CLASS 10 NOTES

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Political Parties
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Political Parties
Political Parties
A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and
hold power in the government.
Components of a Political Party
The leaders
Active Members
Followers
These groups work together to
achieve the goals of the party.

Functions Of Political Parties Exam me aayega

Participate in Elections: Political parties and candidates compete in elections
to give voters choices for leadership. By winning elections, they gain the
authority to make decisions and govern.
Represent People's Interests: Elected officials listen to the needs and
concerns of their constituents (the people who voted for them). They use this
information to create and support policies that reflect the interests of the
people they represent.
Mobilize Citizens: Political leaders and parties work to educate and engage
people about political issues. They encourage citizens to be active in politics
by voting or participating in political discussions.
Hold Government Accountable: It is crucial to monitor the actions of the
ruling government to ensure they are acting fairly and transparently. This
means checking if their decisions and policies are in the public’s best interest.
Form Governments: Political parties aim to win elections to establish a
government. They may do this alone or by forming alliances with other parties.
Once elected, they are responsible for running the government and making
decisions.
Oversee Policy Implementation: After a government sets new policies or
programs, it’s important to ensure they are being carried out correctly. This
involves checking that these actions align with the party’s promises and goals.
Encourage Public Debate: Promoting discussions
and debates about important issues helps people
understand different perspectives and contributes
to a more informed and active society.

JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Importance of Political Parties E.M.A
Political parties represent democracies and the citizens of democracies.
Political parties serve as platforms for representing a wide array of opinions,
ideologies, and interests present in a society.
What will happen If there were only independent
candidates and no political party : E.M.A
Difficulty in Forming Government: It can be challenging to establish a stable
government when no single party wins a majority in the elections. This often
requires forming coalitions or alliances, which can be complex and lead to delays
in governance.
Lack of Coordinated Policy Framework: Without a unified approach, different
parts of the government might not work together effectively. This can result in
policies that are not well-integrated or aligned, leading to inefficiencies.
No One Responsible for the Country: If no clear leader or party is in charge,
there may be a lack of accountability and direction. This can make it difficult to
address national issues effectively and ensure that the country is properly
managed.
More Focus on Local Issues: When the focus is on local issues, national or
broader concerns might be overlooked. This can lead to an imbalance where
important nationwide problems are not given enough attention.
Enhanced Accountability of Individuals, Limited to Constituency: While
individuals may be more accountable to their local areas (constituencies), this
focus can limit their ability to address wider issues that affect the country as a
whole.
E.M.A
Different Party Systems
One - party system
Only one political party is allowed to hold power.
The single party controls all government positions.
Only this party can contest elections.
Examples: China.
Two - party system
In a two-party system, two main political parties
dominate elections and governance.
This system offers clarity and stability but can limit
diverse representation and political choices.
Examples: United States and United Kingdom.
Multi - party system

The future depends

on what you do today
 PRASHANT KIRAD

In a multi-party system, multiple political parties compete

for power and representation.
This often leads to coalition governments, where several
parties work together to govern.
Example: India.
Party system of a country evolves with time and it depends on the nature of
society, its social and religious divisons.
Currently, more than 750 parties are registered with EC of India.
# Coalition of Parties: When several parties join hands to contest elections and
win power in a multiparty system is called an alliance or front.

National Parties E.M.A

The country-wide parties are called national parties.
There were seven national parties in the country, in 2017.
Criteria for a recognized national party:
A party must get 6% of the votes in either Lok Sabha elections or 6% of
votes in Assembly elections in four states.
It must also win at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha elections.
Special facilities offered by the Election
Commission to registered parties:
They receive a unique symbol to represent their party in elections.
They are officially recognized as a political party.

Some National Parties: E.M.A

Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)
Started in 1980 to continue the work of the Bharatiya Jana
Sangh, founded by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951.
IDEOLOGY:
Believes in uplifting the poorest(Antyodaya), unity of
Jammu and Kashmir, a single set of laws for all citizens
(uniform civil code), and promoting Indian identity.
Formed the central government in 1998 with the NDA and
returned to power after 2014.

Indian National Congress ( INC)

Founded in 1885, it played a significant role in Indian politics
after Independence.
IDEOLOGY:
 PRASHANT KIRAD
It is a centrist party that supports new economic reforms and aims to build a
modern, secular, democratic republic in India.
It was the ruling party at the centre from 1947 until 1977 and again from
1980 to 1989. It led the UPA coalition in the central government from 2004 to
2014.
All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)
All India Trinamool Congress (AITC): Founded on
January 1, 1998, by Mamata Banerjee.
Won 34 seats in the 2014 general elections, making it
the 4th largest party in the Lok Sabha.
Recognized as a national party in 2016 and has been in
power in West Bengal since 2011.
Committed to secularism and federalism, received 3.9%
of the vote.
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Founded in 1999
Member of the UPA since 2004.
A major party in Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,
and Assam
IDEOLOGY:
Supports democracy, Gandhian principles, secularism, equity, and social justice.
Believes high government offices should be reserved for natural-born citizens
of the country.
Communist Party of India (CPI)
Founded in 1925, Split into CPI (Communist Party of
India) and CPI-M (Communist Party of India - Marxist)
in 1964.
Strong on the Left Front and has a significant presence
in Kerala, West Bengal, and Punjab.
IDEOLOGY: Supports Marxism, Leninism, secularism,
and democracy. Opposes secessionism and communalism.
Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)
Founded in 1964, Formed after splitting from the CPI.
Strong presence in West Bengal, Kerala, and Tripura.
Governed West Bengal continuously for nearly 34 years.
IDEOLOGY: Criticizes new economic policies that permit
the free flow of foreign capital and goods. Supported by
factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers, and
intellectuals.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

Founded in 1984, Established under Kanshi Ram’s
leadership.
Builds on the ideologies of Ambedkar, Sahu Maharaj,
Mahatma Phule, and Periyar Ramaswami.
Has a strong presence in Uttar Pradesh and has formed
coalition governments several times.
Aims to represent and secure power for the Bahujan
Samaj
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)
Formed on 26 November 2012, following the 2011 anti-
corruption movement.
AAP emerged as the second-largest party in the Delhi
Legislative Assembly election.
IDEOLOGY: The party was founded on the idea of
accountability, clean administration, transparency and good
governance.
State Parties E.M.A
All parties other than national parties are called “State Parties” or regional
parties.
Importance of State Parties
They help make the federal system and democracy stronger.
They bring diversity to Parliament.
They focus on local issues and sometimes work with national parties to
form governments.
Examples: Shiv Sena, Telugu Desam Party.
Recognition of State Party
6% of votes in State Legislative Assembly and wins at least 2 seats.
Challenges to Political Parties E.M.A

Lack of internal democracy

Power is concentrated in the hands of one or two top leaders.
A lack of internal democracy can limit innovation and make it harder for the
party to adapt to changing needs and political conditions.
Dynastic Successions
Family leaders often dominate top positions.
This can discourage new or ambitious people from joining, as they may
feel limited by family-based hierarchies.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
It might also lead to inexperienced individuals rising to top positions, which
can be harmful to the party.
E.M.A
Money and muscle power
Excessive funds can lead to corruption, where policies and decisions are
influenced by money rather than public welfare.
Parties with a lot of financial resources might dominate the political scene.
Lack of Meaningful Choices
Political parties may have similar plans and policies.
Their core principles often stay the same.
Reformation of Political Parties
Promote Internal Democracy: Encourage fair processes within parties for
selecting candidates and making decisions. This means being open and clear
about how choices are made and policies are formed.
Foster Innovation: Support the creation of new policies and communicate
them clearly to voters. This helps keep the public informed and engaged.
Reduce Money Influence: Take steps to limit the impact of money in politics.
Regular evaluations, transparency reports, and public discussions can help
ensure that politicians remain accountable to the people.

Top 7 Questions
1. What is meant by Regional political party? State the condition required to
be recognised as a regional political party.
Answer: Regional political party exists, operates and functions at the regional
level. It gives prominence to regional issues and specific problems of the region
and it has influence only on the people of that region. It lays more stress on
regional cultural identity, which it wants to preserve and promote.
The conditions required to be recognised as a Regional political party are
(i) It should have polled at least 6% valid votes in an election to the Legislative
Assembly.
(ii) It has reached in at least three states in the last general election.
(iii) It had won at least 2 seats in Legislative elections.

2. What is meant by 'defection' in democracy? Explain.

Answer: Defection in democracy is a political phenomenon. It means moving a
person from one party to another party for some personal benefit. It happens
when a legislature, after having been elected from a particular party leaves it and
joins in other parties. Anti-Defection Law was formulated to prevent elected
 PRASHANT KIRAD

MLAs and MPs from changing parties. Now the law states that if any MLA or MP
changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature. The new law has
brought the percentage of defection down and has made dissent even more
difficult.

3. Describe any three broad guidelines for devising ways and means for
political reforms in India.
Answer: The three broad guidelines for devising ways and means for political
reforms in India are
(i) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
Political parties should maintain a register of their members, hold open elections,
follow their own Constitution, etc.
(ii) Political parties can be monitored by ordinary citizens, pressure groups,
media, etc. Pressure on political parties can be done through petitions, publicity
and agitation.
(iii) The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation. It is
difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not directly participate in
politics and simply criticise it from the outside.

4. Explain the merits and demerits of a multi-party system.

Answer: Merits of the multi-party system are:
(i) Multi-party system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political
representation.
(ii) In this system, people have an opportunity to choose between several
candidates.
Demerits of the multi-party system are:
(i) This system often appears very messy.
(ii) This system sometimes leads to political instability.

5. What is the role of the opposition party in a democracy?

Answer: The opposition party plays a very important role in a democracy as
(i) It acts as a pressure group.
(ii) It mobilises the government.
(iii) It keeps a check on the working of the ruling party.
(iv) It puts different views in the Parliament and criticizes the government for
its failures or wrong policies.

6."Lack of internal democracy is a challenge to the efficient functioning of

Indian political parties." Justify the statement.
Answer: Lack of internal democracy is a challenge to the efficient functioning of
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Political parties. The following points justify the statements

(i) All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the
concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top.
(ii) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings
and do not conduct internal elections regularly.
(iii) Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what
happens inside the party. They do not have the means or the connection needed to
influence the decisions. As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make
decisions in the name of the party.
(iv) Since one or few leaders exercise the power in the party, those who disagree
with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party.

7. Why has India adopted a multi-party system?

Answer: India adopted the multi-party system for the following reasons
(i) India being a vast and diverse country, the multi-party system was needed to
accommodate the vast population.
(ii) The social and geographical diversity of India could not be represented by two
or three parties.
(iii) The multi-party system in India evolved over a long time, depending on the
nature of society, social, and regional division, its history of politics and its
system of elections.
(iv) A Multi-party system ensures healthy competition between different
parties and prevents the dictatorship of a single party. Indian Constitution
declares India as a democratic country. The multi-party system fulfils this
criterion and provides the chances for proper growth of the nation.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Outcomes of
Democracy
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Outcomes of Democracy
What is Democracy?
Democracy is a system of government where the people have the power to make
decisions about how the country is run. In a democracy, people usually vote in
elections to choose their leaders and representatives. It means everyone's voice
is heard, and decisions are made based on what most people want.
Assessing Democracy’s Outcomes Exam me aayega
"Assessing Democracy's Outcomes" refers to evaluating the effects and results
that democratic systems produce in a society. Some outcomes of democracy are:
Democracy is often praised for its ideals like fairness and equality, but its
implementation can fall short.

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People may support democracy because it aligns with moral values, but there

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are practical benefits too.
Democracy offers opportunities for progress and success, and it's up to
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citizens to make the most of these opportunities to achieve their goals.

Accountability, Responsiveness and

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Exam me aayega
AN

Legitimacy of Government
In a democracy, citizens get to vote and choose their leaders, ensuring the
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government represents the people's will.

AS

Democracies are legitimate because leaders are elected by the people, not by
force or inheritance.
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Elected leaders are accountable to the people and can be voted out if they
don’t perform well.
Democracies allow people to express their opinions freely, which helps address
issues and improve governance.
They have systems to prevent any person or group from having too much power,
protecting individual rights and freedoms.
Democracies allow for changes and reforms through elections and legislative
processes, adapting to new challenges.
Despite their problems, these features make democracies preferable to other
forms of government.
legitimate Government:
In a democracy, a legitimate government is a lawful government
where all the laws of the country are equally applicable to all its
citizens and people are governed without fear or favour as well .
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

A legitimate government should be attentive to the needs and demands of the

people and people should be governed without fear or favour.
Development and Economic Growth E.M.A
From 1950 to 2000, economic growth in many
democracies faced ups and downs, with some
experiencing periods of stagnation or slower growth.
In contrast, several dictatorships saw high
economic growth during this period, often due to
centralized decision-making and control over resources.
Despite this, democracies offer better long-term stability, individual
freedoms, and adaptability, even if short-term economic growth in some cases
was slower compared to dictatorships.
Democracy and Economic development
Democracy doesn’t always guarantee economic development but competes

D
closely with dictatorships in terms of economic growth.

RA
Economic development relies on factors like population size, natural resources,
and infrastructure.
KI
In less developed countries, the economic growth rate in democracies is often
similar to that in dictatorships.
T

Reduction of inequality and poverty

AN

Democracy is based on political equality and brings individuals in the political

arena on an equal footing. Democracy has not been very successful in reducing
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economic inequalities.
AS

A small number of ultrarich people enjoy a highly disproportionate share of

wealth and income. Not only that, their share in the total income of the
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country has been increasing.

Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. Their
income has been declining. Sometimes, it is difficult for them to meet the
basic requirements like food, clothing, housing, education and health.
Accommodation of Social Diversity E.M.A

Conditions for achieving Social Diversity

The majority needs to work with minority groups; decisions shouldn’t be made
by the majority alone.
When the majority group rules, it shouldn’t mean that only their religion, race,
or language gets favoured.
We can’t eliminate social differences within communities, but democracy helps
us manage and deal with these differences and conflicts.

Determine what truly matters to you,

and dedicate yourself fully to it.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens E.M.A

Dignity and Freedom of Women:
Women had to fight long battles.
Societies across the world have been male-dominated. Women must get equal
treatment.
Women can now lead a struggle against what is now acceptable legally and
morally.
Dignity and Freedom of Disadvantaged Groups :
Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged
discriminated against and castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
Still, there are instances of caste-based inequalities and atrocities, but these
lack the moral and legal foundations.
It is the recognition that makes ordinary citizen value their democratic
rights.
Mnemonic

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D.E.C.E.:

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The discussion never ends in democracy.
Expectations and complaints show democracy is working.
Complaints keep governments accountable.
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Equality can be demanded on moral and legal ground
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Top 7 Questions
AN

1. “Democratic government is a legitimate government.” Explain.

H

Answer: A legitimate government is a government under which the law and action
AS

of the government are revealed to the people and the government functions
transparently.
PR

The following features of a democratic government make it a legitimate

government:
(i) The laws apply to all the citizens whether rich or poor.
(ii) In a democracy, there is political equality i.e. every vote counts equally.
(iii) People have the right to challenge the government policies and actions. If the
people are not satisfied with the working of the government they have the right
to change it.

2. When is democracy considered successful?

Answer: The democracy is considered successful in the following conditions:
(i) When the rulers are elected by the people and make all major decisions in
favour of all people.
(ii) When elections offer a free choice and opportunity to the people.
(iii) When choice is available to all the people is based on political equality.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

3. How is democratic government known as responsive government? Explain

with an example.
Answer: A democratic government is an accountable and responsive government
in the following ways
(i) In a democracy, people have the right to choose their rulers and people have
control over the rulers.
(ii) In a democracy, citizens have the right and the means to examine the process
of decision-making. They have the right to participate in decision-making which
affects them all.
(iii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.
(iv) Decision-making in democracy is based on norms and procedures.

4."Non-democratic rulers can be very quick and efficient in decision-making

and implementation." Do you think this feature of a non-democratic
government is a better government than other governments? Explain.

D
Answer: Non-democratic government is not a better government than other

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governments, although it can make quick decisions. It can be explained in the
following ways:
KI
(i) A democratic government can take more time to decide as compared to other
forms of government. The non-democratic governments can make decisions
T

quickly. But there is a possibility that it is not accepted by all, as no procedure

AN

has been followed here.

(ii) In democracy 'transparency' is very necessary. Here, the citizens have the
H

right to know the process of decision-making. This is known as 'transparency'.

AS

This factor would often be missing from a non-democratic government. Thus, a

non-democratic government is not regarded as a better government than others.
PR

5."Democracies have had greater success in setting regular free and fair
elections." Analyse the Statement.
Answer: This statement can be explained in the following ways:
(i) Every democracy holds elections it has different political parties and
guarantees the voting rights of its citizens.
(ii) Every citizen in a democracy has the right to elect his leader and has control
over the rulers.
(iii) In democracy whenever possible and necessary citizens participate in
decision-making that affects them.
(iv) Democracy should practice regular, free, and fair elections. This
differentiates democracy from other forms of government.

6. Why is democracy not considered simply a rule of the majority?

 PRASHANT KIRAD

Answer: Due to the following reasons, democracy is not considered simply a rule
of the majority:
(i) In a democratic set-up, the majority always needs to work with the minority,
so that governments represent the general view.
(ii) Majority and minority opinions are not permanent in democracy.
iii) The rule by the majority does not become rule by the majority community in
terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, etc.
(iv) Democracy remains democracy only when every citizen of a country has a
chance of being the majority at some point in time.
(v) If someone is barred from being in the majority based on birth, i.e. based on
caste and religion then the democratic rules do not apply to that person or group.

7."In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing

economic inequalities." Explain the statement giving an example.
Answer: In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in

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reducing economic inequalities. This can be justified in the following ways:

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(i) The democracy does not guarantee economic development. In most of the
democracies, a small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of
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wealth and income. For example, in Countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top
20% of people take away more than 60% of the national income. Unfortunately,
T

those who are at the bottom of society have very little share (less than 3 %) to
AN

depend upon.
(ii) In India, the elected government looks reluctant to take necessary steps for
H

the upliftment of the large section of the poor in our society.

AS

(iii) In Bangladesh, more than half of its population lives in poverty. People in
several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries even for food
PR

supplies.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Gender,Religion and
Caste
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Gender,Religion and Caste

Gender Inequality
Social roles and expectations based on gender have historically led to the
exclusion of women from education, employment, and political participation.
Religion
Religious diversity has been both a source of conflict and strength. Religious
groups have influenced politics significantly, sometimes creating communal
tensions, but also contributing to secularism and social harmony.
Caste
Social hierarchy based on birth has led to the exclusion of people from lower
castes from education, employment, and political participation. However, there

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has been a growing movement against caste discrimination.

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Gender and Politics
Gender division is often perceived as natural and unchangeable, but it is rooted
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not in biology, but in social expectations and stereotypes.
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Sexual division of labour

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In our society, women's work has often been undervalued.

Gender issues have historically been central to political movements, with
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demands for equality in all aspects of life.

AS

The political expression of gender issues has significantly contributed to the

upliftment of women and society.
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This has led to improved participation of women in various fields of work.

Women's participation is notably high in countries like Sweden, Norway, and
Finland (Scandinavian countries), where gender equality is strongly emphasized.
Discrimination against Women Exam me aayega
Patriarchal Society:
In our society, women often face disadvantages, oppression, and discrimination
based on gender.
The major reason for this is entrenched old beliefs and ideas that perpetuate
gender biases.
Literacy rate:
The literacy rate among women is significantly lower compared
to men, at just 54%.
In villages, the literacy rate for women is even lower due to
high dropout rates.
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Jobs:
The proportion of women in high-paying jobs is very low.
Women are often paid less than men and have longer average working hours.
Female Foeticide:
In our society, many parents prefer having a son, leading to the practice of
female foeticide, where unborn girls are aborted.
Female foeticide is now illegal, reflecting efforts to combat this harmful
practice.
Salary:
Although the Equal Remuneration Act was passed in 1976, women are still paid
less than men.
E.M.A
Women’s political representation
The proportion of women in the legislature is low, with 14.36%, representation

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in the Lok Sabha (2019) and less than 5% in State assemblies.
The global average for women’s representation in legislatures is around 23.5%.

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Legal provisions have been enacted to ensure a fair representation of women in
the legislature.
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1/3 of seats are reserved for women in local government bodies (Panchayats
and Municipalities) under the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution.
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AN

Religion, Communalism and Politics E.M.A

Religion plays an important role in politics. In some countries, politicians
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promote the cause of the majority religious group at the cost of the
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minorities.
According to Mahatma Gandhi- "Religion can never be separated from
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politics. Politics must be guided by ethics, drawn from all religion."

Religious differences are often leveraged in politics, with leaders using
these divisions to their advantage.
Special measures should be taken to protect minority groups.
The followers of the same religion have the same fundamental interests,
while followers of different religions may have fundamental differences,
which might lead to tensions.
Communalism:
An ideology stating the division of people on the basis of ethnicity, religion,
beliefs, values, etc.

Different forms of communalism

Revision is the bridge between

knowledge and mastery
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Religious Prejudice: Believing that one's religion is superior to others can lead
to stereotypes and discrimination against people of different faiths.
Political Dominance: When members of one religious group seek to gain power
over others, it can result in violence and conflict.
Communal Violence: Conflicts between different religious groups can escalate
into riots, massacres, and even civil wars.
Political Mobilization: Politicians may use religion to garner support by
employing religious symbols, leaders, and appeals to fear.

Secularism: It means no official language or religion in a country or No

special status to one religion. This means everyone is free to profess,
propagate and practice any religion or not to follow any.

Secular States
India is a secular state, meaning the government does not favour any religion

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over another.
Everyone is free to practice their religion or to choose not to practice any

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religion at all. This is known as religious freedom.
No one can be discriminated against based on their religion. This is called
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religious equality.
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Secularism is important as it promotes religious

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harmony and tolerance. It ensures that no religion has

official status or special privileges, and there is
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freedom to practice and propagate any religion

without discrimination.
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Secularism holds the country together, and its

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foundation was well established by the founding

fathers of the nation. The state may need to
intervene in matters involving religious communities to
maintain harmony and equality.

