
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  Data is protected because the data belonging to an object
can only be accessed and modified by the methods of that
object.
 Different objects can 'talk' to each other through their
methods.
 In this way, Object A cannot directly modify data belonging
to Object B – but it can call a method of Object B that in
turn modifies the data.

What is Java
 Java is high level programming language developed by a
team led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.
 Originally called Oak, it was designed in 1991 for use
in consumer electronic applications.
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  In 1995, renamed Java, it was redesigned for
developing Internet applications as well.
 Java is modeled after C and C++, and much of the
syntax and object-oriented structure is borrowed
from C++.
 Java is simple, object oriented, secure, portable and
high performance.

What is Java…
 Java can be used to create two types of programs:
applications and applets.
 Java applications are more general programs written in the
Java language.
 Java applications don’t require a browser to run.(desktop
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application or stand alone application)
  Applets are Java programs that are downloaded over the
World Wide Web and executed by a Web browser on the
reader’s machine (web based application)
 Java offers two ways of creating dynamic web content:
 Applets-which are Java programs which are run by a client
computer’s web browser
 Servlets-which are Java programs which are run by the web server.

What is Java…
 Java programs are platform independent.
 Java programs are portable - it is possible to move
java programs from one computer system to another.
 Java promise: “Write once, run everywhere”.

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  Java differs from other programming languages in that
it is both compiled and interpreted language.
 Java is Powerful: massive libraries.

Typical Java Development Environment

 There are five phases in creating and executing a
Java application using a Java development
environment.
 They are:-
 Create/edit
 compile
 load
 verify and
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  execute

Phase 1: Creating a Program

 It consists of writing a java source code and editing a file with an
editor program or IDE.
 Integrated development environments (IDEs) - provide tools
that support the software development process, including
editors - for writing and editing programs and debuggers - for
locating logic errors.
 Popular IDEs include:-
 Eclipse ([Link]) NetBeans ([Link])
 JBuilder ([Link]) JCreator ([Link])
 BlueJ ([Link])
 jGRASP ([Link]) jEdit ([Link]).
 Then Make any necessary corrections and save the program on
a secondary storage device, such as your hard drive.

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  A file name ending with the .java extension indicates that
the file contains Java source code.

Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into

Bytecodes
 Use the command javac to compile a program.
 For example, to compile a program called
[Link], you would type javac
[Link] in the command window of your
system
 If the program compiles, the compiler produces a
.class file called [Link] that contains the
compiled version of the program.

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  The Java compiler translates Java source code into
bytecodes

Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into

Bytecodes…
 Bytecodes are a set of instructions that looks like a machine
codes, but it is not specific to any one processor or platform.
 Bytecodes are executed by the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM)—a part of the JDK.
 A virtual machine (VM) is a software application that simulates a
computer, but hides the underlying operating system and
hardware from the programs that interact with the VM.
 Unlike machine language, which is dependent on specific
computer hardware, bytecodes are platform-independent
instructions
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  So, Java’s bytecodes are portable

Phase 3: Loading a Program into Memory

 In Phase 3, the program must be placed in memory
before execution-which is known as loading.
 Hence the class loader takes the .class files containing
the program’s bytecodes and transfers them to
primary memory.

Phase 4: Bytecode Verification

 In Phase 4, the bytecode verifier examines their
bytecodes to ensure that they are valid and do not
violate Java’s security restrictions.

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  Java enforces strong security, to make sure that Java
programs arriving over the network do not damage
your files or your system (as computer viruses and
worms might).

Phase 5: Execution
 In Phase 5, the JVM executes the program’s bytecodes.
 The JVM is invoked by the java command.
 For example, to execute a Java application called Welcome, you
would type the command java Welcome in a command window
to invoke the JVM.
 In early Java versions, the JVM was simply an interpreter
for Java bytecodes.
 This caused most Java programs to execute slowly because the
JVM would interpret and execute one bytecode at a time.
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  Today’s JVMs typically execute bytecodes using a
combination of interpretation and so-called just-
intime (JIT) compilation.

Phase 5: Execution…
 Today’s JVMs analyzes the bytecodes searching for hot
spots— parts of the bytecodes that execute frequently.
 For these parts, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler - known
as the Java HotSpot compiler- translates the bytecodes
into the underlying computer’s machine language.
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  Thus Java programs actually go through two compilation
phases
 One in which source code is translated into bytecodes
 Second is during execution- the bytecodes are translated into
machine language for the actual computer on which the program
executes.

