Scribd
Upload
93 views3 pages

Sine and Cosine Rules for Triangles

The document outlines key properties and formulas related to triangles, including the Sine Rule, Cosine Rule, and various area and radius calculations. It also discusses the concepts of pedal and excentral triangles, detailing their sides and angles. Important notations are defined for triangle elements such as sides, angles, area, and radii.

Uploaded by

earfa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
93 views3 pages

Sine and Cosine Rules for Triangles

The document outlines key properties and formulas related to triangles, including the Sine Rule, Cosine Rule, and various area and radius calculations. It also discusses the concepts of pedal and excentral triangles, detailing their sides and angles. Important notations are defined for triangle elements such as sides, angles, area, and radii.

Uploaded by

earfa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solu ons of triangles(Proper es of triangles)

(Important points to remember)


Nota ons:

a, b, c are lengths of sides opposite to ver ces A, B, C respec vely.


∆ represents area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and s represents the semi-perimeter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
R represents circumradius(radius of circumcircle) and r represents inradius(radius of incircle).
r1 , r2 , r3 represent the exradii opposite to ver ces A, B, C respec vely.

1. Sine Rule: = = = 2𝑅 =
∆

2. Cosine Rule: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 =

3. Projec on Rule: 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ; 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ; 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

4. Tangent Rule(Napier’s Analogy): tan = cot

tan = cot

tan = cot

5. Half Angles:

𝑠−𝑏 (𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠−𝑏


(i) sine: sin = 𝑏𝑐
; sin = 𝑎𝑐
; sin = 𝑎𝑏

𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)


(ii) cosine: cos = 𝑏𝑐
; cos = 𝑎𝑐
; cos = 𝑎𝑏

𝑠−𝑏 (𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠−𝑏


(iii) tangent: tan = 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)
; tan = 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)
; tan = 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)

∆ ∆ ∆
Also, tan = ( )
; tan = ( )
; tan = ( )
6. Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶: ∆ = 𝑏𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) =

7. Circumradius: 𝑅= = = =
∆

∆
8. Inradius: 𝑟= = (𝑠 − 𝑎)tan = (𝑠 − 𝑏)tan = (𝑠 − 𝑐)tan

Also, 𝑟 = = = = 4𝑅 sin sin sin

𝐵 𝐶
∆ acos 2 cos2
9. Exradii: 𝑟 = = 𝑠 tan = 𝐴
cos2

𝐴 𝐶
∆ bcos2 cos2
𝑟 = = 𝑠 tan = 𝐵
cos 2

𝐴 𝐵
∆ acos2 cos 2
𝑟 = = 𝑠 tan = 𝐶
cos2

10. Length of angle bisectors, medians and al tudes:

(i) Angle Bisectors: through vertex A: βₐ = cos

through vertex B: β = cos

through vertex C: β = cos

(ii) Medians: through vertex A: 𝑚ₐ = √2𝑏 + 2𝑐 − 𝑎

through vertex B: 𝑚 = √2𝑎 + 2𝑐 − 𝑏

through vertex C: 𝑚 = √2𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 𝑐

∆
(iii) Al tudes: through vertex A: 𝜆ₐ =

∆
through vertex B: 𝜆 =

∆
through vertex C: 𝜆 =
11. Pedal Triangle:
A
The Pedal Triangle is the triangle formed by joining

the feet of the al tudes of a triangle.

The elements of pedal triangle F


(∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒) of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are:

(i) Sides: E
𝐸𝐹 = 𝑎 cos 𝐴 = 𝑅 sin 2𝐴 ; H

𝐹𝐷 = 𝑏 cos 𝐵 = 𝑅 sin 2𝐵 ;

𝐷𝐸 = 𝑐 cos 𝐶 = 𝑅 sin 2𝐶
B C
D
(ii) Angles: ∠𝐷 = 𝜋 − 2𝐴 ; ∠𝐸 = 𝜋 − 2𝐵 ; ∠𝐹 = 𝜋 − 2𝐶

12. Excentral Triangle:

The excentral triangle is the triangle formed by joining the

three excentres 𝐼 , 𝐼 and 𝐼 of ΔABC.

The elements of excentral triangle


(∆𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒) of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are:

(i) Sides:

𝐼 𝐼 = 4𝑅 cos ; 𝐼 𝐼 = 4𝑅 cos ; 𝐼 𝐼 = 4𝑅 cos ;

(ii) Angles: ∠𝐼 = − ; ∠𝐼 = − ; ∠𝐼 = −

You might also like