Caste and Politics E.M.A

Caste and politics are two powerful forces in India that can either divide or
unite people. It is crucial to understand both the positive and negative aspects
of caste and politics and to work towards creating a society where everyone is
treated equally.
Caste Inequalities:
To address discrimination based on caste, various constitutional protection acts
have been enacted. The primary cause of caste inequalities in India is the caste
system, which is rooted in Hinduism. This system stratifies society into different
groups or castes based on birth, often resulting in differential treatment.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
People from lower castes frequently face
discrimination.
Although the caste system has weakened
over time, it remains a significant issue in
India.
The Constitution of India prohibits caste-
based discrimination and has implemented
measures to rectify the injustices of the
caste system.
Various forms of Caste in Politics:
Caste in Politics refers to how caste identities and considerations influence
political decisions and behaviours. Political parties often focus on caste groups
when planning their campaigns because they understand that caste can
significantly impact voting patterns. This means parties may choose candidates or
create promises that appeal to specific castes to gain their support. Additionally,

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politicians may form alliances with caste-based groups to strengthen their position

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in elections. Overall, caste plays a crucial role in shaping political strategies and
decisions, as leaders aim to gain support from large or marginalized caste groups
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to increase their chances of winning elections.
Appealing to Specific Castes: Parties often focus on certain caste groups in
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an area to win their support. They may promise things that benefit that caste
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to get their votes.

Targeting Based on Caste Makeup: Parties look at the caste distribution in a
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region and make special efforts to appeal to the most significant groups there.
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No Caste Has One Voice: Even if a party tries to appeal to a specific caste,
not everyone in that caste will vote the same way. People have different
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opinions and preferences.

Helping Lower Castes: To get votes, some political leaders offer more support
and attention to castes that have been treated unfairly in the past. They do
this to gain trust and build a strong voter base.
Politics in Caste E.M.A
Politics in Caste refers to the use of political strategies, tactics, and maneuvers
within caste-based communities.
Political influence on caste:
It’s not that politics becomes focused on caste; instead, caste itself becomes
a tool in politics. Politicians use caste identities to influence political
outcomes.
Each caste group tries to grow its influence by incorporating nearby sub-
castes, aiming to become a larger political force.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Caste can have both good and bad effects on
politics. On the positive side, it can help
represent marginalized groups and ensure their
needs are heard. On the negative side, it can
lead to division and favouritism, affecting fair
governance.
Positive relation between caste and politics:
Political Attention to Neglected Castes: Castes that have been ignored or
marginalized receive political attention, which helps improve their social status.
Example of Upliftment: In our country, Dalits and other backward communities
now have access to decision-making processes, giving them more power and
representation in society.
Negative relation between caste and politics:
Focusing on caste can divert attention from critical issues like poverty and

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unemployment.
Caste-based politics can create and deepen divisions between different social
groups.
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Top 7 Questions
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1. Describe any five features of the caste system in India.

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Answer: These are the five features of the caste system in India
(i) It was a hierarchical occupational division of the society.
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(ii) The caste system is both hierarchical and segmented

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(iii) The most important aspect of the caste system is 'untouchability'.

(iv) In the caste system, the members of the same caste group formed a social
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community that followed similar occupations, married within the caste, and did
not mingle with other castes.
(v) In the caste system, the people belonging to higher castes started treating
others as belonging to lower castes and then started the practice of
untouchability.

2."Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or persons, but it is one

of the foundations of our country." Examine the statement.
Answer: It is true that secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or
persons, but it is one of the foundations of our country. This statement can be
examined by the following points:
(i) There is no official religion in the Indian state. Unlike the status of Buddhism
in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan, and that of Christianity in England, our
Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the freedom to
profess, practice, and propagate any religion or not to follow any.
(iii) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in matters of religion to
ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

3. Besides caste, which other factors do matter in electoral politics? Explain.

Answer: Besides caste, other factors do matter in electoral politics. These are:
(i) The voters have a strong attachment to political parties which is often
stronger than their attachment to their caste or community.
(ii) People within the same community have different interests depending on their
economic status. Rich and poor, men and women from the same caste often vote
very differently.
(iii) People's assessment of the performance of the government vis-a-vis the
performance of the candidate in the development of his constituency are often

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decisive factors in elections.

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4. How can caste take several forms in politics? Explain with examples.
Answer: Caste can take various forms in Indian politics. For example:
KI
(i) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste
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composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from the same castes to
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get the necessary support to win elections. A candidate from a particular

minority community becomes a candidate from the constituency which is mostly
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inhibited by that particular minority.

(ii) During the campaigning, political parties and candidates make appeals to
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people to give their votes based on caste. Some political parties are known to
favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
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(iii) When governments are formed, the political party takes care that
representatives of different castes and tribes should get a place in the ministry.

5. Suggest any two measures to integrate the people belonging to different

ethnic groups in a society.
Answer: The measures to integrate people belonging to different ethnic groups in
a society are:
(i) Everyone, including political leaders, social reformers and general people
should discourage casteism and work for socio-economic and political harmony.
(ii) The political and regional political parties based on caste should be removed.
(iii) The name and aim of educational institutions referring to castes should be
given up.

6. What is communal politics? Explain the idea behind communal politics.

 PRASHANT KIRAD

Answer: The use of religion in politics, where one religion is shown as superior to
other religions is called communal politics. Here, one religious group is against the
other religious group and the demands of one religious group are against the
demands of the other religious group. The idea behind the communal politics are:
(i) Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the only basis for
forming a community. It believes that followers of one religion belong to the
same community. Their interests, ideas and opinions are the same.
(ii) Communal politics follows that people belonging to different religions can not
be a part of the same community. Their ideas and demands are bound to be
different.
(iii) In an extreme case of communalism, communal politics follows that people
from different religions are not equal citizens and cannot live together within
one nation, which leads to the partition of that country.
(iv) Communal politics is a belief that a particular community has the same voice

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is fundamentally wrong. People of one religion do not have the same interests and
aspirations in every context. All voices inside a community have a right to be
heard.
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KI
7. How far is it correct to say that it is not politics that gets caste-ridden, but it
is the caste that gets politicised? Explain.
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Answer: It is correct to say that it is not politics that gets caste-ridden, but it is
AN

the caste that gets politicised. Caste can take various forms in politics:
(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it
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neighbouring castes or sub-castes that were earlier excluded from it.

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(ii) Various caste groups are required to enter a coalition with other castes or
communities and thus enter a dialogue and negotiation.
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(iii) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like 'backward'
and 'forward' caste groups.
(iv) Caste plays different kinds of roles in politics. In some cases, politics allows
many disadvantaged communities to demand their share of power.
(v) Politics has helped people from OBC and Dalit castes to gain better access to
decision-making.
(vi) But sometimes exclusive attention to caste can produce negative results like
tensions, conflicts and violence in our society.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Federalism
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Federalism
Federalism
What is federalism?
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a
central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Dual objectives of Federalism Exam me aayega

To safeguard and promote the unity of the country.
At the same time accommodate regional diversity
Features of Federalism Exam me aayega
There are two or more levels of government.
They operate independently in their respective areas but are bound by the
constitution and the overall governance structure. However, they have some

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degree of autonomy within their spheres of authority.

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The Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, and both the central
and regional governments must operate within the boundaries set by the
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Constitution.
While each level of government operates independently in its sphere, there is
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often a degree of interdependence and cooperation between them. They may

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share responsibilities in certain policy areas or collaborate on issues of national

importance.
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Federal systems often incorporate checks and balances to prevent the abuse
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of power by any one level of government.

The fundamental provisions of the constitution can’t be changed unilaterally by
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one level of government.

Types of Federations Exam me aayega

Coming Together Federation:

Independent states came together on their own to form a bigger unit.
States have equal power and are equally strong.
Emphasizes preservation of distinct identities and cultures.
USA, Switzerland and Australia
Holding Together Federation:
The large country decides to divide its power between the
central government and the constituent states.
Emphasizes unity of the whole nation.
Constituent units have unequal power. Some units are
granted special powers.
India, Spain and Belgium.
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

India as a Federal Country

India operates as a federal country with two primary levels of government: the
central and state governments.
A third level was later introduced, incorporating Panchayats and municipalities.
This change established three distinct levels of government: central, state,
and local.
The authority and existence of all three government levels are
constitutionally protected.

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Powers Division in India by Constitution RA
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Union List:
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The Constitution establishes the jurisdiction of different levels of government

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through distinct lists.

The Union List covers subjects of national importance, including defence,
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banking, currency, and foreign affairs.

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Only the central government has the authority to create laws on the subjects
listed in the Union List.
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State List:
The State List includes subjects of state and local importance, focusing on
day-to-day administration.
Only the state government has the authority to make laws on these subjects.
Examples of subjects in the State List include police, trade, agriculture,
irrigation, and commerce.
Concurrent List:
It comprises subjects on which both levels of government have the authority
to enact laws.
Both the central and regional governments can pass laws on matters listed in
the concurrent list. However, in the case of a conflict between a central law
and a regional law on a concurrent subject, the central law usually prevails.
They often include areas like education, forests, trade unions,
marriage, adoption, succession, bankruptcy,
Failure is just an opportunity to
and so on. start again, and this time with
more wisdom.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Residuary List:
It consists of powers that are not explicitly assigned to either level of
government in the Constitution.
These powers are retained by the central (federal) government by default.
Matters in the residuary list can include issues related to national importance,
inter-state commerce, international relations, etc.
How is Federalism practised? Power Sharing arrangement of INDIA
India practices federalism with power shared In India, any changes to the power-
between the central and state governments. sharing arrangement require the approval
of a two-thirds majority in both Houses
Jammu and Kashmir lost its special status in 2019.
of Parliament and the consent of at least
Union Territories like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, half of the state legislatures. Disputes
and Delhi have limited powers. Changing power- between different levels of government
sharing arrangements requires a two-thirds are resolved by the Supreme Court or
High Courts. Additionally, India operates
majority in both houses of Parliament and
as a "holding together" federation, where
approval from at least half of the total states. the constituent states do not possess

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Disputes between levels of government are equal powers.

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resolved by the Supreme Court or High Courts.
LINGUISTIC STATES:
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Linguistic states are regions formed based on the predominant language spoken
by the people in that area.
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After India's independence, states were reorganized along linguistic lines to

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improve governance and preserve regional languages and cultures.

The creation of linguistic states allowed people who spoke the same language to
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live together, fostering a sense of unity and regional identity.

The process of creating linguistic states posed significant challenges for
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India's democratic politics, as it required addressing diverse regional demands

while maintaining national unity.
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Several existing states were reorganized, and new states were formed to bring
together people who shared a common language, thus streamlining
administration and governance.
LANGUAGE POLICY:
The Indian constitution does not designate a national language.
Hindi is the official language of India and is the mother tongue of about 40% of
Indians.
The constitution recognizes 21 other languages as scheduled languages.
Candidates can take examinations for central government positions in any of
these languages.
States have their official languages for government work.
CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS:
For a long time, the same political party ruled both the central government and
many states, limiting state governments' autonomy.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

When the party in the state differed from the one in the centre, the central
government often misused the constitution to dismiss state governments led
by rival parties.
After 1990, the rise of regional political parties led to coalition governments
at the centre.
These coalition governments respected state governments' autonomy, making
it difficult for the central government to dismiss state governments
Power Sharing arrangement of INDIA
arbitrarily.
Decentralisation in India Exam me aayega
Steps taken towards decentralization in 1992
It mandated reservations for marginalized groups, including Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.
It was made mandatory to hold elections regularly.
State governments now have to share their powers and revenue with local

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government bodies.
Each state should have an independent state Election Commission to conduct
panchayat and municipal elections.
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Structure of Rural Local Government
In India, villages have Gram Panchayats, which form Panchayat Samitis.
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Representatives are elected by the Panchayat members.

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Panchayat Samitis came together to create Zila Parishad, which includes

members from the Lok Sabha, MLAs, and officials. Cities have Municipalities
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led by a Mayor and Councilors. Municipalities have tax powers and provide basic
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services.
PR
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 Questions
1. Describe any three features of 'unitary government'.
Answer: Features of unitary government are discussed below
(i) In a unitary system, all powers are centralized in the hands of the central
government and the only centre is the reservoir of all state powers.
(ii) Another feature of a unitary form of government is that laws of a unitary
system, unlike a federation, are uniform because laws are made only by a single
central government for the whole state.
(iii) A unitary government allows for more efficient decision-making since all
authority is vested in one central body. This system can respond quickly to
national issues.

2. Name any two subjects that are included in the concurrent list. How are

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laws made on these subjects?

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Answer: Two subjects included in the Concurrent list are education and forest.
The laws on these subjects can be made by both the union government i.e.
government at the centre and the state governments. Subjects on the
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Concurrent list are of common interest to both (union and state) so anyone can
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make laws on it. If in case, the laws conflict with each other, then in that case
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the law made by the union government will prevail. Other subjects included in the
Concurrent list are trade unions, marriage, adoption, succession etc.
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3. Evaluate the strengths and limitations of local self-government in a

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democracy.
Answer: Local self-government has made a significant impact on Indian
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democracy through its achievements which are:

(i) The constitutional status of local government has helped to defend democracy
in our country.
(ii) Local government has increased women's representation and voice in our
democracy.
At the same time, the local self-government is facing many difficulties. These
are:
(i) While elections are held regularly, Gram Sabha are not held regularly to
review the performance of the Gram Panchayat.
(ii) Most State Governments have not transferred significant powers and
adequate resources to the local governments.

4. In the Panchayati Raj System, one-third of the seats have been reserved
for women. Do you feel that the same should be done for the State
Legislature and the Parliament? Support your answer with arguments.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Answer: In the Panchayati Raj System, one-third of the seats are reserved for
women. This reservation should also be made for the State Legislature and
Parliament. But, the Women Reservation Bill is a pending bill in India that proposes
to amend the Constitution of India to reserve 33 per cent of all seats in the Lok
Sabha and all State Legislative Assembly for women.
This bill should be passed for the following:
(i) To increase women's participation in politics and society.
(ii) To increase opportunity and respect in all for women.

5. Which is the highest tier of the Panchayati Raj? Explain its composition.
Answer: The highest tier of the Panchayati Raj System in rural areas is the Zilla
Parishad. The Zilla Parishad coordinates the activities of all the Block Samitis in
the whole district. The composition of Zilla Parishad is
(i) All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla
Parishad.

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(ii) Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of the district and some other officials

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of other district-level bodies are also its members.
(iii) The Zilla Parishad Chairperson is the political head of the Zilla Parishad.
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6. How are the legislative powers distributed between the Union Government
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and the State Government by the Constitution? Explain with an example.

AN

Answer:
(i) Union List: It includes subjects of national importance, e.g. defence of the
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country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The Central

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Government alone can make decisions on these matters. The aim of including these
matters in the Union List is to ensure uniformity in the policy of these areas
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throughout the country.

(ii) State List: It includes subjects of state and local importance such as police,
trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Government alone can make
laws and decisions in these areas.
(iii) Concurrent List: It includes those subjects which are of common interest to
both the Central as well as State Governments. It includes matters like education,
forests, marriage and trade unions. Both the State and Central Governments can
make decisions on these matters.

7."The creation of a linguistic state was the first and major test for
democratic politics in our country." Justify the statement.
Answer: The creation of a linguistic state was the first and major test for
democratic politics in our country. This can be justified in the following ways:
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(i) In 1947, the boundaries of several old states were changed to create new
states. It was done according to the language that people speak. However many
national leaders feared that the formation of a state according to language would
lead to the disintegration of the country.
(ii) In our country, some states were created not based on language but based on
culture, ethnicity and geography. These include Nagaland, Uttarakhand and
Jharkhand.
(iii) Linguistic states have made the country more united. It has helped to
maintain our federal structure.
(iv) Linguistic states made administration easier for the local people. People feel
comfortable to work in their mother tongue. It fulfils their expectations of
democracy.

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RA
KI
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AN
H
AS
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“Class 10th Phodenge” -

Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Power Sharing
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Power Sharing
What is Power Sharing?
For a democracy to function properly, it is crucial to have power sharing
among the three organs of the country, namely the legislature, executive, and
judiciary. This helps to prevent any one branch of government from becoming
too powerful and ensures a system of checks and balances.
Belgium
It is a federal state in Western Europe.
Capital - Brussels (Headquarters of European Union)
Neighbours -France, Germany, Netherlands and Luxembourg
Ethnic Composition of Belgium Exam me aayega

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Belgium Population

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Speaks Dutch Speaks French Speaks German
59% 40% 1%
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Speaks Dutch Speaks French

AN

20% 80%

Lives in Flemish region Lives in Wallonia region Lives in the rest of Belgium

Tension between the French and Dutch communities

H

The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This
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made the Dutch-speaking community angry who got the benefit of economic
development and education much later.
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A special problem in the capital Brussels was that the Dutch community was in
the majority in the whole country but a minority in the capital.
Ethnic Composition of Sri Lanka E.M.A
Ethnic Communities:
Sinhala Speakers: 74%
Most Sinhala speakers are Buddhists. JOSH METER?
Tamil Speakers: 18%
Among these, 13% are Sri Lankan Tamils, and 5% are Indian Tamils.
Tamil speakers are both Muslims and Hindus.
Christian Population: 7%
Christians speak both Sinhala and Tamil.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka E.M.A

 PRASHANT KIRAD

After Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, the Sinhala

leaders aimed to establish dominance in the government
due to their majority, leading to majoritarian measures to
establish Sinhala supremacy.
In 1956, Sinhala was made the only official language of
Sri Lanka.
The government established preferential policies for
Sinhala applicants for university admissions and
government jobs.
The new constitution protected and fostered
Buddhism.
These measures increased alienation among the Tamils.
They felt that major political parties led by Buddhist Mnemonic:
Sinhala leaders were insensitive to their language and “S.L.A.B. D.I.C.E”
S - Sinhala Only (1956)
culture. Tamils believed the constitution and government

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L - Language Preference
denied them equal rights, discriminated against them in A - Alienation of Tamils

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B - Buddhism Protected
obtaining jobs and opportunities, and ignored their D - Denial of Rights
concerns. I - Insensitive Leadership
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C - Culture Ignored
Belgian Model of Accommodation E.M.A E - Equal Opportunities Denied
T

Between 1970 and 1993, Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times to
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accommodate ethnic diversity.

The number of French and Dutch-speaking ministers in the central government
H

should be equal, ensuring that no single community can make decisions

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unilaterally.
State governments were given powers and were not subordinate to the central
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government.
The capital city, Brussels, has a separate government in which both
communities have equal representation.
A third type of government, called community government, was formed. This
government has special powers regarding cultural, educational, and language-
related issues.
E.M.A
Power Sharing is Desirable
Prudential Reasons:
Power sharing reduces the chances of conflicts between various social groups.
It is also a good way to ensure political stability in the country.
Power sharing will bring about better outcomes.
Moral Reasons:
It is the right of the citizens to be consulted
on how they should be governed.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy, emphasizing the intrinsic value
of sharing power.
Forms of Power Sharing
The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are:
1. Horizontal Division of Power: This is the sharing of power among the
different organs of government. In this type of power-sharing arrangement,
different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different
powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise
unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other. For example, power
is shared among the Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary.
2. Vertical Division of Power: This is a system of power-sharing among
governments at different levels. The Constitution lays down the powers of
different levels of government. For example, there is a general government
for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In

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India, we refer to this as the Central Government, State Governments,

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Municipalities, and Gram Panchayats.
3. Division of Power among Different Social Groups: Power can also be shared
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among different groups that differ socially, such as different religious and
linguistic groups. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a
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fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
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For example, the system of reserved constituencies in India and the

community government of Belgium.
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4. Division of Power among Pressure Groups and Movements: Pressure groups

are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar
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objectives. It is the association of individuals or organizations that seek to

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influence government policy. For example, ABVP (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi

Parishad)
5. Division of Power among Political Parties: A coalition government is formed
by the collaboration of at least two political parties or groups to form a
government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party
has achieved an absolute majority after an election. For example, the BJP-led
coalition in 1998, the NDA in 1999, and the UPA in 2004 and 2009 are some
of the best examples of coalition governments.

Waqt badalta h,bas tu

mehanat toh kar
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 Questions
1. Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium.
Answer:
(i) It has two main languages i.e. Dutch and French. Of the country's total
population, 59% live in the Flemish region and speak the Dutch language.
(ii) 40% people of Belgium live in the Wallonia region and speak French. The
remaining 1% speak German.
(iii) In the capital city Brussels, 80% of people speak French while 20% are
Dutch-speaking.
(iv) The minority French-speaking people are wealthier and powerful than the
Dutch-speaking people.

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2. Explain any three elements of the Belgian model of accommodation.
Answer: To accommodate diverse regional and cultural diversities, the Belgian
Government adopted the following measures
RA
(i) The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking
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ministers shall be equal in the Central Government.
T

(ii) Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State
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Governments of the two regions of the country.

(iii) Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has a separate government in which both
communities have equal representation.
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3. Describe the way in which power can be shared among governments at

different levels.
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Answer: Power can be shared among governments at different levels in the

following ways:
(i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the
Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. None of these organs can exercise
unlimited power as each organ checks the others.
(ii) In a federal form of government, power can be divided between the Central
Government and the State Government as well as at the Local Government level.
(iii) Power may be shared among different social groups, such as religious and
linguistic groups. Power-sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way
political parties, pressure groups, and social movements control or influence
those in power.

4. Evaluate the power-sharing system in India.

 PRASHANT KIRAD

ANSWER: The power-sharing system in India can be described in the following

ways:
(i) In India power is shared among different organs of government, such as
legislature, executive, and judiciary. This separation of power ensures that none
of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
(ii) In India, power is shared among the Union Government and State
Government. Our constitution lays down the powers of different levels of
government. Under the State Government power is divided into municipality and
panchayat.
(iii) In India, there are reserved constituencies for both women and socially
weaker sections, both in parliament and in assemblies.
(iv) In India, different political parties, pressure groups and movements control
and influence the government.