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 Typical Java Development Environment

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 The Java Language Specification, API and JDK
 Computer languages have strict rules of usage.
 If you do not follow the rules when writing a program,
the computer will be unable to understand it.
 The Java language specification is defines the
syntax and semantics of the Java programming
language.
 The application program interface (API) contains
predefined classes and interfaces for developing Java
programs.
 The Java language specification is stable, but the API is
still expanding.

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 The Java Language Specification, API and JDK
 Java comes in three editions:
1. Java Standard Edition (Java SE) - can be used to
develop client-side standalone applications.
2. Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) can be used to
develop server-side applications..
3. Java Micro Edition (Java ME) - can be used to develop
applications for mobile devices, such as cell phones.

The Java Language Specification, API and JDK

 There are many versions of Java SE.
 Each version has a Java Development Toolkit (JDK).
 For Java SE 6, the Java Development Toolkit is called JDK
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 1.6 (also known as Java 6 or JDK 6).
 JDK consists of a set of separate programs, each
invoked from a command line, for developing and
testing Java programs.
 Besides JDK, you can use a Java development tool
(e.g., Net- Beans, Eclipse, and Jcreator) - for rapidly
developing Java programs.

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 Basic principles of OOP
Object
 Object is a software bundle that has State and Behavior and it
occupies memory.
 We can also define Object as a set of data items (fields) with
operations (methods ) to manipulate them.
 Example: dogs have states (name, color, hungry, breed) and behaviors
(bark, fetch, and wag tail).
 Object combines data and operations in one place.
 The state of an object (also known as its properties or
attributes) is represented by data fields with their current
values.
 A circle object, for example, has a data field radius, which is the
property that characterizes a circle.
 A rectangle object has data field’s width and height, which are the
properties that characterize a rectangle.

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 Basic principles of OOP
Object…
 The behavior of an object (also known as its actions) is
defined by methods.
 Method is an action performed by an object
 To invoke a method within an object is to ask the object
to perform an action.
 For example, you may define a method named getArea()
for circle objects.
 A circle object may invoke getArea() to return its area.
 objects interact and communicate with each other by
sending messages to each other.

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 Basic principles of OOP… Class
 A class is a template or blueprint that defines what an
object’s data fields and methods will be.
 It defines the states and the behaviors common to all objects
of a certain kind.
 Class is a collection of objects of similar type.
 Classes are user-defined data types & behave like the built-in
types of programming language.
 An object is an instance of a class.
 E.g Ibsa is an instance of a Student
 You can create many instances of a class.
 Creating an instance is referred to as instantiation.

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  The terms object and instance are often used
interchangeable.

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 Basic principles of OOP…

Class Declaration
 The syntax for a simple class declaration is modifiers class class-
name
{
body
}
 Where the optional modifiers may be one or more of the three
keywords { public, abstract, final }
 Class-name is any valid identifier
 Body is a sequence of declarations of variables, constructors,
and methods
 Modifier Meaning
 Public - It is accessible from all other classes
 Abstract- The class cannot be instantiated
 Final -No subclasses can be declared

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 Basic principles of OOP…
 A class that is declared final cannot be a superclass.

Abstraction
 Also known as information hiding.
 Ignore details when appropriate
 Think about what a method/object/class does, not how it
does it.
 Objects have the property of information hiding.
 This means that objects may know how to communicate with
one another across well-defined interfaces, but normally they are
not allowed to know how other objects is
implementedimplementation details are hidden within the objects
themselves.
 It is one of the fundamental ways to handle complexity.

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 Basic principles of OOP…
 Example driving a car effectively
 E.g. Sort(insertion, selection, bubble)

Encapsulation
 OOD encapsulates (i.e., wraps) attributes and
operations (behaviors) into objects - an object’s
attributes and operations are intimately tied together.
 Is the mechanism that binds together code and the
data object manipulates.
 Put related things in the same place
 I.e. group related data and operations in an object
 Each object has its own data and knows how to use it
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 Basic principles of OOP…
 Hide internal representation/implementation
 Deny external access to internal fields/methods

Inheritance
 Inheritance is a form of software reuse in which, new
classes of objects are derived by absorbing characteristics
of existing classes and adding unique characteristics of
their own.
 Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires
the properties of another object.
 Classical Inheritance: “is-a kind of” relationship.
 In inheritance, an object of a subclass can also be treated as
an object of its superclass.
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 Basic principles of OOP…
 For example, a car is a vehicle.
 Example: fruits and types of fruit (an apple is a type of fruit)
 Goal of inheritance: code reuse

Polymorphism
 The ability to take more than one form.
 The same word or phrase can be mean different things in
different contexts
 One instruction means different things to different agents
 In terms of the OOP, this means that a particular operation
may behave differently for different sub-classes of the same
class.
 Technically: many objects can implement same interface in their
own way.