5. Compare the situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka considering their location, size

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and cultural aspects.
Answer:
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Location: Belgium is a small country in Europe that has borders with France, the
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Netherlands, Germany, and Luxembourg. On the other hand,
Sri Lanka is an island nation, which is located a few kilometres off the southern
T
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coast of Tamil Nadu.

Size: Belgium covers an area of 30,688 km. On the other hand, Sri Lanka has a
total area of 65,610 km
H

Culture: In Belgium, the minority (40%) French-speaking community was

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relatively rich and powerful, but the minority Dutch-speaking (59%) community
got the benefit of economic development and education.
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On the other hand, in Sri Lanka, 74% are Sinhala speakers and 18% are Tamil
speakers. Buddhism is the main religion. There are also Hindus, Muslims, and
Christians.

6. What was the reason for the Civil War in Sri Lanka? What was its impact on
the country?
Answer: The reasons for the Civil War in Sri Lanka were
(i) The democratically elected government in Sri Lanka adopted a series of
majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy in Sri Lanka.
(ii) The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhalese
concerning jobs, religion, and many more.
(iii) All the measures taken by the government gradually increased the feeling of
alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt themselves deprived.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The impact of these measures on the country was

(i) People got divided based on ethnic and linguistic communities along with a
widespread conflict of violent nature.
(ii) Thousands of Sri Lankan Tamils were killed or were forced to leave their
country.
(iii) The civil war gave a terrible setback to the social, cultural, and economic life
of Sri Lanka, which influenced even the Sinhala community.
(iv) People of both communities suffered heavy losses.

7. Compare how Belgium and the Sri Lankans have dealt with cultural
diversity.
Answer: Belgium dealt with cultural diversity through measures
(i) The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the
Central Government.
(ii) Many powers of the Central Government are given to State Governments.

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(iii) The capital, Brussels has a separate government in which both the

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communities have equal representation.
(iv) Community Government is elected by people belonging to one language
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community which deals with cultural, educational, and language-related issues.
Sri Lanka dealt with Cultural diversity by following measures
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(i) A preferential policy was adopted that favoured Sinhala's applications for
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university positions and government jobs.

(ii) The state followed a policy of majoritarianism by protecting and fostering
H

Buddhism.
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PR

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
The Rise of Nationalism
in Europe
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Rise of Nationalism

in Europe
The Pact Between Nation (Print
exam me ayega (E.M.A)
prepared by frederic sorrieu ):

In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, created a series of four prints

that depicted his vision of a world composed of 'democratic and social
republics.'
The first print in the series illustrates the people of Europe and America
—men and women of all ages and social backgrounds—marching in a long
procession, paying tribute to the Statue of Liberty.
The Statue of Liberty holds a torch, symbolizing enlightenment, in one
hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. In Sorrieu's
utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations.
The ultimate outcome of this vision was the rise of nation-states.

Nation state: A nation-state is one where the majority of its citizens

develop a shared sense of identity, common history, and culture, which
unites them under a single government.
Utopian: A vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

The French revolution and idea of nation

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a time of major change in France.
People wanted to get rid of the monarchy in order to create a more equal
society and set up a republic.
Factors leading to the revolution
Economic Hardship: Rising prices and heavy taxes led to widespread
discontent among the common people.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Social Inequality: The division between privileged classes and the common
people was a major factor in the revolution.
Enlightenment Ideas: New ideas about democracy and rights played a
significant role in challenging the old regime.
Weak Leadership: King Louis XVI's poor handling of the crisis contributed
to the revolution.
Changes after revolution
Adoption of a constitution that gave citizens equal rights. Power transfers to
citizens from the monarch.
The three-coloured flag was chosen for France replacing the former royal
standard.
French was declared as a national language.
Ideas of citizenship (le citoyen) and the fatherland (la Patrie)
A new national anthem was composed and oaths were taken.

D
Abolition of internal customs duty on goods and free movement of capital.

RA
The estate general was elected and renamed the National Assembly.

Introduction of Napoleon Bonaparte

KI
Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in 1799 marked a
significant turning point in European history. His rule,
T

which lasted until 1815, was characterized by the

AN

introduction of the Napoleonic Code.

H

JACOBIAN CLUB: The Jacobin Club, founded in 1789,

AS

was a radical group that significantly influenced

revolutionary ideas in France. They extended their
PR

influence to neighbouring countries like Holland, Belgium,

Switzerland, and Italy, and supported French armies in
promoting nationalism beyond France’s borders.

Napoleonic Code of conduct (1804) exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Napoleon destroyed democracy in France, but he incorporated revolutionary
principles by introducing the Civil Code of 1804, which came to be known as the
Napoleonic Code Main features :
Established equality before the law.
Secured the right to property
Abolished feudal system
transport and communication systems were introduced
Standardized weight and measures and common currency
Guild restrictions were removed.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The making of Nationalism in europe

In the mid-eighteenth century, Europe's political landscape was marked by
fragmentation and absolutism. Italy, Germany, and Switzerland were divided into
numerous small kingdoms, principalities, and city-states, while central and
eastern Europe were dominated by absolute monarchies, where powerful rulers
held unchecked control.
Some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe:

Emergence of the Middle Class

Spread of Liberal Ideals
Conservatism and the Congress of Vienna
Influence of Revolutionary Leaders
exam me ayega (E.M.A)
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class:
Aristocrats : Peasants :

D
Wealthy people of society. Poor people in society
Owned estates and townhouses.
Socially and politically powerful. RA they were in the majority
didn't have much land.
KI
Families connected by Marriage ties.
Liberalism: Latin word Liber means
T

They spoke French. free. Poeple who believed in this

AN

Middle Class : idea known as liberals.

They were neither very poor nor wealthy.
H

They were educated.

Eg- businessman, industrialist.
AS
PR

exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Meaning of liberal Nationalism: What is liberalism?
For new middle classes, Liberism stood for freedom for individuals and equality
for all before the law.
In the economic sphere, liberism stood for the freedom of the market and the
abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced no. of currencies to two and
promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.

New Conservatism after 1815 exam me ayega (E.M.A)

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the spirit of conservatism became strong.
They believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy, the church, social
hierarchies, property and family should be preserved
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Treaty of Vienna {1815} :

The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France.
A series of states were created on the French boundary to prevent French
expansion in the future.
German Confederation was left untouched.
The main intention was to restore the monarchies that Napoleon had
overthrown.
Powers that defeated Napoleon collectively were involved in the treaty.
New autocratic regimes did not tolerate criticism.

The Revolutionaries
A dedication to resist monarchical structures established after the Vienna
Congress and to strive for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe mazzini

D
Born in Genoea in 1807

RA
A member of the secret society of Carbonari.
Founded Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in
KI
Berne.
Believed in the unification of Italy.
T

He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in

AN

Liguria.
Revolutionaries inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini set up Secret
H

societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

AS

Metterich described him as " The most dangerous enemy of

our social orders"
PR

The age of revolution

In July 1830, liberal revolutionaries ousted the Bourbon
Kings, establishing a constitutional monarchy under Louis
Philippe.
This July Revolution incited a revolt in Brussels, ultimately
resulting in Belgium's separation from the United Kingdom
of the Netherlands.
In 1821, the Greek people fought for their independence.
exam me ayega (E.M.A)
The romantic imagination and the national feeling
Culture, encompassing art, poetry, stories, and music, played a vital role in
shaping and expressing nationalist feelings during the formation of the idea of
the nation.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Romanticism movement, as a cultural force, sought to foster a unique

form of nationalist sentiment, emphasizing emotional and artistic expressions.
Language, a key cultural element, played a significant role in the development
of nationalist sentiments, exemplified by the imposition of the Russian
language and the subsequent armed rebellion in 1831 against Russian rule.
Hunger hardship and popular revolts
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
In most countries, there were more seekers for jobs than employment.
Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded
slums.
The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism
in towns and countries.
Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris
on the roads.

D
The national assembly proclaimed a republic that granted suffrage to all

RA
adult males above 21 and guaranteed the right to work.
In 1848 the population of Paris came out on the roads and Louis Philippe had
KI
forced a republic.
In 1845, Weaver's in Silesia led a revolt against contractors.
T
AN

The revolution of the liberals (1848)

Along with the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and
H

workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the
AS

educated middle classes was also underway.

In the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist -
PR

such as Germany, Italy Poland etc, men and women of liberal middle classes
combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
They took advantage of the growing popular unrest all over Europe , to push
their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary
principles.

Frankfurt parliament
In 1848, amidst widespread revolutionary activities across Europe, a
group of 831 elected representatives convened in the Frankfurt city of
Germany.
This assembly came to be known as the Frankfurt Parliament and was
primarily composed of middle-class professionals, including lawyers,
businessmen, and political leaders. They aimed to draft a constitution
for a unified Germany - Prashant Bhaiya
 PRASHANT KIRAD

points yaad rkhna

- Prashant Bhaiya

The making of Germany and Italy

Germany - can the army be architect of a nation?

D
Minister Otto von Bismarck assumed leadership in the movement for national

RA
unification, leveraging the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
A series of three wars spanning seven years concluded in a decisive Prussian
KI
victory, marking the successful culmination of the unification process.
T

Kaiser William II of Prussia became the head of the newly established

AN

German Empire.
H
AS
PR

Italy unified exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Italy was divided into seven states, of which only Sardinia was ruled by an
Italian princely state.
A unification program (Young Italy) was initiated by Giuseppe Mazzini but
it failed.
Chief Minister Cavour led the movement with the help of Guiseppe
Garibaldi.
In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was the proclaimed king of unified Italy.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The strange case of Britain

Great Britain is considered a model for the nation-state, where its
formation occurred gradually rather than through sudden revolutions.
The English parliament was instrumental in creating the nation-state, with
England at its core, and it diminished the ethnic identities of the Welsh,
Scots, and Irish.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the
'United Kingdom of Great Britain,' solidifying English influence and
suppressing Scottish culture.
In Ireland, the divide between Catholics and Protestants was prominent,
with English support for Protestant dominance.
In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom,
promoting a 'British nation' dominated by English culture.

Visualising the Nation

D
exam me ayega (E.M.A)

RA
In the 18th and 19th centuries, artists often personified
nations using female figures to represent them. During
KI
the French Revolution, these symbolic female
representations embodied abstract ideas like Liberty,
T

shown with symbols such as a red cap or broken chain,

AN

and Justice, typically depicted as a blindfolded woman

holding weighing scales.
H

Nationalism and imperialism

AS

The Ottoman Empire made the Balkans an explosive region,

PR

strengthening itself through modernization and internal

reforms throughout the 19th century. The Balkans, which
include present-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia,
and Montenegro, became highly volatile.
Though Balkan nationalism waned in the last quarter of the
19th century, tensions persisted due to Ottoman influence.
European powers competed fiercely over trade, colonies,
and military supremacy, adding to regional instability. These
tensions culminated in World War I in 1914 as nationalism
and imperialism clashed, causing upheaval across Europe.
Despite anti-imperial movements, establishing nation-states
faced challenges, though the concept gradually gained
acceptance as both natural and universal.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q1. " Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation
in Europe. " support the statement with an example.
Ans:
Culture played an important role development of nationalism along with
wars:
Romanticism was a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiments.
The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of shared

D
collective heritage, a common cultural past.

RA
It was Through folk songs and dances.
Q2. Write any three features of the civil code of 1804 usually known as the
KI
Napoleonic code.
T

Ans:
AN

Established equality before the law.

Secured the right to property
H

Abolished feudal system

transport and communication systems were introduced
AS

Standardized weight and measures and common currency

Guild restrictions were removed.
PR

Q3. Briefly describe the concept of liberalism which developed in the Europe
in early 18th century.
Ans: In early 18th-century Europe, liberalism emerged as a political and
intellectual movement that emphasized individual freedom, equality before the
law, and the protection of private property. The core ideas of liberalism include:

Political Liberty: Advocated for constitutional and representative

government, limiting the power of monarchs and supporting the separation
of powers within the state.
Economic Freedom: Favored free markets, minimal government interference
in the economy, and the protection of private property.
Civil Rights: Promoted individual rights such as freedom of speech, press,
and religion.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Equality before the Law: Stressed that all citizens, regardless of status,
should be treated equally by the legal system.
Liberalism was particularly influential during and after the French Revolution,
inspiring movements across Europe for more democratic and equitable
societies.
Q4 What were the changes that took place after the French Revolution In
France?
OR
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of
collective identity among the French people?
Ans: The ideas of la patrie and Le citoyen emphasised the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
Power transfers to citizens from the monarch.
The three-coloured flag was chosen for France.

D
French was declared as a national language.

RA
A new national anthem was composed and oaths were taken.
The estate general was elected and renamed the National Assembly.
KI
T
AN

[Link] the events leading to the unification of Germany.

Ans:
• Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in
H

1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a
AS

nation-state governed by an elected parliament.

PR

• This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the

combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large
landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.

Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process
carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

• Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German

Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles• From then on, Prussia took on the
leadership of the movement for national unification.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Q6 Explain what led to the rebellion of the Silesian weavers. Remark on

the journalist's point of view?
Ans:
The Silesian weavers' uprising of 1844 was driven by extremely low wages
and poor working conditions, exacerbated by unfair payments from
contractors.
Weavers faced severe poverty and desperation, which led to the revolt as
they struggled to meet their basic needs.
A journalist covering the event sympathized with the weavers, depicting
their difficult living conditions and the desperation that led to the
uprising.
The report aimed to highlight the unfair treatment of the weavers and
draw attention to the need for reforms and improved working conditions
for labourers.

D
During the uprising, the weavers destroyed machinery and ransacked the
homes of contractors. The authorities responded by deploying the
military to suppress the revolt.
RA
KI
Q7 How would women's equality and liberty be defined?
T

Ans:
AN

Liberty and equality for women in the 19th century were defined by the
pursuit of several key rights. Women sought access to education to
H

empower themselves and gain independence.

The right to vote was important for political participation and having a
AS

voice in governance.
Equal employment opportunities and equal pay for equal work were essential
PR

for economic independence. Property rights allowed women to own, inherit,

and manage assets independently.
Additionally, equal legal rights in matters of marriage, divorce, and custody
were vital for ensuring justice and fairness.
These principles aimed to provide women with the same freedoms and
opportunities as men, promoting their full participation in society.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

The Nationalism in India

PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Nationalism in India

Spread Of Nationalism In India
Nationalism in India developed during the anti-colonial struggle.
Educated Indians demanded more autonomy in the mid-19th century.
The Indian National Congress led the nationalist movement.
Mahatma Gandhi played a key role in mobilizing and uniting Indians.
Internal conflicts arose due to differing ideologies and strategies.
Different groups and sections
Effects of War I of society experienced the
impacts in varying degrees;
The war led to a rise in defence spending led to:
some were deeply affected,
Raised custom duties while others felt it less
Introduction of income taxes significantly.

D
Increased goods prices (affecting the lower and middle classes)

War Recruitment and health

RA
KI
Forced recruitment of people in rural areas to fight on battlefields caused
anger among the population.
T

Crop failures of 1918-19 and 1920-21 led to famine and an influenza outbreak
AN

resulting in food shortages.

Between 12-13 million people died from famine and epidemics caused by the war.
H

Satyagraha E.M.A In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South
AS

Africa. He visited Champaran in Bihar in 1916 to motivate peasants to

fight against the oppressive plantation system. The following year, he
led a satyagraha to support the demands of the Kheda district
PR

Emphasized on Emphasized the power and peasants in Gujarat to relax revenue collection. In 1918, Gandhi
Non-Violence importance of truth. organized a Satyagraha among cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.

Physical force was not necessary to fight against injustice if the cause was true.
Through non-violence, a Satyagrahi could win without seeking revenge being
The aim was to persuade people, including oppressors, to see the truth
rather than imposing it through violence.
Satyagraha ensured that truth would ultimately triumph.

Rowlatt Act(1919) E.M.A

JOSH METER?

Rowlatt Act was passed hastily through the Imperial Legislative Council despite
strong opposition from Indian members.
The Act granted the government broad powers to suppress political activities.
Political prisoners could be detained without trial for up to two years.
The Act led to the imposition of martial law, with General Dyer appointed to
enforce it.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

E.M.A Martial Law:- Imposition of direct

military control over normal civil functions
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE + suspended Civil law.

On April 13, 1919, a large crowd gathered in the enclosed area of Jallianwalla
Bagh.
Some came to protest the government's new repressive measures, while
others attended the annual Baisakhi fair.
Many villagers from outside the city were unaware of the imposed martial law.
General Dyer blocked the exit points and ordered his troops to fire on the
unarmed crowd, killing hundreds.
By this act, Dyer intended to create a sense of terror and awe in the minds of
Satyagrahis by producing a moral effect.
The Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre created turmoil in NORTH INDIA
Strikes, clashes, attacks on
Government in response, oppressed the government buildings
Satyagrahis:

D
This created a lot of Violence which was
Forced to rub their noses on the ground

RA
against the principles of the Gandhi Ji
Salute all the officers
movement;
Due to this violence, Gandhi ji decided
KI
Khilafat Issue to 'call off' the movement.
T

The defeat of Ottoman Turkey at the end of WW1 raised concerns about the
AN

imposition of a harsh peace treaty on the spiritual head of the Islamic world,
the Khalifa.
H

To defend the Khalifa's temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in

Bombay in March 1919.
AS

Young Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali discussed a united
mass action on the issue with Mahatma Gandhi.
PR

Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to unify Muslims under a national movement.

At the September 1920 Congress session in Calcutta, Gandhi convinced other
leaders to begin a non-cooperation movement to support Khilafat and Swaraj.
Non-Cooperation Movement
Why Non-cooperation?
In Gandhi’s book, Hind Swaraj (1909): Gandhi argued that British rule in India
was sustained because of Indian cooperation, and if Indians withdrew their
support, British rule would collapse.
This laid the ideological foundation for the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Gandhi’s belief in non-cooperation: According to Gandhi, the British dominion in
India survived due to Indian compliance with British laws, services, and
institutions.
In Hind Swaraj, Gandhi envisioned Swaraj (self-rule) as the alternative to
British rule, with the Non-Cooperation Movement as the means to achieve it.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
How did Non-Cooperation become a movement?
Mahatma Gandhi proposed a staged approach to the non-cooperation movement.
The first stage involved surrendering government-awarded titles and
boycotting civil services, the army, police, and foreign goods.
The second stage would be initiated if the government used repression
against the movement. The second stage would involve a full-scale civil
disobedience campaign.
The Non-Cooperation - Khilafat Movement
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement started in January 1921. Different
social groups joined the movement, each with their own goals. They all wanted
Swaraj (self-rule), but it meant different things to different people.
The Non-Cooperation movement- In Towns: E.M.A
The middle class started the Non-Cooperation Movement in the towns.
Thousands of students, teachers, and headmasters left government-controlled

D
schools and colleges in support of the movement.

RA
Many lawyers also gave up their legal practices.
The boycott of foreign goods had a significant economic impact, with the
KI
production of Indian textile mills and handlooms surging.
However, the movement lost momentum due to various factors such as:
T
AN

The high cost of khadi clothes and limited options for Indian Institutions for
students and teachers.
As a result, many students and teachers returned to government schools.
H

Lawyers also rejoined government courts.

AS

Rebellion in the Countryside E.M.A

PR

The Non-Cooperation Movement extended to rural areas where peasants and

tribals were residing in different parts of India.
The peasant movement emerged against
talukdars and landlords who imposed high
rents and various other cesses.
The peasant movement called for the
reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and
social boycott of oppressive landlords.
In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru visited
villages in Awadh to understand the
grievances of the peasants.
In October 1920, Nehru and others founded
the Oudh Kisan Sabha, which established
around 300 branches within a month. Alluri Sitaram Raju
 PRASHANT KIRAD
By 1921, the peasant movement expanded, targeting the houses of talukdars
and merchants, looting markets, and taking control of grain boards.
In the early 1920s, a militant guerrilla movement began in the Gudem Hills of
Andhra Pradesh after the government shut down forest areas, harming the
livelihood of the hill people.
The hill people rebelled, led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, who claimed to possess
special powers.
Swaraj in the Plantation E.M.A
Desire for freedom: Plantation workers in Assam wanted the freedom to move
freely and maintain ties with their hometowns.
Inland Immigration Act of 1859: This act restricted plantation workers from
leaving tea gardens without permission.
Response to the Non-Cooperation Movement: Upon hearing about the Non-
Cooperation Movement, many plantation workers tried to leave their jobs to

D
return home.

RA
Police brutality: Unfortunately, the workers were apprehended by the police
and faced severe beatings, preventing them from reaching their destinations.
KI
Chauri Chaura Incident and Calling off the Non-Cooperation
Movement
T

Chauri Chaura Incident (February 1922):

AN

A peaceful protest in Bazaar escalated into violence.

An angry mob murdered around 22 police officers in the village of Chauri
H

Chaura.
AS

Due to this, Gandhi Ji called off the movement as it diverted from its non-violence
principle. Faction: A group within any political
PR

party or a larger organization.

Internal Heat of Congress
Some leaders were fed up with Satyagraha via non-violence.
Wanted to participate in Council elections to oppose British policies internally.
CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within Congress in support
of Council elections.
Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose leaned
towards radicalism.
Purna Swaraj
In 1928, the Simon Commission arrived in India and was met with the slogan
'Go back Simon'.
In December 1929, the Lahore Congress under the presidency of Jawaharlal
Nehru formalized the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or full independence for
India. The Congress declared that January 26, 1930, would be celebrated
as Independence Day.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

E.M.A
On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi wrote to Viceroy Irwin, presenting
eleven demands, notably the abolition of the salt tax affecting both the rich
and the poor.
He set a deadline of 11 March for these demands to be met, threatening a
civil disobedience campaign otherwise.
Irwin didn't accept the demands and hence Gandhi ji started the Salt march.
Gandhi initiated the Salt March with 78 volunteers, covering over 240 miles
from his ashram in Sabarmati to Dandi.
On 6 April, he reached Dandi and violated the law by making salt from
seawater, marking the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement The Civil Disobedience Movement, which
The movement also involved the started with the Salt March, gained
boycott of foreign cloth, refusal widespread popularity and led to the breaking

D
to pay revenue by peasants, and of the salt law in various parts of the country.

RA
violation of forest laws in several places.
In April 1930, Abdul Ghaffar khan, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, was
KI
arrested, followed by the arrest of Gandhi himself a month later.
This led to attacks on symbols of British rule across the country. Witnessing
T

the violent situation, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and
AN

signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931, agreeing to participate in a

Round Table Conference in London.
H

However, when the conference failed to achieve its objectives, Mahatma

Gandhi returned to India disappointed and relaunched the Civil Disobedience
AS

Movement.
The movement continued for almost a year, but by 1934, it had lost its
PR

momentum.

THE LIMITS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE E.M.A

Dalits, also known as untouchables, were not fully convinced by the concept of
Swaraj and were more focused on their demands.
Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha for the untouchables, but they demanded
reserved seats in educational institutions and an electorate.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table
Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed (Scheduled Castes)
reserved seats in provincial and central legis councils.
After the Non-Cooperation-khilafat movement declined, Muslims felt alienated
from the Congress, leading to deteriorating relations between Hindus and
Muslims.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate
electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and
representation in proportion to the population in Muslim- dominated provinces.
The All Parties Conference in 1928 failed to resolve the issue as M.R. Jayakar
of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.

SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

Nationalism and shared belonging: Nationalism grows when people feel a
shared sense of belonging, which was key to the rise of Indian nationalism.
Cultural expressions: History, fiction, folklore, songs, and symbols played a
crucial role in shaping Indian nationalism.
Bankim Chandra’s Bharat Mata: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created
Bharat Mata, a powerful symbol of Indian identity in the 20th century.
Abanindranath’s Bharat Mata: Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata as
a divine, spiritual figure, strengthening the nationalistic image.

D
Folk tales and songs: Nationalists collected folk tales and songs from villages

RA
in the late 19th century to preserve Indian cultural identity.
Swadeshi tricolour: During the Swadeshi movement, a tricolour flag was
KI
designed with eight lotuses and a crescent moon, symbolizing Hindu-Muslim
unity.
T
AN

Gandhi ji’s Swaraj flag: In 1921, Gandhi introduced a tricolour with a

spinning wheel, representing self-help and self-reliance.
H
AS

Important Pictures With Descriptions

PR

Indian workers in South Africa march through Volksrust, 6

November 1913. Mahatma Gandhi was leading the workers
from Newcastle to Transvaal. When the marchers were
stopped and Gandhi ji arrested, thousands of more workers
joined the satyagraha against racist laws that denied rights
to non-whites.

Chauri Chaura, 1922.

At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration
in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.
Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to
the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Mehnat karte rehna hai, kyunki

safalta sirf unhi ko milti hai jo kabhi
haar nahi maante.....
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Meeting of Congress leaders at Allahabad, 1931. Apart
from Mahatma Gandhi, you can see Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel (extreme left), Jawaharlal Nehru (extreme right)
and Subhas Chandra Bose (fifth from right).

The Dandi march.

During the salt march, Mahatma Gandhi was accompanied by
78 volunteers. On the way, they were joined by thousands.

Women join nationalist processions.

During the national movement, many women, for the first time in
their lives, moved out of their homes on into a public arena.
Amongst the marchers, you can see many old women, and
mothers with children in their arms.

D
RA
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an early-twentieth-century print.
KI
Notice how Tilak is surrounded by symbols of unity. The sacred
institutions of different faiths (temple, church, masjid) frame the
T

central figure.
AN

Bharat Mata, Abanindranath Tagore, 1905.

Notice that the mother figure here is shown as
H

dispensing learning, food and clothing. The mala on

AS

one hand emphasises her ascetic quality.

Abanindranath Tagore, like Ravi Varma before
him, tried to develop a style of painting that could
PR

be seen as truly Indian.

Jawaharlal Nehru, a popular print.

Nehru is here shown holding the image of
Bharat Mata and the map of India close
to his heart. In a lot of popular prints,
nationalist leaders are shown offering
their heads to Bharat Mata. The idea of
sacrifice for the mother was powerful
within popular imagination.

Bharat Mata. This figure of Bharat Mata

is a contrast to the one painted by
Abanindranath Tagore. Here she is shown
with a trishul, standing beside a lion and
an elephant – both symbols of power and
authority.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Important Dates
1909: Gandhi ji wrote Hind Swaraj
1915: Gandhi ji returns to India
1917: Gandhi ji went to Champaran Bihar
1917: Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat
1918: Ahmedabad mill Strike
1918-1919 and 1920-21: There is a severe food scarcity as a result of many Indian
regions' crops failing.
1919: Rowlatt Act
13th April 1919: Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1919: The Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay
1920: In the summer of 1920 Gandhi ji and Shawkat Ali and extensively throughout
India
1920 (Nagpur Session): Non-cooperation programme was adopted by the National
Congress

D
1920 (June): Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh

RA
6th January 1921: The police in the United Provinces fired at the peasants near Rae
Bareli
KI
January 1921: The non-cooperation Khilafat movement began
1921 census: According to the census, famines and other disasters caused the deaths
T

of 12 to 13 million people.
AN

1921: Houses of talukdar and merchants were attacked

1921: Gandhi ji designed the Swaraj flag
1922: Gandhi decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement
H

1924: Ram Raju was captured and executed

AS

1926-1930: Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930
1927: The establishment of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
PR

1928: Simon Commission arrived in India

1928: All-party conference
October 1929: Lord Irwin offered Dominion status
December 1929: Purna Swaraj was demanded
26 January 1930: Independence Day was celebrated for the first time
6th April 1930: Salt Satyagraha was started
April 1930: Angry crowds in the streets of Peshawar
1930: Muhammad Iqbal stepped down as Muslim League president.
5th March 1931: Gandhi Irwin pact
December 1931: The political leaders of the Indian freedom struggle were from jail
September 1932: Poona pact
1930 and 1932: There was a strike by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in
1932.
1934: By 1934 the civil disobedience movement lost its momentum
14th July 1942: The Indian National Congress endorsed the historic Quit India
Resolution.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 Questions
1. How did the First World War create a new economic situation in India?
Explain.
Answer: The following were the effects of the First World War on the
economic and political situation of India:
(i) More defence budget forcing countries to take war loans.
(ii) Shortages leading to prices doubling between 1913-18.
(iii) The Customs duty and taxes were raised leading to a price rise.
(iv) Forced recruitment into the army led to discontent among the people.
(v) Shortage of food items because of crop failures
(vi) Spread of the epidemic leading to the death of many people.

2. "Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the

idea of Swaraj in another way and participated in the Non-Cooperation

D
Movement differently." Justify the statement.

RA
Answer: (i) Spread of militant guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra
Pradesh.
KI
(ii) They were against colonial policies.
(iii) Their livelihood was and their traditional rights were denied.
T

(iv) Their leader Alluri Sitaram Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation
AN

Movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

(v) He wanted liberation by the use of force.
H

(vi) The rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for
AS

Swaraj.
PR

3. Explain any three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem
Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer: The causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra
Pradesh were:
The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people
from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and
fruits. This enraged the hill people.
Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional
rights were being denied.
When the government began forcing them to contribute beggars (work
without payment for road building, the hill people revolted.

4. Write down the features of the Civil Disobedience Movement. How was
this different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

ANSWER: Features of the Civil Disobedience Movement:

The movement started with the Salt March.
Thousands broke salt law.
Foreign clothes were boycotted.
Liquor shops were picketed.
Peasants refused to pay taxes

5. How did the Indian merchants and industrialists relate themselves to the
Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
ANSWER:
Indian merchants and industrialists were keen on expanding their businesses
and reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-
sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
To organize business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and

D
Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of

RA
Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla,
KI
the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and
supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
T

They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
AN

Most businessmen wanted to flourish in trade without constraints.

H

6“Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were lukewarm in their

AS

response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Examine the statement.

ANSWER: Large sections of Muslims were lukewarm in their response to the
PR

Civil Disobedience movement.

The decline of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements led to the alienation
of Muslims from Congress.
From the mid-1920s, the Congress was seen to be visibly associated with
Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened and communal riots took
place.
The Muslim League gained prominence with its claim of representing Muslims
and demanding a separate electorate for them.
7. Describe the main features of the Poona Pact.
ANSWER The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes
(Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but
they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
“Class 10th Phodenge”
- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Print Culture and the
Modern World
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Print Culture and the Modern World

The First Printed Books exam me ayega (E.M.A)
China, Japan, and Korea were the first to develop printing, using hand-carved
wooden blocks to print text.
In China, books were made by pressing paper onto these carved blocks as
early as AD 594, then folding and stitching the pages together.
For many years, China was the leading producer of printed books, producing
large quantities for various purposes.
The government printed many books for civil service exams to help prepare
future officials.
Printing spread beyond scholars; merchants used printed materials to gather
business and trade information.

D
Reading became a popular leisure activity, and wealthy women began
publishing their poetry and plays.
RA
The growing interest in reading and writing led to the development of new
KI
printing technologies.
T

By the late 1800s, China began using Western printing machines and
AN

techniques, improving the speed and quality of printing.

Calligraphy: the art of beautiful and stylized writing, was also highly valued in
China and often used for important documents and art.
H

Print in Japan
AS

E.M.A
Buddhist missionaries from China brought hand-printing to Japan between
PR

AD 768-770.
The oldest Japanese printed book, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, was made in
AD 868 and had text and pictures made with woodblocks.
This new way of printing led to unique styles of publishing in Japan.
By the late 1800s, Japan had many printed materials showing city life with
detailed illustrations.
Libraries and stores were filled with hand-printed items on many topics,
including books for women and guides to musical instruments.
Printing became a big part of Japanese culture, with many different kinds of
printed works available.
E.M.A
Print Comes to Europe
Chinese paper reached Europe in the 11th century via the Silk
Road.
Marco Polo, who learned about printing in China, brought this
knowledge back to Europe.
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

As more people wanted books, European bookstores started selling them to

other countries.
Handwriting books by hand couldn’t keep up with the high demand.
By the early 15th century, woodblock printing was commonly used in Europe.
Johann Gutenberg invented the first printing press in the 1430s in Strasbourg.
Vellum is a type of paper made from animal skin.
Gutenberg and the Printing Press
Gutenberg, who was good at polishing stones, used his skills to improve printing
technology.
The first book printed with this new method was the Bible.
Even with the new printing press, people still made books by hand.
Wealthy people’s books had blank spaces left on the printed pages for extra
decorations.
Between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most European

D
countries.
Moving from hand-copying to using machines for printing started the print
revolution.
The Print Revolution and Its Impact RA
KI
The Print Revolution didn’t just change how books were made; it transformed
T

people’s lives.
AN

It changed how people accessed and shared information and knowledge.

A New Reading Public E.M.A
H

Before the printing revolution, books were made by hand, which took a lot of
AS

time and effort, making them very expensive.

Only wealthy people could afford these costly books, while most people
PR

listened to texts being read aloud since they couldn't access or afford books
themselves.
The new printing technology made it possible to produce books quickly and
cheaply, so more people could buy and read them.
This increase in available books led to a new reading culture and allowed stories
and information to be shared more widely, including with people who couldn't
read themselves.
Religious debates and the fear of print
Printing made it easier to share ideas widely and encouraged more people to
discuss and debate.
However, some people were worried that printed books could spread dangerous
or rebellious ideas.
In 1517, Martin Luther, a Christian reformer, wrote the Ninety-Five Theses to
criticize the practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

His ideas forced the church to respond, leading to disagreements and starting
the Protestant Reformation.
The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to change
the Catholic Church, and Martin Luther was a key figure in it. This movement
led to the creation of different branches of Christianity separate from the
Catholic Church.
Print and Dissent
In the 16th century, a man named Menocchio read many books in his area.
After reading, he started to have his ideas about God and Creation, different
from what the Roman Catholic Church taught.
His ideas upset the Church, and he was charged twice for his beliefs.
Eventually, he was put to death.
In 1558, the Roman Catholic Church created a list called the Index of
Prohibited Books to ban certain books they didn’t approve of.

D
1. Inquisition: A former Catholic court that punished people with beliefs
different from the Church.

RA
2. Heretical: Beliefs that go against what the Church taught. In the past, having
these beliefs was seen as a threat to the Church’s authority and was severely
KI
punished.
T

3. Satiety: Being so full that you have no desire for more.

AN

4. Seditious: Actions, speech, or writing that are against the government.

E.M.A
The Reading Mania
H

As more people learned to read and went to school in Europe, reading became
AS

very popular.
New kinds of books and stories were printed to reach different groups of
PR

people.
In England, small, cheap books called penny chapbooks were sold by sellers
known as Chapman for just a penny, so even poor people could afford them.
In France, there were similar cheap books called Bibliotheque Bleue, which
were printed on low-quality paper and had simple blue covers.
There were also short romances printed on just a few pages and longer stories
about history.
Because of printing, the ideas of scientists and philosophers became easier for
ordinary people to access and understand.
Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world
By the mid-18th century, printing was helping spread new ideas and knowledge.
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a French novelist, believed the printing press was
a powerful tool for progress and changing public opinion.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

He thought print could bring about enlightenment and help get rid of
oppressive rulers.
Mercier boldly declared, "Tremble, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the
power of the writer!"
The phrase "Tremble, tyrants of the world!" by Louise-Sebastien Mercier is a
strong warning to oppressive rulers and dictators. Mercier is saying that the
rulers who try to control or oppress people should be afraid because the power of
writing and printing can spread ideas that challenge their authority. Through
printed books and pamphlets, writers can share knowledge and ideas widely,
encouraging people to think for themselves and question those in power. This
ability to influence public opinion and spread enlightenment can threaten the
control of tyrants. In essence, Mercier is suggesting that the power of words and
the spread of knowledge can eventually lead to the downfall of oppressive rulers.
Print Culture and the French Revolution

D
Historians believe that the spread of printed materials helped set the stage

RA
for the French Revolution in three main ways.
First, print made Enlightenment ideas popular. Thinkers like Voltaire and
KI
Rousseau used writing to challenge old beliefs, superstitions, and the absolute
power of rulers.
T

People started thinking in new ways, questioning things, and using reason, all
AN

thanks to what they read in books and pamphlets.

Second, print encouraged open discussion and debate, helping to spread ideas
H

about changing society and government.

AS

Third, in the 1780s, many books and pamphlets made fun of the royalty and
criticized their behaviour, showing how print was influencing people's opinions
PR

about their leaders.

E.M.A
The Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe, bringing in large
numbers of new readers among children, women and workers.
Children, Women and Workers
By the late 19th century, it became compulsory for children to attend school.
In 1857, France started a children's press to produce books specifically for
young readers.
In Germany, the Grimm Brothers collected and published traditional folk tales,
turning local village stories into popular books.
Women became important as both readers and writers during this time.
There were magazines and guides published for women, focusing on topics like
fashion, proper behaviour, and how to manage a household.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

In 19th-century England, lending libraries were popular and helped educate

workers, artisans, and people from the lower-middle class.
Further Innovations
In the 19th century, printing technology kept improving and evolving.
Richard M. developed a power-driven cylindrical press, which made it easier
and faster to print newspapers.
The offset printing technique was also created, allowing printers to use up to
six colours at once.
By the 20th century, electrically operated presses made printing much faster.
Several other advancements followed:
1. The way paper was fed into machines became more efficient.
2. The quality of printing plates improved.
3. Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls for colour accuracy were
introduced.
E.M.A

D
India and the World of Print

RA
Manuscripts Before the Age of Print
India has a long history of creating handwritten manuscripts in many languages,
KI
including Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and various local languages.
These manuscripts were written on handmade paper or palm leaves.
T

Even after the invention of printing, people continued to produce manuscripts,

AN

which were considered expensive and delicate.

In Bengal, many students learned to write but did not necessarily learn to read,
H

meaning they were literate in writing but had little experience with reading
AS

books.
Print Comes to India
PR

In the mid-16th century, Portuguese missionaries brought the first printing

press to Goa.
Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 in Cochin and the first
Malayalam book in 1713.
The English press came to India later, even though the English East India
Company had been bringing presses since the late 1600s.
James Augustus Hickey started the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine where
he published ads and shared news about the East India Company’s officials.
By the end of the 18th century, many newspapers and journals were being
printed in India.
Religious Reform and Public Debates
During this time, there were intense debates between social and religious
reformers and traditionalists on issues like widow burning, belief in one God,
 PRASHANT KIRAD

the role of Brahmin priests, and idol worship.

In 1821, Rammohun Roy started the Sambad Kaumudi to share his ideas, and
in reply, traditionalists created the Samachar Chandrika to challenge his
views.
In northern India, religious scholars worried that colonial rulers might
encourage conversion and change Muslim laws.
To address this, they used cheap lithographic presses to publish Persian and
Urdu translations of sacred texts, along with religious newspapers and
pamphlets.
The Deoband Seminary set up in 1867, published many fatwas (legal opinions)
to guide Muslims in their daily lives and explain Islamic teachings.

New Forms of Publication

As more people became interested in reading, new types of writing emerged.
In Europe, the novel was created to meet the growing interest in different

D
stories and styles, including those from Indian traditions.

RA
New literary forms like lyrics, short stories, and essays on social and
political issues became popular.
KI
By the end of the 19th century, visual culture changed.
Cheap calendars were sold in markets, allowing even poor people to decorate
T

their homes or workplaces.

AN

These prints helped shape ideas about modern life, tradition, religion,
politics, and culture.
H

By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons appeared in newspapers and journals,

AS

commenting on social and political issues.

Women and Print E.M.A
PR

In middle-class families, schools for women began to open in cities, making

education more accessible for women.
Women started writing articles for journals, where they spoke about the
importance of female education and advocated for women's rights.
However, some conservative Hindus and Muslims had concerns about these
changes:
Hindus were worried that if girls learned to read and write, they might face
difficulties like becoming widows, which was seen as a negative outcome.
Muslims were concerned that reading Urdu romances and similar literature
might lead to moral corruption among women, fearing it would negatively
influence their behaviour and values.
Social reforms and novels began to focus on women's lives and feelings,
creating a strong interest in these topics.
In the early 20th century, journals written and edited by women became very
 PRASHANT KIRAD
popular.
In Bengal, a part of central Calcutta called Battala became famous for
printing popular books.
By the late 19th century, many of these books were beautifully illustrated
with woodcuts and coloured prints.
Peddlers would deliver these Battala books to homes, so women could read
them during their free time.
Print and the Poor People
In the 19th century, cheap books were sold in Madras to help poorer people.
By the late 19th century, printed materials began discussing caste
discrimination. Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar, and E.V. Ramaswamy
Naicker wrote about these issues.
Factory workers didn’t have the education to write much about their own lives.
KashiBaba wrote a book called Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show

D
how caste and class problems were connected.
In the 1930s, cotton mill workers in Bangalore set up libraries to learn more
and educate themselves.
RA
KI
Print and Censorship E.M.A
Early Press Freedom: When the East India Company was in charge, there were
T

few rules about what newspapers could publish.

AN

New Rules: Later, the Calcutta Supreme Court set some rules to control
newspapers. In 1835, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to change these rules
H

to allow more freedom. Thomas Macaulay created new rules that continued this
AS

freedom.
After the 1857 Revolt: Things changed after the 1857 revolt. In 1878, a new
PR

law called the Vernacular Press Act was introduced. This law gave the
government more power to control what was printed in local-language
newspapers.
Government Control: The government started keeping a close eye on local
newspapers.
Rise of Nationalist Newspapers: More newspapers supporting independence
and nationalistic ideas started appearing in India.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Imprisonment: In 1907, after some revolutionary
leaders from Punjab were sent away (deported), Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote
about them sympathetically in his newspaper Kesari. This got him arrested and
imprisoned in 1908.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Important Dates
594 AD: From 594 ad books in China were printed by wrapping paper
768 to 778 AD: Hand printing Technology introduced in Japan
868 AD: The first and oldest Japanese book printed
1295: Marco Polo returned to Italy
1448: By 1448 Gutenberg perfected the printing press system
1450 and 1550: Between 1450 and 1550 printing press spread all over Europe
1517: Religious Reform mark Martin Luther Wrote 95 theses criticizing many of
the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic churches
1579: The First Tamil book was written in Kochin
1710: Dutch protestant Missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts
1713: The first Malayalam book was printed
1810: The Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out from Calcutta
1821: Sambad Kaumudi begin to publish Ram Mohan Roy

D
1822: From 1822 “Jam-i-Jahan Numa” and “Shamsul Akhbar” was started

RA
1867: Deoband Seminary was founded
1871: Ghulamgiri was published
KI
1878: The Vernacular Press Act
1907: Punjab revolutionaries were deported
T

1930s: Great Depression

AN

Top 7 Questions
H
AS

[Link] with examples how print culture catered to the requirements of

PR

children.
Ans: (i) Primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century;
children became an important category of readers. Production of school
textbooks became critical for the publishing industry.
(ii) A children’s press devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in
France in 1857.
(iii) This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales.
(iv) The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales
gathered from peasants. What they collected was edited before the stories
were published in a collection in 1812.
(v) Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar
to the elites, was not included in the published version. Rural folk tales thus
acquired a new form. In this way, print recorded old tales but also changed
them.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2. ‘With the printing press a new public emerged in Europe’. Justify the
statement.
Ans: (i) The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and
Korea. In China, woodblocks were used for hand printing.
(ii) Up to the 6th century print was used only by the scholar-officials but later it
became common.
(iii) The Buddhist Missionaries introduced hand-printing technology from China
to Japan.
(iv) It was Marco Polo, a great explorer, who brought printing knowledge of
woodblock from China to Italy.
(v) The invention of the printing press proved a great miracle in spreading
knowledge.

3. "The 'Print Revolution' had transformed the lives of people changing their
relationship to information and knowledge." Analyse the statement.

D
Ans: Transformation due to Print Revolution:

RA
(i) It influenced people's perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at
things.
KI
(ii) A new reading public emerged.
(iii) Created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas.
T
AN

(iv) Introduced a new world of debate and discussion.