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 Basic principles of OOP…
 In Java, two or more classes could each have a method called
output
 Each output method would do the right thing for the class that it was
in.
 One output might display a number whereas a different one might
display a name.

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 A Simple Java Program
 Let us begin with a simple Java program that displays the
message “Welcome to Java!” on the console.
 Console refers to text entry and display device of a
computer.
1 public class Welcome {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 // Display message Welcome to Java! to the console
4 [Link]("Welcome to Java
Programming!");
5 }
6 }

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 Description of the program
 Line 1 defines a class.
public class Welcome {
 Every program in Java consists of at least one class definition that is defined by
you - the programmer.
 These classes are known as programmer-defined classes, or user-defined
classes.
 The class keyword introduces a class definition in Java and is immediately
followed by the class name.(In this example, the class name is Welcome.)
 Every class we define begins with the public keyword
 Keywords (or reserved words) are reserved for use by java and are always
spelled with all lowercase letters.
 By convention, class names start with an uppercase letter.
 A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups the program’s
components.
 In Java, each block begins with an opening brace ({) and ends with a closing
brace (}).

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  Every class has a class block that groups the data and methods of the class.

Description of the program…

 Line 2 defines the main method.
 In order to run a class, the class must contain a method named main.
public static void main( String args[] )
It is a part of every Java application.
 Java applications begin executing at main.
 The parentheses after main indicate that main is a program building block
called a method.
 Java class definitions normally contain one or more methods.
 For a Java application class, exactly one of those methods must be called main.
otherwise, the java interpreter will not execute the application.
 Methods are able to perform tasks and return information when they
complete their tasks.
 The void keyword indicates that this method will perform a task (displaying a
line of text, in this program), but will not return any information when it
completes its task.

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  The left brace, {, on line 2 begins the body of the method definition. A
corresponding right brace, }, must end the method definition’s body

Description of the program…

 Line 3 is a comment that documents what the program is and how it is
constructed.
 Comments help programmers to communicate and understand the program.
 They are not programming statements and thus are ignored by the compiler.
 In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) on a line, called a line
comment, or enclosed between /* and */ on one or several lines, called
a block comment.
 When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after // on the same line.
 When it sees /*, it scans for the next */ and ignores any text between
/* and */.
 Here are examples of comments:
// This application program prints Welcome to Java!
/* This application program prints Welcome to Java! */

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 /* This application program
prints Welcome to Java! */

Description of the program…

 Line number 4
 [Link]( "Welcome to Java Programming!" );
 instructs the computer to perform an action, namely to print the
string of characters contained between the double quotation marks.
 This statement prints a message "Welcome to Java Programming!"
command window from which the Java application executes.
(line 4).
 A string is sometimes called a character string, a message or a string
literal.
 We refer to characters between double quotation marks generically
as strings.
 White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler.

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  Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;), known as the
statement terminator.

Creating, Compiling, and Executing a

Java Program
 When you save your java file, the file name must be the
class name followed by the “.java” file-name extension.
 For our application, the file name is [Link].
 All Java class definitions are stored in files ending with the
file-name extension “.java.”
 To compile the program, we open a command window,
change to the directory where the program is stored and
type
 javac [Link]

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  If the program contains no syntax errors, the preceding
command creates a new file called [Link]
containing the Java bytecodes that represent our
application.
Creating, Compiling, and Executing a
Java Program
 These bytecodes will be interpreted by the java
interpreter when we tell it to execute the program.
 In the command prompt type java Welcome1
 to launch the java interpreter and indicate that it should
load the “.class” file for class Welcome.
 Note that the “.class” file-name extension is omitted from
the preceding command; otherwise the interpreter will
not execute the program.
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  The interpreter automatically calls method main.
 Next, the statement on line 4 of main displays “Welcome
to Java Programming!”

Creating, Compiling, and Executing a

Java Program
This section demonstrates how to create, compile, and run
Java programs from a command window.

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52
 End of Chapter One

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