(v) Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith.
H

4. Explain the reasons favouring the shift from hand printing to mechanical
AS

printing in China.
Ans: The reasons favouring the shift from hand printing to mechanical printing
PR

in China are:
(i) Textbooks of the Civil Service Examination were printed in vast numbers
under the sponsorship of the Imperial State. From the sixteenth century, the
number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of
print.
(ii) By the seventeenth century, the print was no longer used just by scholars-
officials. Merchants used print in their everyday lives, as they collected Trade
information.
(iii) Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership
preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary
masterpieces, and romantic plays.
(iv) Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry
and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote
about their lives. The new reading culture was accompanied by the new
 PRASHANT KIRAD

technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported

into China and Shanghai became the new hub of the new print culture.
5.“Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed
tracts and essays in India in the late nineteenth century.” Support the
statements with two suitable examples.
Ans:
In 1871, ‘Gulamgiri’, a work written by Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of
the low-caste movement addressed the inequalities inherent in the caste
system.
Caste-based discrimination was a prominent theme in the popular and widely
read works of E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker and B.R. Ambedkar, which discussed
social issues.
Many regional protest movements and parties published periodicals and
articles criticizing religious texts and envisioning a new societal outlook.

D
In 1938, Kashibaba, a millworker from Kanpur, authored ‘Chhote Aur Bade Ka

RA
Sawal’ to illustrate the connection between class and caste mistreatment.
The cotton mill workers of Bangalore began establishing libraries in 1930 to
KI
educate themselves, following the example set by the Bombay mill workers.
As a result of these efforts, people from lower castes became increasingly
T

aware of the need to criticize ancient scriptures and develop a society that
AN

was free of caste discrimination, based on equality.

6. How had novels been easily available to the masses in Europe during the
H

nineteenth century? Explain with examples.

AS

Ans: The emergence of a new reading public was attributed to the printing press
invention which reduced the cost of book production. With decreased time and
PR

labour, multiple copies could be produced with ease, resulting in books flooding the
market and becoming easily accessible to the masses. This led to the publication
of popular ballads and folk tales, which were profusely illustrated with pictures
and widely read by the masses.
7. What is a manuscript? Mention any two limitations of it, during the
nineteenth century.
Ans: Manuscripts were documents or books written by hand. They were not used
widely because:
(a) They could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books.
(b) They were expensive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time-
consuming business.
(c) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around
or read easily.
(d) Their circulation was limited
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Making of a global
world
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Making of a global world

The Pre modern world exam me ayega (E.M.A)
"Globalisation, an economic system that has emerged over the last 50 years,
has a rich and diverse history that spans thousands of years.
The making of the global world is a story of trade, migration, and the
movement of people, goods, and capital.
From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests, and pilgrims traversed vast
distances in search of knowledge, opportunity, spiritual fulfillment, and refuge
from persecution.
As early as 3000 BCE, a thriving coastal trade network connected the Indus
Valley civilisations with present-day West Asia, laying the foundations for a
global economy.

Silk route links the world

The Silk Routes were a network of ancient trade paths that connected remote
parts of the world, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.
These routes, which existed from before the Christian era until the 15th
century, enabled the trade and cultural mingling of distant civilizations.
China, renowned for its luxurious silk production, was a key player in this global
exchange, with its silk being highly prized and widely traded along these
routes."
The food travels :- Spaghetti and Potato
Food is a remarkable example of long-distance cultural exchange.
Travelers and traders introduced new crops from the lands they
visited, revolutionizing the culinary landscape
. Many commonplace foods, such as potatoes, soybeans,
groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, and sweet potatoes, were
unknown to our ancestors until around five centuries ago.
Christopher Columbus's discovery of America played a pivotal
role in bringing these foods to Europe and Asia.
Interestingly, the journey of noodles from China to become
spaghetti in Italy is a testament to the power of cultural
exchange.
This culinary migration demonstrates how food can bridge
geographical and cultural divides.
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Conquest, Disease and trade E.M.A

Before European arrival, the Indian Ocean served as a vibrant hub for
trade and the interchange of culture, ideas, goods, and people.
The redirection of trade routes by Europeans toward Europe, coupled with
the influx of abundant resources from the Americas, reshaped global trade
and lifestyles.
The Europeans wielded an unconventional but devastating weapon in the
form of germs, particularly smallpox, altering the course of history.
Despite facing poverty and hunger until the nineteenth century, Europe
gradually emerged as the focal point of world trade, while historically
prosperous nations like China and India withdrew into isolation after the
fifteenth century.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 Questions
Q1. Why did Europeans flee to America in the nineteenth century. Explain.

Ans: Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because:

(i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
(ii) Cities were crowded, and deadly diseases were widespread.
(iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were
persecuted.
(iv) Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying
uncultivated.
So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a
better future
(v) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European
market. These plantations were worked on by slaves.

Q2. There are manby instances of cross- cultural exchange through food
before the nineteenth

Ans: :Numerous instances of cross-cultural exchange through food have been

recorded before the 19th century.
Traders and visitors introduced new crops, which spread throughout the
country, influencing local cuisines.
Interestingly, many ready foods in distant regions share common ancestors,
having evolved from the same foods. For example, pasta and spaghetti have a
shared history, with spaghetti believed to have originated from noodles
brought from China to the West. Similarly, Sicily, an Italian island, received
pasta from Arab traders in the 5th century.
Many staple crops consumed today, such as tomatoes, potatoes, soy,
groundnuts, maize, and sweet potatoes, were unknown to our ancestors until
around five centuries ago.
Following Christopher Columbus's accidental discovery of America, these
cuisines were introduced to Asia and Europe, further enriching global culinary
diversity."

Describe the significance of silk routes in the pre-modern period in the

field of trade cultural exchange and religion.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Ans: silk routes are good examples of pre-modern trade and cultural links between
the distant parts of the world, i.e. linking Asia with Europe and North Africa.
● Along the silk routes, the silk cargoes from China, Indian spices and textiles,
gold and silver from Europe were carried to different parts of the world.
● The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on, Muslim preachers
travelled along these routes.
● These routes proved to be a great source of trade and cultural links between
distant parts of the world
● Thus, it can be concluded that silk routes are a good example of trade and
cultural link between distant parts of the world.

Q4. The global transfer of diseases became instrumental in colonisation of

Africa and South America'. Explain the statement.
Ans: The European conquest of colonies in Africa and South America was
not solely due to superior firepower, but also attributed to the unintended
introduction of germs, such as smallpox, that they carried with them.
Smallpox proved to be a particularly devastating disease, spreading
rapidly across the continent even before European colonizers arrived.
It decimated a significant portion of the indigenous population, paving the
way for conquest.
The global transfer of disease played a crucial role in the colonization of
Africa and South America, highlighting the unintended consequences of
cultural exchange.

Q5. Explain what do we mean when we say that the pre-modern world
'shrank' in the 1500s.

The world shrank after the discovery of sea routes to Asia and Americas.
● The physical distances between continents reduced metaphorically due to the
now available transportation facilities.
● What seemed like the end of the world could now be visited and viewed hence
making the vague image of how large our world was, more lucid and exact.
● The world was now interconnected. This made it appear accessible and hence
"smaller" in those terms.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Q6. Smallpox paved the way for the ___________ conquest and
colonisation of America.
A. Portuguese and Spanish
B. Portuguese and Africa
C. Africa and Spanish
D. Europe and Africa

Ans: (A) Portuguese and spanish

Q7. Assertion (A): From ancient times groups like travellers, traders,
priests, and pilgrims have travelled vast
distances.
Reason (R): These journeys were for the purposes like knowledge,
opportunity, spiritual fulfilment etc.
Codes
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true

Ans : (A) Both A and R are true, R us correct explanation of A

 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Water Resources
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Water resources
Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered with water.
About 97.5% of the total volume is ocean water.
2.5% is freshwater, comprising rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, ponds, etc.
70% of freshwater is frozen ice in icebergs and glaciers. Less than 30% of
freshwater is stored as groundwater.
India receives merely 4% of global precipitation.

Water scarcity Water scarcity means shortage of water.

Quantitative reasons for water scarcity (E.M.A)
1. Uneven distribution of rainfall: Some regions receive greater rainfall and
some regions come under rain shadow areas and receive less rainfall.

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2. Excessive use of groundwater for agricultural purposes.

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3. Growing population and consequent greater domestic water demands, growing
urban centres and unequal access to it.
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4. Increasing numbers of industries not only exert pressure on existing
freshwater resources but also pollute them.
T

Qualitative reasons for water scarcity

AN

In some regions where freshwater is available in the form of rivers, lakes, and
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ponds, it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals,

pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for
AS

human use.
NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION
PR

We have finite water resources, yet our demands are growing exponentially
due to the increasing number of industries, urbanization, and agriculture.
Most of our water resources are polluted, posing severe health hazards and
threatening food security.
To prevent catastrophic consequences such as drought, famine, and epidemics.
To reduce over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources.
(E.M.A)
To minimise climate changes and uneven distribution of rainfall.

Multipurpose River Projects (MPRP) :

Dams :
A dam is a structure built across a
river or watercourse to hold back
water, creating a reservoir (the
stored water) behind it. JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Irrigation for agriculture.

Some projects
Bhakra-Nangal project
Electricity generation (hydroelectricity).
on Sutlej-Beas River
Flood control.
basin.
Water supply for domestic and industrial use.
Hirakud project in the
Fish breeding and recreation
Mahanadi basin.

Advantage of (MPRP) Disadvantage of (MPRP)

or Dams or Dams
Irrigation Multipurpose projects can induce
Hydroelectricity for our industries earthquakes.
and homes. It displaces the local people of the
place where it is constructed.
Water supply for drinking It can cause water-borne diseases

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Flood control Unsuccessful in controlling floods

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Recreational facilities It affects the river's natural flow
Inland navigation Submerge the existing vegetation
and soil.
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Pisciculture (fish breeding)
Destroys the habitats for the
Soil conservation
river‘s aquatic life.
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AN

Rainwater Harvesting
The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collecting of water from the
H

surface on which rainfalls and subsequently saving this water for later use.
AS

A water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically

and environmentally.
PR

MAIN OBJECTIVE 🤔
To meet the increasing demands of water.
Support growing demand for water for irrigation and domestic use.
Promoting sustainable water management practice
To reduce groundwater pollution and improve the quality of groundwater.
Conserving and recharging groundwater.

Methods of Rainwater harvesting:

(i) Guls and Kuls:

In mountainous areas of the western Himalayas, rainwater is collected and

saved for agriculture.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(ii) Tankas (iii) Khadins and Johads

In arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan In Jaisalmer & Rajasthan,
[Bikaner, Phalodhi] Underground tanks agricultural fields were converted
for storing rainwater harvested from into rain-fed storage structures.
rooftops for drinking purpose
(iv) Bamboo drip irrigation
system in Meghalaya
A system of tapping streams and spring
water using bamboo pipes has been used for
over 200 years to transport water. (E.M.A)
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting:
It is Compulsory in
Tamil Nadu for all

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houses.

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If not implemented,
punishment will be
given
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T
AN

In rooftop harvesting, the roof acts as the catchment, and the rainwater is
collected from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a
tank or diverted to an artificial recharge system.
H

Rainwater from rooftops is collected using pipes.

AS

Pipes are connected to underground tanks.

Rocks and sand in the tanks filter the rainwater.
PR

Clean water is then available for drinking purposes.

This eco-friendly system ensures a steady supply of clean drinking water, even
during water scarcity periods, making it an ideal solution for sustainable living."

Gendathur model
*Location:* Gendathur is a backward village in Mysuru, Karnataka
*Achievement:* 200+ households with rooftop rainwater harvesting systems,
collecting over 1.5 million litres of water annually.
*Impacts:*
Reduced dependence on external water sources by 70%.
Conserved water for future generations, ensuring a sustainable future.
Replicable model for other villages, inspiring a wave of community-led
sustainability initiatives.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Map work
Major dams in India:

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AN
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PR
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 Questions
Q1. Multipurpose projects are temples of modern India. Justify?

Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ because
of the following reasons:

(i) Dams would integrate the development of agriculture and the rural economy
with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy.

(ii)Multi-purpose projects were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the
nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past.

Q2. Explain any three reasons for water scarcity in India?

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Ans. Water scarcity limits access to safe water for drinking and for practising
basic hygiene at home, in schools and in healthcare facilities.
KI
The following are the reasons for water scarcity in India ;
T

i) Uneven distribution of rainfall Some regions receive greater rainfall and some
AN

regions come under rain shadow areas and receive less rainfall. Ex: Marathwada
region of Maharashtra.
ii) Over-exploitation of groundwater in Agriculture accounts for 80% of India's
H

groundwater usage.
AS

iii) Industrial Demands: Industries like textiles, paper, and steel require significant
water supplies, further straining resources.
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iv) Growing population and consequent greater domestic water demands, growing
urban centres and unequal access to it.

Q3. On which river is the Sardar Sarovar Dam constructed?

Ans: Sardar Sarovar Dam is constructed on the River Narmada.

Q4. How have intensive industrialisation and urbanisation put great

pressure on existing freshwater resources in India?
Ans:
"The last few decades have seen immense pressure on freshwater resources
due to rapid urbanization and industrialization.
Multinational companies have increased water consumption, while hydroelectric
power production for industrial use has not only threatened the availability of
freshwater resources but also contributed to water quality degradation.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The growing number of urban centres has led to a surge in demand, driven by
modern lifestyles and domestic needs.
In housing colonies, water resources are being overexploited to meet the
needs of the population, resulting in groundwater depletion.

Q5. Explain the qualitative aspects of water scarcity.

Ans: Water scarcity refers to the lack of sufficient available water resources to
meet the demands of water usage within a region. This concept isn't just about the
quantity of water available, but also encompasses various qualitative aspects:

i) Water quality- Even if water is available in sufficient quantities, it may be unfit

for use due to contamination by pollutants, chemicals, or pathogens.

ii) Accessibility- Water may be abundant in one area but scarce in another due to
natural distribution. This disparity creates regional inequalities in water availability.

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iii) Economic Scarcity: Even where water is physically available, it may be

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economically inaccessible to certain populations due to the high cost of extraction,
treatment, or distribution.
KI
Q6. Describe the working of the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique.
T

Ans. "The rooftop rainwater harvesting technique works as follows:

AN

1. Collection: Rainwater falling on the roof is collected through a network of PVC

pipes.
H

2. Filtration: The collected rainwater is filtered using a combination of sand and

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bricks to remove impurities.

3. Storage: The filtered water is then stored in a sump for immediate use.
PR

4. Excess water management: Excess water from the sump is transferred to a well,
which recharges the groundwater aquifer.
5. Additional water supply: In case of further water requirements, water can be
drawn from the well.
This technique ensures a steady supply of clean water, reduces dependence on
municipal water, and helps recharge groundwater levels."

Q7. Which of the following remote backward villages in Mysore Karnataka

installed household rooftop rainwater?
a. Gendathur
b. Vanathalipuram
c. Chilkunda
d. Kallahalli “Class 10th Phodenge”
Ans: (a) Gendathur
- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Resources and
Development
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Resources and development

Everything available in our environment that can be used to satisfy our needs,
provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally
acceptable can be termed as RESOURCES.
On the basis of On the basis of
Classification of resources:
their ownership status of development
On the basis On the basis of Individual Potential
of origin exhaustibility Community Developed
Biotic Renewable National Stock
Abiotic Non renewable International Reserve

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Development of resources
The resources are the gift of RA
Major problems The centralized control of
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nature. As a result, people use resources in a few hands split
them indiscriminately. society into two groups rich
T

(E.M.A) and poor.

AN

People use resources greedily.

Sustainable development
H

Sustainable Development is the development that should take place without

AS

damaging the environment, and development in the present should not

compromise with the needs of the future generation.
PR

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit,1992 In June 1992: First International Summit

Agenda 21 : Adopted agenda 21
COMBAT DISEASES Resource planning
COMBAT ENVIRONMENT
Resource planning is a systematic strategy for the
ERADICATE POVERTY
EVERY LOCAL GOVT. TO efficient and sustainable utilization of resources.
SET LOCAL AGENDA It ensures the equitable distribution and
SUSTAINABLE conservation of resources to meet present and
DEVELOPMENT
future needs.
Process of Resource planning :
This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources.
Resource planning consists of three stages -
Identification and inventory of resources: Involves
surveying, mapping and measurement of characteristics
and properties and properties of resources.

JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skills,
and institutional set-up for implementing resource development plans.
Matching: The resources development plans with overall national
development plans.
‘’THE WORLD HAS ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE’S NEED,
Conservation of resources BUT NOT ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE’S GREED”
- MAHATMA GANDHI
Irrational consumption and overutilization of
resources result in socio-economic and
environmental problems. To overcome these
problems, resource conservation at various
levels is important.

LAND RESOURCES
Land is an asset with finite magnitude.
Land utilization

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Land resources are utilized for the Net sown area

RA
following purposes:
1. Use of land resources The physical Gross cropped area
KI
2. Forest extend of land on Area sown more
3. Land not available for cultivation which crops are than once in an
T

4. Barren and wasteland sown and agriculture years

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5. Cultivable waste land harvested known plus net sown area

6. Fallow land as Net Sown Area. is called Gross
H

7. Net sown area cropped Area.

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Land left without

cultivation for one
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or more than one

Fallow lands
agricultural
year.

Land Degradation
The decrease in the quality of land due to human
and natural activities which makes it unfit for
(E.M.A) cultivation is known as land degradation.

Overutilization of resources Measures for Land conservation

Overgrazing Minimum utilization of land.
Mining why land Minimizing overgrazing.
Deforestation degradation??? Make an effective effort to reduce mining
Over irrigation reasons Afforestation
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Soil as a resource (E.M.A)

Soil is the most important renewable

natural resource.
But it takes millions of years to form
soil up to a few centimetres in depth.
It is the medium of plant’s growth
and support.

Alluvial Soil Arid soil

TYPES
Black soil Laterite soil
OF SOIL

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Red and

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Forest soil
yellow soil
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RED AND YELLOW SOIL ALLUVIAL SOIL
T
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Red soil develops on crystalline Formation: deposited by Himalayan

igneous rocks in areas of low rivers- the Indus, Ganga and
rainfall in the eastern and Brahmaputra.
H

southern parts of the Deccan Location: Rajasthan and Gujarat.

AS

plateau. characteristics: old alluvial- bangar

Yellow and red are also found in and young alluvial - khadar.
PR

Odisha, Chhatisgarh, Southern Minerals of this soil- potash,

part of the Middle Ganga Plain. phosphoric acid, and lime which are
good for sugarcane, paddy, and
BLACK SOIL pulses.

These soils are black in colour and ARID SOIL

known as regur soil.
Black soil is ideal for cotton also known Arid soils range from red to
as cotton soil. brown in colour. They are
Found in Maharashtra, Saurashtra, generally sandy in texture
Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and and saline in nature.
Chhatisgarh. Due to the dry climate,
Mineral- calcium carbonate, magnesium, they are found in
potash. Rajasthan.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

LATERITE SOIL FOREST SOIL

Laterite soil develops in areas with Formation: Mechanical weathering
high temperatures and heavy by snow, rain and temperature.
rainfall. Location: Hilly areas (Kashmir to
They are mainly found in Arunachal Pradesh)
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Loamy and silty on valley sides and
Red laterite soil found in Tamil coarse-grained on the upper
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh for slopes.
crops of cashew nuts Found in areas where sufficient
They are very useful for tea and rainforests are available.
coffee.

Reasons of soil
Soil Erosion erosion 1. Deforestation
The Denudation of the soil cover and

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2. Over grazing
subsequently washing down is known as

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3. Construction
soil erosion.
(E.M.A) 4. mining
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Sheet erosion is the removal of a thin
layer of topsoil from large areas of
Soil conservation
T

Measures to
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land by the action of surface water Contour ploughing

protect soil
runoff. Control on grazing
The wind blows loose soil off flat or Terrace farming
H

sloping land. This is called Wind Strip cropping

AS

erosion. Shelter belt

PR
 PRASHANT KIRAD

MAP WORK

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top 7 questions
Q1. Give the characteristics of the soil used for growing cotton.
List the areas in India, where this soil is found.

Is chapter se MCQ practice

karna! Important h
 PRASHANT KIRAD

ANS- Characteristics of soil used for growing cotton are:

(i) It is made up of fine clayey material with a high moisture retention capacity.
(ii) It is rich in soil nutrients like calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and
lime, but poor in phosphoric content.
(iii) It develops deep cracks during hot weather, helping in proper aeration of
the soil.
(iv) It is found in the plateau areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh, as well as in the Godavari and Krishna valleys.

2. India has land under a variety of relief features.” Justify the

statement with three examples.
ANS- India has land under a variety of relief features. In India, 30 % area is
mountainous, 27 % is plateaus and 43 % is plains, all of these have specific
advantages to be utilised.

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Main advantages of India's land-

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Mountains are the source of many streams and rivers, some of them are
perennial. These regions have very high potential for hydroelectricity
KI
production, etc and are also good tourism destinations.
Plateaus are mostly laden (heavily loaded) with minerals, fossil fuels,
T

forests, etc so are economically very useful.

AN

Plains are the most important land resource for human beings. These areas
are fertile and most of the food crops, etc are grown here. They are also
H

useful for the development of factories, roads, etc.

AS

3. Why is resource planning essential? Give some examples which explain its
PR

need.
ANS- Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of
resources. It is essential as resources are limited and unevenly distributed over
the country. Planning will help in reducing wastage as well as taking
care of the requirements of future generations.
Example:
(i) An example of uneven distribution is Arunachal Pradesh, which has an
abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructural development to utilise
the water resources.
(ii) Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources lead to socio-
economic and environmental problems in Punjab, waterlogging has increased
salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

4. Give three main features of the soil found in the river deltas of the
Indian coast.
ANS- The soil found in river deltas is alluvial. The three main features of the
soil found in the river deltas of the Indian coast (alluvial soil) are:
(i) Fertility: Alluvial soils in the delta regions are extremely fertile and
suitable for intensive agriculture. These soils are rich in potash, phosphoric
acid, and lime.
(ii) Fine texture: In river deltas, alluvial soils tend to be fine-grained and more
clayey compared to the alluvial soils found in the upper parts of river basins.
(iii) Khadar type: The soils in delta regions are predominantly Khadar, the
newer, fertile deposits that are continuously replenished by river floods,
making them ideal for growing crops like rice and jute.

5. “Resource planning is a complex process.” Justify the statement with

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arguments.

RA
ANS- It is true that resource planning is a complex process. It can be proved
through the following arguments:
KI
Identification and inventory of resources: Involves surveying, mapping and
measurement of characteristics and properties and properties of resources.
T

Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate: Technology, skill and

AN

institutional set-up for implementing resource development plants.

Matching: The resources development plans with overall national development
H

plans.
AS

6. “Human activities have contributed significantly to land degradation.”

Justify the statement with three examples.
PR

ANS- The human activities responsible for land degradation in India are:
(i) Deforestation due to mining activities in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh and Odisha have caused severe land degradation. Mining sites are
abandoned after excavation work is completed, leaving deep scars.
(ii) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for the cement industry as well
as calcite and soapstone for the ceramic industry generates huge quantities of
dust which falls on land. This retards the process of infiltration of water into
the soil.
(iii) Effluents as waste from industries have become a major source of land and
water pollution in many parts of the country.
(iv) Overirrigation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh is responsible
for land degradation due to waterlogging, leading to an increase in salinity.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

7. Describe alluvial soil under the following heads:

(a) Formation (b) Distribution
(c) Classification (d) Nutrients

ANS- Alluvial soil can be described as follows:

(a) Formation: Alluvial soil is made up of silt, sand and clay. It is deposited by
three important Himalayan river systems the Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra. It is bigger and coarser in the upper reaches of the river and
becomes finer as the river flows down.
(b) Distribution/Area: This soil is prevalent in the river valleys of the Northern
plains (Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra), strips in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as well as
in the Eastern coastal plains
(c) Classification: According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as
(Bangar) old alluvial and Khadar (new alluvial). Khadar has a higher concentration

D
of kankar and contains more fine particles than Bangar.

RA
(d) Nutrients/Minerals: This soil is rich in nutrients like potash, phosphoric acid:
and lime, which is suitable for growing paddy, wheat, sugarcane and other cereal
KI
and pulse crops. in the deltas of rivers of the Peninsular Plateau (Mahanadi,
Krishna, Kaveri).
T
AN
H
AS
PR

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Minerals and Energy
Resources
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

minerals and energy resources

Minerals are defined as homogeneous naturally occurring substances with a
definite internal structure.
Minerals are usually found in ores or their pure form. The term ore is used to
describe an accumulation of any material mixed other elements.

Occurrence of minerals (E.M.A)

Veins and Lodes - In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in
the cracks, crevices, faults or joints e.g. Copper, Zinc, etc.
Beds and Layers - In sedimentary rocks, several minerals occur in beds or
layers. E.g. - Gypsum, potash, etc.
Residual mass of weathered material - The decomposition of surface rocks

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and the removal of soluble constituents also form the minerals. E.g.- Bauxite.

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Ocean water - The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Ex -
Common Salt, magnesium and bromide, etc.
KI
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AN
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Ferrous Minerals :
The metallic minerals having iron content are called Ferrous Minerals.
Ferrous minerals account for about 3/4th of the total value of the production
of metallic minerals.
They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.
Iron Ore: (E.M.A)
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial
development.
India is rich in good-quality iron ores.
Hematite: Red ore 60-70% pure iron found in Odisha,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh Karnataka.

JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Magnetic: Black ore, the Best quality of iron 70% iron, Found in Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka.
Limonite: Interior quality, 35-50% iron yellow-brown in colour, found in
Garhwal Uttarakhand Mirzapur.

Major Iron Ore Belts in India:

Odisha-Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
Ballari - Chitradurga - ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt in Karnataka
Maharashtra-Goa

Manganese:
Manganese is primarily used in steel production and ferro-manganese alloy.
About 10 kg of manganese is needed per tonne of steel. It is also used in making
bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints.

D
Non-Ferrous Minerals: (E.M.A)

RA
The metallic minerals not have iron content are called Non-Ferrous Minerals.
India has only a few reserves of non-ferrous minerals.
KI
Copper:
Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor, and is mainly used in
T

electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.

AN

The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.
H
AS

Bauxite:
It is a clay-like substance from which alumina is extracted and later alumina
PR

becomes aluminium.
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks
rich in aluminium silicates.
India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Non-Metallic Mineral: Mica
Mica is a mineral made up of a series of
Limestone
Limestone is a type of plates or leaves.
sedimentary rock composed Due to its excellent dielectric strength, low
mainly of calcium carbonate power, insulating properties and resistance
(CaCO3). It is a key raw to high voltage, mica is one of the important
material for cement production. minerals used in industrial areas.
Rajasthan has significant Mica deposits are found near Chota Nagpur
deposits of limestone. Plateau, Rajasthan, Ajmer.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Conservation of Minerals: How to conserve Recycling of metals, using

minerals?
scrap metals & other
Minerals are getting exhausted.
Why ???? substitutes.
Mineral resources are finite Conservation
Manage to allow the use of
and non-renewable. low-grade ores at low
Overuse, over Exploitation of minerals costs.
Energy resources
Minerals that produce energy are called energy resources.
Energy resources are of two types:
1) Conventional resources: Energy resources that are been utilized for a
long time. Eg. - Coal, petroleum.
Coal: Composition
Combustible solid, stratified rocks of Carbon (60-90%)
organic and mineral matter. Hydrogen ( 1%)

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Occurs as sedimentary rocks. Oxygen (2-20%)

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Nitrogen(1-3%)
Types of Coal : 1) Anthracite
2)Bituminous
KI
Hardest coal
Hard, black, compact
Shiny black completely
T

Makes up 80% of the

compressed
AN

world's total coal output

40% carbon Content
50-80% of carbon.
High heat value good for
Use for smelting iron in
H

domestic usage
blast furnaces.
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Burn slowly without smoke.

Coal Distribution:
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India's rank is third after China and the USA.

Coalfield oldest - Rangani
Largest- Jharia ( Jharkhand)
Petroleum: (E.M.A) Old deposits Gondwana and tertiary.
Means rock oil. India lacks in Anthracite deposits.
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
Disadvantages of petroleum
Known as Liquid gold.
Liquid petroleum - crude oil Non-renewable
1 kg of oil can generate 10,000 kcal of Produces greenhouse gases.
energy. High costs due to limited supply
After refining use as raw material and high demands

Natural Gas: Natural gas is found in petroleum deposits and is released

when crude oil is brought to the surface it can be used for
both domestic and industrial purposes.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Natural Gas Distribution:

India's major gas reserves are found in Mumbai high and allied fields along with
west coast.
Electricity: It has a wide range of appliances in today's world. Per capita
consumption is considered as index of development.

Hydroelectricity Thermal electricity

Generated by running water. Generated by burning of coal

Renewable resources. and petroleum.
Multipurpose projects like Use of non-conventional fossil
Bhakra Nangal. Etc. fuels to generate electricity.

Non-conventional These are alternatives to traditional fossil fuels

(coal, oil, and gas) and nuclear energy. They are also
resources: known as renewable energy sources.

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Natural and Atomic Energy: (E.M.A)
Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
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Uranium and Thorium available in Jharkhand and Rajasthan are used for
generating atomic or nuclear energy.
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The monazite sands of Kerala are also rich in thorium.

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Solar Energy: India has an enormous possibility of tapping solar energy

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Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into

electricity.
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It will minimize the dependency of rural households on

Wind Energy:
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Firewood and dung cake.

India has great potential for wind power.
The wind is utilised to rotate large windmills to generate energy.
The largest wind farm cluster is in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.
Biogas Energy:
Shrubs, farm waste, and animal and human waste are used to produce biogas
for domestic consumption in rural areas.
It is more efficient than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India.
Tidal Energy:
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity the gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf
of Kachchh in Gujarat on the Western coast and the Gangetic Delta in the
Sundarban region of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal
energy.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Geothermal energy
We know that the inside of the earth is very hot. In some places, this heat is
released on the surface through fissures.
Groundwater in such areas becomes hot and rises up in the form of steam.
This steam is used to drive turbines.
Two geothermal energy projects have been set up in India- the Parvati Valley
near Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga Valley in Ladakh.

Conservation of energy resources

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Ways to conserve
Energy Resources are:
Using more of a public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
Switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power-saving devices.
Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy,

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etc.

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Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and
leakages.
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MAP WORK
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MCQ ayege !!
Practice karna
 PRASHANT KIRAD

MAP WORK

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

top 7 questions
Q1. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India? Mention any
four uses of manganese.
Ans: Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India, uses of manganese are
the following:
It is used in the manufacturing of ferromanganese alloys.
It is used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder.
It is used in insecticides, paint industries and the manufacturing of batteries.
It is used in the manufacturing of steel nearly 10 kg of manganese is required
to manufacture one tonne of Steel.
Q2. Explain the formation of Bauxite?

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Ans: Bauxite is formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in

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aluminium silicate. Intensive weathering of the surface rocks helps in their
decomposition. Thus, forming bauxite deposits.
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Q3. What is Natural Gas?
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Ans: Natural gas is a fossil fuel that serves as an important source of energy. It
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is primarily composed of methane and is considered a cleaner energy source.

Natural gas is often found in association with petroleum but can also exist
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independently in natural gas fields.

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Q4. Difference between hydroelectricity and Thermal electricity.

HYDROELECTRICITY THERMAL ELECTRICITY
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Generated by running water. Generated by burning of coal

Used as renewable resources. and petroleum.
Multipurpose projects like Use of non-conventional fossil
Bhakra Nangal. Etc fuels to generate electricity.
It does not cause pollution. It causes pollution.
It is cheaper in the long run It is expensive in the long run.

Q5. There is a pressing need for using renewable energy resources in India.
Justify the statement.

Ans: There is a growing need to use renewable energy resources in India, for the
following reasons:
(i) The conventional or non-renewable energy resources are depleting very fast
and we are dependent on imports of petroleum & natural gas to meet our needs.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(ii) Renewable energy resources do not cause environmental pollution with their
uses.
(iii) Non-conventional or renewable energy resources are very economical in use as
compared to conventional sources. Thus, to save expenses, we should use
renewable energy resources.

Q6. Choose the correct option.

A. Chandrapur Thermal Power Plant - Odisha
B. Mayurbhanj iron ore mines - Amarkantak
C. Kalol oil fields - Gujarat
D. Bauxite - Jharkhand

Ans: (c) Kalol oil field - Gujarat

Q7. Assertion/Reason

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Assertion (A): Flood gate dams are built across rivers so that water flows

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into inlet and gets trapped during high
tides.
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Reason (R): Tidal energy is a non-conventional source of energy.
Codes:
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A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C. A is true but R is false.
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D. A is false but R is true.

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Ans: (B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
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“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Manufacturing
Industries
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Manufacturing industries
Manufacturing:
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to
more valuable products is called manufacturing.

This transformation takes place in industries and can include a wide range of
activities from food production to the creation of machines and consumer goods.
Importance of Industries: Backbone of development
It reduces the dependence of people on agricultural income by creating more
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing
industries in tribal and backward areas.

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The export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in

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much-needed foreign exchange. KI
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Agriculture and Industries

Agriculture and industry are dependent on each other. They move hand-in-
hand.
Many industries like sugar, textile etc. are dependent on agriculture for their
raw materials.
On the other hand, many industrial products, such as fertilisers, irrigation
pumps, PVC pipes, and tractors, are used to increase agricultural productivity.

Industrial Location (E.M.A)

Industrial locations are chosen based on raw materials, labour, capital, power,
and market access availability.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Once industries are set up, urbanization usually occurs in the surrounding
areas.
Nearby Cities act as key markets for industrial goods. Urban areas provide
essential services like banking, insurance, transportation, and labour for
industries.
Additional services such as consultancy and financial advice are also available
in cities to support industrial activities.

Agglomeration economies
Agglomeration economies are the advantages that businesses get when they are
located near each other. This helps them reduce costs, share resources, and
work more efficiently.

Classification Of Industries
1. Based on the source of raw materials used:
Agro-based industries: Cotton, woolen, jute, silk, rubber and sugar, etc.
Mineral-based industries: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium machines, tools
and petrochemicals.

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2. On the basis of capital Investment:

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Small scale: If the investment is less than Rs 1 crore in any industry.
Large scale: If the investment is more than Rs 1 crore in any industry.
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3. According to their main role:
Basic or key industries: Which supply their products or raw materials to
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manufacture other goods e.g. iron and copper smelting.

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Consumer industries: Produce goods for direct use by consumers - sugar

toothpaste.
4. Based on ownership:
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Public Sector: Industries owned and managed by government entities, such

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as BHEL and SAIL.

Private Sector: Industries owned and operated by individuals or groups of
individuals, like TISCO and Bajaj Auto Ltd.
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Joint Sector: Industries run collaboratively by both the government and

private individuals or groups, such as Oil India Ltd.
Cooperative Sector: Industries owned and managed by producers or suppliers
of raw materials, for example, sugar industries in Maharashtra and AMUL.
5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw materials and finished products:
Heavy Industries: Industries like iron and steel that handle large and heavy
raw materials and produce bulky goods.
Light Industries: Industries that use lightweight raw materials and produce
lighter goods, such as the electrical industry.

Types of Industries Based on material Used

Agro based industry: (E.M.A)

Cotton Textile
Textile Industry
Jute Textile
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD
1. COTTON TEXTILE:
India producing cotton textiles since ancient times with hand spinning and
handloom weaving techniques.
The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the
cotton-growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
This was due to the availability of raw cotton, market, transport including
accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc.

Problems that the cotton textiles industries are facing nowadays:

Irregular supply of electricity.
Old and outdated machinery.
Low output of labour.
Tough competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

2. JUTE TEXTILE:
India is the largest producer of raw jute and the second largest exporter
after Bangladesh.
Most of the Indian jute mills are located in West Bengal, near the Hugli

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River because of the following factors:

1. Proximity to jute-producing areas

2. Inexpensive water transport RA
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3. Abundant water
4. Cheap labour from nearby states
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5. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking insurance and port facilities
for the export of jute goods.
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Problems that the Jute textiles industries are facing nowadays:

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Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and

other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
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High Cost
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# SUGAR INDUSTRY:
India is the second-largest producer of sugar in the world and the largest
producer of Gur and Khandsari.
60% of mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Bajaj Hindustan Sugar Limited is one of the top producers of sugar in India
and operates several large sugar mills, primarily in Uttar Pradesh.
In recent years, mills have shifted to the southern and western states,
especially in Maharashtra.

Problems that the Sugar Industries are facing nowadays:

Seasonal nature of industry.
Old and inefficient methods of production.
Transportation delays.
Mineral Based Industries: (E.M.A)
1. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY:
Iron and Steel are the basic industries as all the other industries – heavy,
medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
India ranks second among the world's crude steel producers.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
It is also considered heavy industry as raw materials and finished goods are
both heavy and bulky. It is a public sector industry.

Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries because of the following factors:
(i) Low-cost iron ore
(ii) High-grade raw material
(iii)Cheap labour
(iv)Market

India is a major iron and steel producer in the world, but we are not positioned
to realise our full potential largely because of the:
(a) expensive and limited availability of coking coal.
(b) Decrease in labour productivity.
(c) Poor Infrastructure.
(E.M.A)
2. ALUMINIUM SMELTING:
Aluminium Smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in
India.

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It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and
becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.

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It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
Aluminium smelting has gained popularity as a substitute for steel, copper,
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zinc and lead in several industries.

A regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at Minimum

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cost is the prime factor considered before setting up the aluminium industry.
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Chemical Industries:
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The chemical industry comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing

units.
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Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash and
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caustic soda.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing
synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
Fertilizer Industries: (E.M.A)
The fertilizer industries are centred around the production of nitrogenous
fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers ammonium phosphate (DAP)
and complex fertilizers, which have a combination of nitrogen, phosphate, and
potash.
Potash is imported into our country because no reserves of commercially
usable potash or potassium compounds.
India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
Cement Industries:
Cement is essential for construction activities such as building houses,
factories, bridges, roads, airports etc. and other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and
gypsum.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Automobile Industries: (E.M.A)

Cement is essential for construction activities such as building houses,
factories, bridges, roads, airports etc. and other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and
gypsum. (E.M.A)
Information Technology and Electronics Industry:
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products, from transistor
sets to televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars,
and computers.
Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of India.
18 software technology park - Single window service and High Data
Communication facility.
This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or
three years because of its fast-growing business process outsourcing (BPO)
sector.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

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Industries contribute significantly to India‘s economic growth and development

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but also cause pollution of land, water, air, noise, and resulting degradation of
the environment.
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Industries are responsible for four major types of pollution:
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Air pollution: It is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable

gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. It adversely affects human
health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
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Water pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and

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effluents discharged into rivers. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing,
petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating are the main industries
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causing water pollution.

Thermal pollution: It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal
plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Waste dumped is highly
toxic and leads to cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. It harms the
aquatic life.
Noise pollution: It is the propagation of noise with a harmful impact on the
activity of human or animal life. It results in irritation and anger, causes
hearing impairment, and increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Control of Environmental Degradation:

Minimizing the use of water by reusing and recycling it. Harvesting rainwater
to meet water requirements.
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
Machinery and equipment can be used efficiently, and generators should be
fitted with silencers.
Industrial effluents can be treated in three ways:
a. Primary treatment by Mechanical means.
b. Secondary treatment by Biological process.
c. Tertiary treatment by chemical, physical and biological process.

Steps taken by NTPC(National Thermal Power Corporation):

Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance(Afforestation).
Ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management to reduce environmental pollution.
Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its
power stations.

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MAP WORK KI
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Map ki practice
Ache se karna!!
 PRASHANT KIRAD

MAP WORK
E.M.A

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Map ki practice
Ache se karna!!
 PRASHANT KIRAD

top 7 questions
Q1. The manufacturing industry is the backbone of the economic development
of India? Give reasons.
Ans:
It reduces the dependence of people on agricultural income.
Industrial development creates jobs, helping to reduce unemployment and
poverty, which are crucial for the country's economic growth.
Manufacturing industries contribute significantly to exports, earning
valuable foreign exchange for the country.
Manufactured goods typically have higher value than raw materials,
contributing to national prosperity by adding value to resources.

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Q2. "Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, but move in

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hand-in-hand" give argument in favour of this statement.
Ans: Agriculture and industry are inseparable or interdependent on each other.
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Agro-based industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its
productivity.
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Many industries, such as the cotton textile industry, rely on agriculture for
their raw materials, establishing a relationship between the two sectors.
Industries supply crucial inputs for agriculture, such as irrigation pumps,
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fertilizers, and pesticides.

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Manufacturing industries provide technological innovations that streamline

agricultural practices, making production processes more efficient.
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Q3. List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at a
place. What is the key to the decision of factory location?

Ans:
Availability of raw materials is crucial to minimize transportation costs,
especially for heavy and perishable raw materials.
Access to cheap and skilled labour is important for reducing production costs.
Well-developed infrastructure, including transportation, power, and water
supply, is necessary for efficient manufacturing.
Proximity to markets ensures quick distribution and access to customers.
Banking and insurance facilities and favourable government policies are the
other factors that affect the location of an industry.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The key factor in deciding the location of a factory often hinges on cost-
effectiveness, balancing the costs of raw materials, labour, transportation,
and infrastructure against potential market access and profitability.

Q4. Explain the types of industries on the basis of ownership and give one
example of each.
Ans:
Public Sector: Industries owned and managed by government entities, such
as BHEL and SAIL.
Private Sector: Industries owned and operated by individuals or groups of
individuals, like TISCO and Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Joint Sector: Industries run collaboratively by both the government and
private individuals or groups, such as Oil India Ltd.
Cooperative Sector: Industries owned and managed by producers or
suppliers of raw materials, for example, sugar industries in Maharashtra and

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AMUL.

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Q5. Explain the significance of textile industry in India.

Ans:
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The textile industry is a major contributor to India’s industrial production,
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playing a pivotal role in the manufacturing sector.

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It employs a larger number of people after agriculture.

The industry significantly contributes to foreign exchange earnings,
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accounting for approximately 24.6% of India’s total export earnings.

The textile sector contributes around 4% to India's Gross Domestic
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Product (GDP)
It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant.
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Q6. Name the main countries to which India exports its cotton yarn and
cotton goods.
Ans:
Main Countries to Which India Exports Cotton Yarn and Cotton Goods:
United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, China, Russia, France

Q7. What are the major challenges faced by the sugar industry?

Ans: Challenges faced by the sugar industry are:

Seasonal nature of industry.
Old and inefficient methods of production.
Transportation delays.
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Forest and Wild Life

PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Forest and wild life

Forests play an important role in this ecological system as forests are the primary
producers on which all other living beings depend.
Biodiversity: The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called
biodiversity of that area.

Flora Fauna
Plant species of a Animal species of a
particular region particular region.

Flora and Fauna in India:

India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of

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biological diversity and has nearly 8.1% of the total number of species in

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the world.
At least 10% of India's recorded wild flora and 20 per cent of its mammals
are on the threatened list.
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Many are categorised as 'critical', and are on the verge of extinction like
the cheetah, pink-headed duck, etc.
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Depletion of Flora and Fauna E.M.A

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Factors responsible for the depletion of forest and wildlife:

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Development during the colonial period: Shifting cultivation:

Railway network, agricultural, commercial, Northeastern and Central India have
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scientific forestry and mining activities experienced deforestation due to

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expanded. 'slash and burn' practices.

Agricultural expansion: Mining:
According to the Forest Survey of India, Mining has also caused large-scale
over 26000 square of forest area was depletion of flora and fauna in many
converted into agricultural land. areas.

Conservation of Forest and Wildlife

Wildlife Protection Act 1972 E.M.A
- Established National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
- Published an All-India list of protected species
- Launched conservation projects like Project Tiger (1973)
- Shifted focus from individual species to biodiversity.
- Expanded protection to include:
- Insects (1980, 1986)
- 6 plant species (1991)
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Project tiger E.M.A

Launched on April 1, 1973, by the Government of India, Project Tiger aims to

conserve the dwindling tiger population, threatened by various factors.
At the turn of the 20th century, the tiger population was around 55,000 which
dwindled to 1,827 by 1973.
This pioneering project views tiger conservation not only as an effort to save an
endangered species but also as a crucial means to preserve biodiversity.

Types of distribution of forest

The forests are classified under these three categories:

Reserved Forest Protected forest Un classed forest

Owned by Managed by both

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Owned by the private community
government
government

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Local people are not and government.
Human activities like All human activities
allowed to collect
grazing of cattle are are allowed.
fuel, graze etc.
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not allowed. Northeastern states
Almost one-third of
More than half of and Gujarat.
the total forest area
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India's total forest Madhya Pradesh has

is Protected Forest.
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land has been declared maximum forest

Haryana, Odisha,
as Reserve Forests. covered under
Punjab, Bihar,
These are considered
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Himachal Pradesh permanent forest

the moral value of constituting 75%
and Rajasthan.
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conservation.
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Protection by Communities E.M.A

Local communities have played a significant role in protecting and conserving natural
resources. Examples include:
- Sariska Tiger Reserve: Local communities fought against mining, safeguarding the habitat.
- In Alwar District, Rajasthan: Villagers declared 1200 hectares of land as sacred,
implementing their own wildlife conservation rules.
- Chipko Movement, Himalayas: Communities protested against deforestation, embracing
tree-hugging to protect their forests.
- Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri, and Navdanya: Initiatives promoting diversified crop
production and seed conservation.
- Joint Forest Management (JFM), Odisha (1988): Collaborative efforts between
government and public for forest restoration.

These community-led initiatives demonstrate a cultural outlook that reveres and protects
nature and natural resources, associating special religious importance to forests, animals,
mountains, and springs.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 questions
Q1. Explain the importance of forests in our lives.
Ans: Forests play a vital role in our lives as :
They are the house of all the resources and necessities.
They are the natural air purifiers, they provide food and are the natural
habitat to animals.
They contain natural medications and provide us with fuel wood.
The cattle graze in the forests and get their food as well.
Forests maintain a balanced life on our planet.

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Q2. Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and

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wildlife in India?
Ans:
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In the Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against
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mining activities.
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The Chipko Movement which was conducted in the Himalayas, has

successfully resisted
deforestation in several areas.
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The Beej Bachao Andolan in the Tehri district of Uttarakhand conserved

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local seed diversity and forest.

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Q3. What has been the contribution of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act
in protecting animal habitats in India?
Ans: The contribution of the India Wildlife Protection Act can be seen through
the following points
● An all-India list of protected species was published. The act banned the
hunting of certain endangered species.
● It also gave legal protection to their habitats and restricted wildlife trade.
● Many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries were established in which
commercial activities were forbidden.
● Central Government also announced several projects for protecting specific
animals, which were gravely threatened. These include the tiger, the one-horned
rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Q4. Write any five reasons for depletion of forest in India.

Ans:
Development during the colonial period: Railway network, commercial
agriculture, scientific forestry and mining.
Agriculture expansion: According to the forest survey of India over 26000
square kilometers of forest area was converted into agricultural land.
Shifting cultivation: Northeastern and Central India have been deforested
2.2 Million hectares of forest area was deforested and burned.
Large-scale development projects: Since 1951 over 500 square kilometer
forest cleared for river valley project Narmada Sagar projects in Madhya
Pradesh.
Overpopulation: Overpopulation leads to increased demand for land for
housing, agriculture, and other activities, contributing to deforestation.

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Q5. Write a short note Joint forest management

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Ans: Joint Forest Management (JFM) Programme: The Joint Forest
Management Programme was initiated to involve local communities in the
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management and restoration of degraded forests. In 1988, Odisha passed the
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first resolution for JFM, establishing a framework for collaboration between

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local communities and the forest department. Under this programme, local or
village institutions take on protection activities for degraded forest lands
managed by the forest department. As a result of their efforts, local
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communities gain access to non-timber forest products and a share of the

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timber harvested, particularly from areas where they have successfully

protected and managed the forests. This participatory approach aims to restore
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forest health, enhance biodiversity, and improve the livelihoods of local

communities.
Q6. One of the methods of sustainable forest management is the
diversification of plants and wildlife. Which of the following methods can
be similarly categorised under sustainable forest management?
a. Felling of trees
b. Categorising Forests under Reserved Forests
c. Logging of woods for Industrial usage
d. Making the government a stakeholder in forest management
Ans: (b) Categorizing forests under Reserved Forests.

Pointers yaad
rakhna, important h!
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Q7. Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve

community
participation?
a. Joint forest management
b. Chipko Movement
c. Beej Bachao Andolan
d. Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries
Ans: (d) Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries.

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“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Agriculture
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

AGRICULTURE
Population: 2/3 engaged in agriculture.

Types of Farming: exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Primitive subsistence farming Intensive subsistence farming Commercial farming

1. Primitive subsistence farming/ Slash and burn agriculture :

Practice on small patches of small land by small farmers.
Use of Primitive tools like hoe, dao, digging stick
Dependent on: monsoon, soil fertility, environment.

Slash and Burn Agriculture : it involves clearing land by destroying and

burning all the trees and plants on it, farming there for a short time, and then
moving on to clear a new piece of land. Also called Shifting Cultivation. It is
known by different names in India and the world like Jhumming - North-East
India, Milpa -Mexico, Roca - Brazil, Ladang - Malaysia

2. Intensive Subsistence Farming:

Practiced in high population areas.
Labour-intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and
irrigation are used for higher production.
Problems: Division of land reduces plot size, making input management
difficult and large-scale farming impossible.

3. Commercial Farming:
Modern Inputs used: HYV (High yielding variety) seeds, chemical
fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides.
Commercialization: Varies by region.
Examples: Wheat and rice.

Plantation:
Single crop grown on a large area.
Requires intensive capital and many workers.
Needs good transport, communication, processing JOSH METER?
industries, and market.
Examples: Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Cropping Patterns in India: exam me ayega (E.M.A)

Rabi Kharif Zaid

Aspect Rabi Crops Kharif Crops Zaid Crops

Sowing Period Winter (Oct-Dec) Monsoon (May-Jul) Summer (Mar-Jun)

Harvesting Summer to Early

Summer (Apr-Jun) Autumn (Sep-Oct)
Period Monsoon (Jun-Jul)

Paddy, maize, jowar,

Watermelon, cucumber,
Wheat, barley, peas, bajra, tur (arhar), moong,
Crops muskmelon, vegetables,
gram, mustard urad, cotton, jute,
fodder crops
groundnut, soybean

Winter rainfall from Irrigated crops grown

Reason for
Western cyclones Monsoon rains between Rabi and
Success
(Dec-Jan) Kharif seasons

Climate Cool and dry Warm and wet Hot and dry

Three types of paddy crop : Aus, Aman and Boro.

Major Crops: (E.M.A) (ii) Wheat (गेहूँ)

Cropping Season : Rabi Crop
(i) Rice (चावल) Temperature : Cool growing
Cropping Season : Kharif Crop season and Bright sunshine during
Temperature : 25 degree C harvest.
Rainfall : Above 100cm Rainfall : 50cm to 75cm.
Area : Northern plains, Area : Ganga-Sutluj plain and
Northeastern states and deltaic Black soil region of Deccan
region State :Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
State : Orissa, West Bengal, Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Bihar and Tamil Nadu. Second most important cereal
Most important cereal crop. crop.

(iii) Maize (मक्का)

Cropping Season : Kharif Crop Area : Old alluvial tracks State :
Temperature : 21 degree C to 27 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
degree C Madhya Pradesh
Rainfall : 75cm to 100cm Used as both food and fodder.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(iv) Pulses (दालें) (v) Millets - Have high nutritional

Cropping Season : Depend on value (ज्वार, बाजरा, रागी)
crops 1. Jowar : Third most important
Temperature : 25 degree C to crop, Rainfed crop. Maharashtra
30 degree C is the largest producer.
Rainfall : Average 45cm Area : 2. Bajra : Grows well on Sandy soil
Evenly distributed all over the and Black soil. Rajasthan is largest
country State : UP, Rajasthan, producer.
Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh 3. Ragi : Crop of dry region, grows
Largest producer and well on Red, Black, Sandy and
consumer. Loamy soil. Karnataka is the
largest producer.

Food Crops other than Grains:

(i) Sugarcane (गन्ना)
Temperature : 21°C to 27°C
Rainfall : 75cm to 100cm, hot & humid climate.
Tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
Need Manual labour.
India is the second largest producer after Brazil.
Raw Material/Source of Jaggery, Khandsari, Sugar and Molasses.
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka

(ii) Oil Seeds (तेल के बीज)

India - 2nd largest producer (groundnut) in 2015 (after China).
3rd largest producer of rapeseed (after Canada and China)
Cover approximately 12% of India's total cropped area.
Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton
seeds, linseed, sunflower.
Mostly edible and used as cooking mediums as well as aw materials for soap,
cosmetics, and ointments.
Groundnut: Kharif crop, major producer (Gujarat, followed by Rajasthan
and Tamil Nadu).
Linseed and mustard: Rabi crops.
Sesamum: Kharif crop in the north, Rabi crop in the south.
Castor seed: Grown as both Rabi and Kharif crop.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(iii) Tea (चाय)

Plantation agriculture, Processed within tea gardens
Climate: Tropical and sub-tropical, deep fertile well-drained soil, rich in
humus
Warm, moist, frost-free climate; frequent showers
Labor-intensive, requires abundant, cheap, and skilled labor,
Major States: Assam, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri), Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, as well as other States: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura

(iv) Coffee (कॉफी)

Known for good quality
Variety: Arabica (from Yemen)
Major Regions: Baba Budan Hills, Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu

(v) Horticulture Crops

Second largest producer globally
Tropical and temperate fruits
Major Fruits and States:
Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West
Bengal
Oranges: Nagpur, Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
Lichi and Guava: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
Pineapples: Meghalaya
Grapes: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra
Apples, Pears, Apricots, Walnuts: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh

Non-Food Crops: (E.M.A)

Rubber:
Equatorial crop (also grown in tropical/sub-tropical areas)
Moist, humid; rainfall > 200 cm; temperature > 25°C
Important industrial raw material
Major States: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Garo Hills (Meghalaya)

Pointers yaad
rakhna, important h!
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Fibre Crops
Cotton, jute, hemp, natural silk
Source: Cotton, jute, hemp from soil; silk from silkworm cocoons
(sericulture).

Cotton (कपास):
Raw material for cotton textile industry.
High temperature, light rainfall/irrigation, 210 frost-free days, bright
sunshine
Kharif crop, 6-8 months to mature
Major States: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh

Jute: (golden fibre) (जूट)

Well-drained fertile soils, high temperature
Major States: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya
Uses: Gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, artefacts
Market: Losing to synthetic fibers (nylon) due to high cost

Technological and Institutional Reforms:

Technological Reforms: (E.M.A)
Green Revolution: Increased agricultural production using HYV seeds,
fertilizers, and irrigation.
White Revolution (Operation Flood): Boosted milk production, making India a
top milk producer.
Weather Bulletins & Agricultural Programs: Broadcasted on radio and TV for
farmers.
Subsidies: Provided on agricultural products to support farmers.

(E.M.A)
Institutional Reforms
Post-Independence: Focused on collectivization, consolidation of holdings,
cooperation, and abolition of the zamindari system.
First Five Year Plan: Emphasized land reforms to address land
fragmentation.
Crop Insurance: Covered drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
Financial Support: Banks, cooperative societies, and grameen banks
established for low-interest loans.
Farmer Benefit Schemes: Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) and
Kisan Credit Card (KCC).
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement
Initiator: Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi.
Bhoodan: Land donation movement; started in Pochampalli, Andhra Pradesh.
Gramdan: Extension where entire villages were donated.
Impact: Known as the Blood-less Revolution, promoted land distribution and
cooperative farming.

Contribution of Agriculture to the national economy, employment and output

Backbone of Economy: Agriculture has been crucial for the Indian economy.
Employment: In 2010-11, about 52% of the workforce was employed in
agriculture.
GDP Contribution: Share in GDP has been declining since 1951.
Modernization Efforts: Government initiatives include the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services,
animal breeding centers, and horticulture development.
Rural Infrastructure: Efforts to improve rural infrastructure for
agricultural development.
Employment Challenges: Despite GDP growth, agriculture's growth rate is
decelerating, and it’s not generating sufficient employment.

Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture

Post-1990, Indian farmers face international competition and reduced public
investment in agriculture.
Subsidy Reduction: Decreased subsidies on fertilizers have increased
production costs.
Import Duties: Reduction in import duties has negatively impacted local
agriculture.
Farmer Challenges: International competition, reduced investment, and
subsidy cuts lead to economic challenges for farmers.
Diversification: Farmers are encouraged to diversify from cereals to high-
value crops to increase income and reduce environmental impact.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 PRASHANT KIRAD

MAP WORK
(i) Rice (ii) Wheat

Top 7 Questions
1.“Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions in India”.
Analyse this statement.
Ans. It is true that irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many
regions. Due to availability of irrigation facilities even those crops are now
cultivated which were earlier not possible to cultivate in certain areas. For
example, rice requires annual rainfall of over 100 cm and standing water.
The launching of Green Revolution has enabled proper irrigation facilities in
Punjab and Haryana. This has resulted in production of paddy (rice) to grow
even in less rainfall areas.

[Link] any four oilseeds produced in India. What is their economic

importance?
Ans. Oilseeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum
(til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower. Groundnut is
a kharif crop, linseed and mustard are rabi crop, sesamum is a kharif crop in
 PRASHANT KIRAD

North India and rabi crop in South India. Castor seed is grown both as rabi
and kharif crop.
Economic importance of oilseeds are as follows:
(i) Oilseeds are used as cooking medium.
(ii) Oil extracted from oilseeds is used as raw material in the production of
soap, cosmetics and ointments.
(iii) After extraction of oil from oilseeds, a by product is remained. This is
known as oil cake. This oil cake is used as fertilisers and also for cattle fuel.

[Link] any four characteristics of commercial farming in India.

Ans. Major characteristics of commercial farming in India are: Commercial
farming is crop selective and aims to provide raw materials for industries. It is
done for selling the agricultural products in the market or for exports. It
requires intensive use of modern inputs like High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds,
chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides etc. to increase productivity.
Commercial farming induces development activities in transport, connectivity
and processing industries.

4. Describe the conditions required for cultivation of sugarcane.

Ans. The conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane are as follows:
Sugarcane is a tropical as well as subtropical crop. It requires temperature
in the range of 21 degree - 27 degree Celsius and rainfall from 75-100cm.
It grows well in fertile, well drained soil and hot and humid type of climate.
It is annual crop and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting

5. Highlight three differences between Kharif crop and Rabi crop.

Rabi Crops Kharif Crops

Rabi crops are sown during the winter Kharif crops are sown with the onset of
months, from October to December. the monsoon, from May to July.

These crops are harvested in the spring, Kharif crops are harvested in the autumn,
from April to June. from September to October.

Rabi crops require less irrigation Kharif crops require high rainfall or
compared to Kharif crops. better irrigation sources.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

5Markers
6. Why is agriculture called the backbone of Indian economy?
Ans. Agriculture is called the backbone of Indian economy due to the following
reasons:
(i) Agriculture is a primary activity in India and employs almost two-third of its
population.
(ii) Agriculture provides raw materials for various industries like sugarcane,
cotton, etc. in India.
(iii) Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices are major exports of
India.
(iv) Many industries that produce agricultural inputs like fertilisers, farm
machinery, etc. survive because of agriculture.
(v) Agriculture provides food for consumption due to which people directly or
indirectly depend on agriculture.

7. Name the two beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing
areas.
Ans. (i) Tea:
An example of plantation agriculture, an important beverage crop
introduced in India by the British.
Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and
fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
Require warm and moist frost-free climate, frequent showers evenly
distributed over the year.
A labour intensive industry, requires abundant cheap and skilled labour.
Major producing states are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. Apart
from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh
and Tripura and also tea-producing states in the country.

(ii) Coffe:
India produces about four per cent of the world’s coffee production.
The Arabica variety produced in the country is in great demand all over the
world.
Is cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Sectors of Indian
Economy
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Sectors of Indian Economy

Economic Activity: The activities which are formed to generate income.

Exam me aayega
Classification of Economic Activities:
On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of
Nature employment ownership

Primary sector Organised sector Public sector

Secondary sector Unorganised sector Private sector
Tertiary sector

Primary sector :- Directly connected to nature

D
When we produce something by exploiting natural resources it is an

RA
activity of the primary sector.
Provides the base for all other products.
Related to agriculture, it is also called Agricultural and related sector.
KI
e.g.: Dairy, Farming, Mining etc.
T

Secondary sector :- Industrial sector.

AN

The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are

H

changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing.

e.g: Cotton to cloth, Sugarcane to sugar
AS

Tertiary sector:- Service sector

PR

They don't produce any goods but these activities provide a service.
Includes services that help in the development of primary and
secondary sectors.
Eg. transport, Cobbler, Doctor, [Link]

Comparing the three sectors: Exam me aayega What is

GDP measures the total production of GDP??? 🤔
goods and services. Gross domestic product

The value of final goods and services produced within the

country during a particular year is called GDP.
When we calculate the production of each sector we only
add the value of final goods rather than intermediate
goods because the price of intermediate goods is already
included in final goods.
JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Total GDP = GDP of Primary + GDP of secondary + GDP of tertiary
sector.
GDP shows how big an economy is.
The country with the highest GDP is USA.
India has 5th largest GDP.
The GDP of India is measured by the Central
Government's Ministry.

Historical changes in sectors:

Initially, the Primary sector (agriculture) was dominant. With industrial
development, the Secondary sector (manufacturing) took over. Today, the
Tertiary sector (services) is the most important in modern economies.

Importance of Tertiary sector:- Exam me aayega

Tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India because -

D
The government has developed hospitals, schools, courts, banks, police,

RA
army, etc., which are basic needs of a country and are part of the tertiary
sector.
KI
Development in the primary and secondary sectors has led to the
development of the tertiary sector as they are interdependent.
T

A rise in the income level of people has increased the demand for eating
AN

out, shopping, movies, tourism, etc., which are part of the tertiary sector.
New services based on information and communication technology (e.g., the
H

Internet) have become essential. These services are growing rapidly.

AS

Disguised Unemployment
PR

When more people are working than is

needed, this situation is called under-
employment or disguised unemployment.
This is the situation of underemployment,
where people are working but all of them
are made to work less than their potential.
Underemployment in the Primary Sector
"The primary sector employs a significant proportion of the workforce, yet
its contribution to India's GDP remains relatively low.
This disparity can be attributed to underemployment, a phenomenon where
individuals are not utilized to their full capacity.
A pertinent illustration of this is the case of street vendors or cart
pushers, who often work extensive hours but receive meagre earnings,
highlighting the inefficacy of underemployment."
 PRASHANT KIRAD
How to create more Employments? : MgNREGA 2005
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
The government can offer low-interest loans Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
to farmers for better equipment and multiple The MGNREGA was launched in 2005 to
provide employment opportunities in rural
cropping, ensuring year-round employment. areas
Investment in transportation and road - Guarantees 100 days of employment per
year to rural households
construction would create jobs for labourers - Provides unskilled labour jobs in rural areas
and drivers. - Ensures fair wages and social security
- Reduces poverty and migration
Setting up industries near rural areas can
- Empowers rural communities
generate employment for many. - Promotes sustainable development
By building more schools and appointing The MGNREGA is a vital initiative that
supports rural employment and development.
teachers, over 20 lakh jobs can be created. By understanding its features and benefits,
Developing the tourism sector can generate we can appreciate its impact on rural
communities.
more than 35 lakh jobs.
Organised vs unorganised sector

D
RA
Organized Sector Unorganized Sector

Registered by the government and follow all Not registered with the government and often
KI
rules. violate rules.
T

Workers have job security and can't be fired Workers don't have job security and can be
AN

without proper reasons. fired at any time.

H

Workers get a pension when they retire. Workers do not get a pension when they retire.
AS

Good working conditions and a safe Often dangerous work environments without safe
environment. equipment.
PR

No fixed work hours and no extra pay for

Fixed work hours, paid extra for overtime.
overtime.

Paid leave, payment during holidays, provident

No paid leave, holidays, or leave due to sickness.
fund, etc.

Examples: Government jobs, schools, banks, Various informal jobs are not regulated by the
etc. government.

How to protect the Unorganised Sector:

In Rural Areas: Support small and medium farmers with timely
seeds, cheap loans, storage facilities, and fair market prices.
In Urban Areas: Support labourers and small industries with
good labour laws and favourable policies.
Pointers yaad
rakhna, important h!
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Backward Communities: Protect workers in the unorganized sector from

discrimination based on caste or background.

Public and Private sector:

Public sector
The government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.
Their goal is to serve people.
For example - Government schools, hospitals, post offices, the army etc.

Private sector
The Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private
individuals or companies.
Their goal is to make a profit and earn money.
For example - Reliance, Google, Apple, Tata etc.

D
Top 7 Questions RA
KI
Short answer type questions
T
AN

Q1. What constitutes the unorganised in the urban areas? Why do

workers in this area need protection? (CBSE-2015)
H

Ans: Workers in small-scale industry, casual workers in construction, and

trade transport constitute the unorganised in the urban areas. The workers
AS

in this sector need protection because:

PR

1. They are paid very low.

2. Their work is erratic.

[Link] did MGNREGA 2005 bring upliftment of the rural people? Explain.
(CBSE- 2014)
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 bring
upliftment of the rural people by the following:
1. This act was passed in the year 2005.
2. According to this act, 100 days guarantee employment is provided to all
those who can work and need work in rural areas.
3. Unemployment allowance is provided to the workers if the government is
not able to provide them work within 15 days.
4. This act helps in providing income and livelihood to the people in the rural
areas.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Q3. Highlight the three factors responsible for the importance of the tertiary
sector in India. (2019 )
Ans: Due to the following reasons, the tertiary sector is rising in importance in
India:
1. Rise in the basic services provided by the government
2. The development in the primary and secondary sectors has led to the
development of the tertiary sector.
3. Due to the rise in income people have started spending on various kinds of
services.
Q4. Define final goods and intermediate goods. (2013)
Ans: Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed by the consumer
rather than used in the production of other goods.
Intermediate goods are used as input in the production of final goods and
services.

D
For example: A car sold to a consumer is a final good, and components such as
tyres of the car sold to a car manufacturer are intermediate goods.

Long answers type questions RA

KI
Q5. Write the difference between organised and unorganised sectors.(2021)
T
AN
H
AS
PR

Q6. Write the reasons, for increasing the importance of the tertiary
sector. (2016)
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The government has developed hospitals, schools, courts, banks, police,

army, etc., which are basic needs of a country and part of the tertiary
sector.
Development in primary and secondary sectors has led to the development
of the tertiary sector as they are interdependent.
The rise in the income level of people has increased the demand for eating.
Information and communication technology services, such as
telecommunications, internet, and software services, have become critical
and are rapidly growing.
Q7. How to generate more employment? (CBSE-2023)
Ans:
1. The government should offer low-interest loans to small farmers.
2. Develop irrigation systems for rural areas.
3. Establish local industries in rural communities.

D
4. Provide vocational training for in-demand skills.

RA
5. Collaborate with the private sector for job creation.
6. Support entrepreneurship through mentorship programs.
KI
7. Invest in infrastructure for rural development.
8. Encourage tourism to create local job opportunities.
T
AN
H
AS
PR

"Class 10th Phodenge"

~ Prashant bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Money and Credit

PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Money and Credit

Barter System
The barter system is an early method of trade where goods and services are
directly exchanged for other goods and services without using money.

Double coincidence of wants The double coincidence

Money as a medium of exchange of wants refers to the
situation in a barter
The use of money is a very large part of our Everyone
system where both
life. Money is widely used as a medium of exchange as
goods are exchanged with money. parties must want what
the other offers in
Modern forms of money

D
order to make a trade.

RA
CURRENCY:
Currency is a generally accepted form of money, Money
KI
including coins and paper notes.
In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues Anything which is
currency notes on behalf of the central
T

legalized by the
government.
AN

The law legalizes the use of ‘rupee'(₹) as a medium government of the

of payment that cannot be refused in setting country that helps in
H

transactions in India. medium of exchange and

Therefore the 'rupee’ (₹) is widely accepted as a
AS

measure the value of

medium of exchange. goods and services.
Deposits with banks
PR

Other forms in which people hold money are deposits with banks. Money
deposited in Banks is safe with the bank and people also get interest on the
deposited amount.
The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand. Hence,
these deposits are also called demand deposits.

Cheque Facility
A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the
person's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

Modern Banking System

Banks mediate between those who have extra funds (the depositors) and
those who need those funds (the borrowers).
Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on
deposits. This difference between interest is bank's main source of income.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Credit (Loans)
Credit (loans) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower
with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.
Loans are both good and bad, in one situation it can increase a person’s earnings,
in another situation it may push the person into a debt trap.

TERMS OF CREDIT: Debt trap Debt trap is a situation

These are the specific conditions under which a in which a loan is
loan is provided, including payment methods,
difficult or impossible
interest rates, loan duration, and other related
terms. to repay, it is mainly
Collateral: This refers to an asset the borrower caused due to high
owns (like land, buildings, vehicles, livestock, or interest.
bank deposits) that serves as a security for the
lender until the loan is fully repaid. Common forms
of collateral include land titles, bank deposits, and
livestock.

D
Lender's Rights: If the borrower defaults on the

RA
loan, the lender is entitled to sell the collateral to
recover the owed amount.
KI
Credit Sources in India:
T

Loans can be categorized into two main types: formal sector loans and informal
AN

sector loans. Formal sector loans include those from banks and cooperatives,
while informal sector loans come from sources like moneylenders, traders,
employers, and even relatives or friends.
H
AS

FORMAL SOURCE OF CREDIT INFORMAL SOURCE OF CREDIT

PR

Their work is regulated by RBI. They do not work under any

They charge a lower rate of government organization.
Interest than informal sources. They charge a higher rate of
They follow rules and regulations interest than formal sources.
formed by the government. They do not follow most of the
rules and regulations.
Formal credit can help prevent
Borrowers are at higher risk of
people from falling into a debt
falling into a debt trap due to
trap.
high interest rates.
It might require collateral for It does not require any
the credit. collateral.
The rate of interest is on a yearly Generate rates of interest
basis. every month.
E.g.: Banks and cooperatives. Eg: Money lenders, and traders.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Why do people in rural areas prefer

informal sources of credit??
Banks have limited reach in rural areas, whereas
informal lenders are more readily available in
villages.
Poor individuals often face difficulty in securing
bank loans due to the requirement of collateral,
which they usually do not possess.
Informal lenders provide loans without
collateral, making them more accessible to the
poor.
However, the very high interest rates charged
by informal sources push people to explore
alternative borrowing options.

Self Help Groups (SHGs for Poors):

D
SHGs (Self Help Groups) consist of 15-20 members who regularly meet and

RA
pool their savings. The savings amount ranges from ₹25 to ₹100 or more,
depending on each person’s capacity.
KI
After one to two years of consistent savings, the group becomes eligible to
apply for loans from banks.
T

SHGs help their members overcome the challenge of not having collateral for
AN

loans.
Decisions on loans, such as interest rates, duration, purpose, and loan amounts,
are made collectively by the group members.
H

If a member is unable to repay their loan, other members can contribute on

AS

their behalf. This feature makes banks more willing to lend to SHGs.
Members can also borrow small loans from the group itself. Regular meetings
offer a platform to discuss and address various social issues.
PR

top 7 questions
Q1. Define Cheque.
Ans: A cheque is a paper instrument that instructs a bank to pay a specific
amount from the account of the person issuing the cheque (the drawer) to the
person whose name is written on the cheque (the payee). Cheques allow for
payment to be made without the need for cash.

Q2. Compare and contrast the role of formal and informal source of credit.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

FORMAL SOURCE OF CREDIT INFORMAL SOURCE OF CREDIT

Their work is regulated by RBI. They do not work under any

They charge a lower rate of government organization.
Interest than informal sources. They charge a higher rate of
They follow rules and regulations interest than formal sources.
formed by the government. They do not follow most of the
rules and regulations.
Formal credit can help prevent
Borrowers are at higher risk of
people from falling into a debt
falling into a debt trap due to
trap.
high interest rates.
It might require collateral for It does not require any
the credit. collateral.
The rate of interest is on a yearly Generate rates of interest
basis. every month.

D
E.g.: Banks and cooperatives. Eg: Money lenders, and traders.

RA
Q3. Write any three reasons for the banks and cooperative societies to
KI
increase their lending facilities in rural areas.
Ans: Three reasons for banks and cooperative societies to increase lending
T

facilities in rural areas:

AN

Reduce dependence on informal credit: Provides loans at lower interest

rates, reducing exploitation by moneylenders.
H

Boost agricultural development: Helps farmers invest in better resources,

AS

increasing productivity.
Promote self-employment: Encourages small businesses and self-reliance
PR

through affordable loans.

Q4. Describe any four advantages of Self-Help Groups for the poor.
Ans: This is a new idea to organize rural poor particularly women who
pool their savings. Generally, this group has 15-20 members. Members belong to
the neighbourhood so that they can meet and save regularly. The four
advantages of Self-Help Groups for the poor are:

When the group is regular in saving for a year or two then the group is
eligible for getting a loan from the bank.
Banks provide loans in the name of the group and then the SHG gives loans
to its members at a very low rate of interest.
Loan matters are taken very seriously if any one member is not able to
repay the loan then it is followed by other members and because of this
feature, they get a loan from the bank even though they have no collateral.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
The loan is provided to help them create self-employment opportunities.
SHG helps women by making them financially self-reliant and provides a
platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues.
Q5. How are deposits with banks beneficial for the individual as well
as for the nation? Explain with examples. {Delhi 2015}
Ans: Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit
the surplus money there. Their money is safe with the banks and they get
some interest rate on the amount they have deposited. Out of the total
money deposited with the banks 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to
pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on
any given day.
The rest of the amount is used to extend the loan to the borrowers. This
helps people to run and expand their businesses which will increase the
individual income and finally the country’s income.

D
Q6. Explain any three functions of the Reserve Bank of India.
Ans: Functions of Reserve Bank of India.
RA
KI
Supervises the functioning of loans in the formal sector.
It issues guidelines for fixing rates of interest on deposits and lending by
T

banks.
AN

It issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

Maintain checks and balances.
H

Q7. Why is the modern currency accepted as a medium of exchange without

AS

any uses of its own?

PR

Ans:
It is authorised by the government of the Country.
It is issued by Apex Bank on behalf of the Central Government, in India
Reserve Bank issues currency notes.
No other individuals or community is allowed to issue currency.
The law of the country legalized its use as a medium of payment.
No one can refuse the currency.

Terms ko samjhna
Important h!!!!

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Globalisation and the
Indian economy
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Globalisation and the Indian

economy
Globalisation MNCs (Multinational corporations):
Globalisation is the process of "A multinational corporation (MNC) is a
rapid integration or company that has operations in more than
interconnection among one nation, engaging in foreign direct
countries. investment and global economic integration.
MNCs drive globalization by facilitating the
Advantages of globalization in
movement of goods, services, and
Modern world. technology between countries.
Increase in employment. They control a substantial portion of

D
Establish interconnection foreign trade, contributing to economic

RA
between countries. growth and development.
It improves Access to Goods MNCs play a significant role in shaping the
KI
and Services eventually global economy.
benefiting customers.
T

The rapid growth of the Yes, it is a good process for

AN

economy. the world

Better income.
H

Factors that have enabled Globalisation.

AS

Technology
PR

[Link] Technology: The development of faster and more efficient

transportation systems (e.g., ships, trains, aircraft) has moved goods and people
across borders quicker and cheaper. This allows for the large-scale trade of
products globally.

2. Communication Technology: The invention of the internet, mobile phones, and

satellites has revolutionized communication, making it instantaneous across the
globe. This has facilitated international trade, exchange of ideas, and
coordination between multinational corporations (MNCs).
Liberalization refers to the removal of barriers or
restrictions set by the government.
To promote the liberalization of foreign trade, In 1991, the
Indian government made changes in policies and removed
trade barriers to a large extent.

JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Trade Barriers
The government puts restrictions to control foreign trade, these restrictions
are called trade barriers. Eg:- Tax on imports etc.
All developed countries, during the early stage of development, have given
financial support to local businesses to make their products more competitive
against imports.
Also, Limits are set on the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting
the amount of foreign products in the market.

Most of the MNCs are located in

Bangalore, Hyderabad, Noida and Gurgaon.
An increase in taxes on products can
negatively impact globalisation.

D
Top 7 Questions RA
KI
T

Short answer type questions

AN

Q1. Why do MNCs set up their offices and factories in those regions where
they get cheap labour and other resources? (CBSE 2016)
H

Ans: MNCs set up their Offices and Factories in regions where they can get
AS

cheap labour and other resources because this helps them reduce the cost of
production. Lower production costs allow them to increase their profit margins.
PR

Additionally, these regions often offer access to new markets and favourable
government policies, further benefiting the MNCs.
Q2. Why did the Indian government remove barrier to a large extent on
foreign trade? (CBSE 2016)
Ans: The Indian government removed barriers to a large extent on foreign
trade:
To encourage Indian companies to compete globally.
To attract foreign investments.
To integrate India into the global economy.
Q3. Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been
advantageous to customers? ( CBSE 2016)
Ans: It is true to state that Globalisation and greater competition among
producers have been advantageous to customers in the following ways:
(a) They get different varieties and brands of products.
(b) They get better goods and services at cheap rates.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Q4. What measures can be taken by the Indian Government to make
Globalisation fairer? Explain. (CBSE2017)
Ans: (a) Labour laws should be implemented properly and the workers get equal
rights.
(b) The government should use trade barriers if the government should
negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules.
Q5. Explain the role of MNCs in globalisation.
Ans: MNCs play a crucial role in globalization by facilitating the movement of
goods, services, investment, and technology across borders. They enhance trade
by producing and selling products in various markets, invest in foreign
economies to create jobs and bring advanced technology to local industries.

Long answer type questions

Q6. Which factors have stimulated the globalisation process?
Ans: Transportation improvement- In the last fifty years, there has been a

D
lot of improvement in transportation technology. This has made faster delivery

RA
of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.
Development in information and communication technology - Technology in
the areas of telecommunication and computers has been advancing rapidly.
KI
Telecommunications - Facilities like telephone, telegraph, mobile, and fax are
used to connect people in the world. This has been made possible due to
T

satellite communication devices.

AN

Computer - They have now entered almost every field of activities. In the
amazing world of the internet, we can obtain and share information on almost
anything.
H
AS

Q7. How do MNCs manage the production in other countries?

Ans: MNCs not only sell their finished products globally but also produce the
PR

goods and services globally.

As a result, production is organized in increasingly complex ways.
The production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the
world. For example:
China provides the advantage of being a cheap manufacturing location.
Mexico and Eastern Europe are useful for their closeness to the markets in
the US and Europe.
India has highly skilled engineers, who can understand the technical aspects
of production.

Pointers yaad rakhna,

important hai!

"Class 10th Phodenge"

~ Prashant bhaiya
 CLASS 10 NOTES
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Development
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Development
Development is the process of growing and becoming better.
Different people seek different things each one of them has a different
priorities and they have different goals for development.
Example: A girl expects equal freedom and opportunities like her brother.
So, we can conclude that:
Different people have different developmental goals.
what may be development for one may not be development for the other.
For Example: To get more electricity, an industrialist may want more dams.
But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of displaced people,
such as tribes.
Income and other goals :-

D
RA
A person has two types of developmental goal:
1) Material Things - money, car, house, etc.
KI
2) Non-material Things - freedom, friends, equality, respect, etc.
People prefer to earn more income to fulfil their daily requirements of life,
T

However, this is not the only component.

AN

They want, equal treatment, freedom, education opportunities, security and

respect for their jobs, peace, A pollution-free environment and, so on...
H

National development
AS

National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the

PR

standard of living of its citizens.

The standard of living of citizens depends on per capita income, gross
domestic product, literacy rate, health system, infant mortality rate etc.
How to compare different countries or state.
The total income of a country is the main criterion for comparing a
developed country with an underdeveloped one. Countries with higher income
are more developed than other countries as more income means more of all
the things that a human being needs.
Per Capita Income: Per capita income of a country is the average income
per person, calculated by dividing the total national income by the
population.
Total income
= Perincome
capita E.M.A
Total Population

JOSH METER?
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Infant mortality rate:

Number of children that die before the age of one year in proportion to 1000
live children born in that particular year.
Literacy rate:
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above
age group.
Net attendance ratio
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15
years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.
Public facilities E.M.A
Facilities provided by the government are considered public facilities such
as Schools, Hospitals, Transport, electricity, etc.
Individuals need public facilities, Not everything can be bought with money

D
such as we cannot buy a pollution-free environment with the help of money.
Public facilities also include the PDS system (Public Distribution System) for

RA
those unable to purchase food grains at market price. The government
provides them, with those essential items at a cheap rate.
KI
Kerala is the preferred living destination because of:
T

Kerala’s Low Infant Mortality Rate. Adequate provision of basic health facilities.
AN

Kerala’s effective public distribution system. Kerala's proper education facilities.

H

Human development report published by UNDP

Human Development compares countries based on the education levels
AS

of the people, and their health.

PR

Per capita income

Literacy rate

Life expectancy

Body mass index (BMI) Is used to indicate the health of the body if a person
is overweight or underweight, 18-25 is normal range.
Life expectancy: Life Expectancy at birth denotes
Weight (in Kg)
the expected length of life of a person at the time E.M.A
Height ^2(in n)
of birth.

Sustainability of development
Refers to the development of human beings at the same time sustaining the
ability of natural resources.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Groundwater is an example of a renewable resource.
For the sustainability of development, we have to minimise our needs and also
have to reduce our dependency on nature.

Top 7 Questions
Q1. What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
Explain with suitable examples.
Ans: Different people have different notions of development because the life
situations of people are different. For example, the construction of a dam leads
to the generation of hydroelectricity, this development. However disastrous for
many people who have been displaced from their villages. Hence it may not
develop for them.

D
Q2. What is body mass index?

RA
Ans: Body mass index (BMI) is an international standard used to determine
whether an adult is undernourished or not.
KI
If we divide a person's weight by the square of his/her height. We get a ratio
T

called body mass index. Nourished person's BMI is 18-25.

AN

BMI- Weight/ Height^2 in m.

Q3. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of
H

our lives.
AS

Ans: While income is an important factor for a good standard of living, several
other aspects are equally crucial for our overall well-being:
PR

Education: Access to quality education enables people to acquire knowledge and

skills.
Healthcare: Good health is essential, and without access to proper healthcare,
even those with high incomes may face poor health outcomes.
Safety and Security: A safe environment, free from violence and crime, is
essential. High income holds less value if personal safety is at risk.
Freedom and Equality: The ability to express opinions and live without
discrimination is crucial for life satisfaction.
Environmental Quality: Clean air, water, and a pollution-free environment are
vital for a healthy life.
Q4. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for
development? Explain.

Pointers yaad
rakhna, important h!
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Ans: It is an important criterion because it tells us what a person is likely to
earn and also gives an idea about his living.
The prosperity of a country depends not only on its income but also on the no.
of People who would share it.
However, average income alone does not provide a complete picture of
development. It's essential to consider income distribution; if a small number
of people hold most of the wealth, the average may be misleading. In India,
despite a growing average income, the disparity in wealth distribution means
that many still live in poverty. Thus, while average income is a useful indicator,
it must be evaluated alongside other factors to understand true development.
Q5. Define sustainability of development.
Ans: Sustainability of development means the development should take place in
the present without damaging the environment.
Development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the

D
future.

RA
The resources should be used in such a way that environment balance is also
maintained.
KI
There is a limited stock of natural resources if they are not used judiciously
then there will be nothing left for future generations.
T

Q6. Define human development goals.

AN

Ans: There are many types of human development goals like:

H

For rich farmers, development means higher support prices of crops, cheap
labour etc.
AS

For a landless farmer, the aim/goal will be more days of work, school for
PR

their children and no social discrimination.

For tribal community members, their goal would be no discrimination,
education, school etc.
For an urban girl, from a rich family, free to choose her profession or be
independent.

Q7. Which countries are known as rich countries based on per capita income?
Ans: Countries with Per Capita Income of more than US $ 12,236 per annum
are known as rich based on per capita income.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
 MOST
IMPORTANT
TOPICS
SOCIAL SCIENCE

CLASS 10TH
 PRASHANT KIRAD

HISTORY
Rise of Nationalism in Europe :
Napoleonic Civil Code of 1804
Ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour
Causes leading to the rise of nationalism in Europe
Case of great Britain
Politics in Balkan region
Role of Women

Nationalism in India:
Satyagraha and Its Meaning
Rowlatt Act and Non-cooperation Movement

th
Salt march and Civil Disobedience Movement and participation of

10
various communities in it
Sense of collective belonging
&
h

The Age of Industrialization:

9t

Proto-Industrialization and Its Mechanisms

Impact of Industrialization on India
B

British Policies and Indian Textile Industry

U

Early Entrepreneurs and Industrial Growth in India

PH

Jobbers and Their Role in Industrial Labor

EX

Print Culture and the Modern World:

Gutenberg’s Printing Press and Its Role
Print Revolution and Its Impact on Society
Role of Print in French Revolution
Growth of Vernacular Press in India
Print and Religious Debates in India
 PRASHANT KIRAD

POLITICAL SCIENCE
Power Sharing:
Belgium and Sri Lanka Case
Forms of power sharing - horizontal and vertical power sharing.
Power sharing in India - between different levels of government and
social groups

Federalism:
Coming Together vs. Holding Together Federalism
Distribution of powers between the central and state governments.
Decentralisation

th
Challenges to federalism in India.

Gender, Religion, and Caste:

10
Role and Importance of Elections in Democracy
&
Election Process in India: Electoral Roll, Voting, Political Parties
h

Election Commission and its Role

9t
B

Political Parties:
U

Functions of Political Parties

PH

Challenges to Political Parties

National vs. State Parties and Their Roles
EX

Outcomes of Democracy:
How Democracy is Accountable and Responsive
Economic Growth in Democracies vs. Dictatorships
Democracy’s Role in Securing Dignity and Freedom
 PRASHANT KIRAD

GEOGRAPHY
Resources and Development:
Types of Soils
Soil Erosion and Conservation

Forest and Wildlife:

Flora and Fauna Analytics + Classification of Species Based on
Conservation
Conservation of Wildlife + Conservation Movements (e.g., Chipko
Andolan)
Causes of Deforestation

th
Water Resources:

10
Multipurpose River Valley Projects and Their Pros and Cons
Rainwater Harvesting
&
Water Pollution and Its Causes
h
9t

Agriculture:
B

Types of Farming and Cropping Patterns

U

Major Crops and Their Climatic Requirements

PH

Impact of Globalization on Indian Agriculture

EX

Minerals and Energy Resources:

Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Energy
Types and Distribution of Minerals
Importance of Coal and Iron Ore

Manufacturing Industries:
Importance and Types of Manufacturing Industries
Location and Distribution of Major Industries
Environmental Degradation Due to Industries
 PRASHANT KIRAD

ECONOMICS
Development :
Conflicting and Mixed Goals
Human Development Index + Kerala, Haryana Example
Sustainable Development and Rio de Janeiro Meeting

Sectors of Indian Economy :

Organised vs. Unorganised Sector
Protection of Unorganised Sector
Disguised Unemployment
Importance of Tertiary Sector

th
Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG)

Money and Credit:

Barter System and Its Limitations 10
&
Formal vs. Informal Sources of Credit
h

Role of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

9t

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Their Functioning

B
U

Globalization and the Indian Economy:

PH

Meaning of Globalization, MNCs, and SEZs

Impact of Globalization on Indian Economy
EX

Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization

Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment