Review on Medical Technology Laws and Ethics

Medical Technology Laws and Ethics

History of Medical Technology in the Philippines

1. Post-World War II Beginnings

 Medical Technology was introduced by the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th U.S. Army after World War II.
 A laboratory was established at 208 Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila — now the site of the Public Health Laboratory, under
the Manila Health Department.

2. Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda

 A Filipino doctor and bacteriologist who preserved and reorganized the remains of the U.S. Army lab.
 Believed in using laboratory methods to solve public health problems in Manila.

3. February 1947: Start of Training

 Training of medical technicians began under Dr. de Roda and Dr. Prudencia C. Sta. Ana.
 Trainees: High school graduates and paramedical workers.
 Training was free, but:
o No fixed training period
o No certificates issued

4. Birth of Formal MedTech Education

Due to the limited structure of the Public Health Lab program, formal schools started offering the MedTech course:
1. Manila Sanitarium and Hospital
o Now: Manila Adventist Medical Center (Pasay City)
2. Philippine Union College (PUC)
o Now: Adventist University of the Philippines (AUP) (Silang, Cavite)
o Located in Baesa, Caloocan at the time
5. Pioneer of MedTech education:
Mrs. Willa Hilgert Hedrick
 An American medical missionary of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church
 Worked with her husband, Dr. Elvin Hedrick, at Manila Sanitarium
 Started the first BSMT program in 1954

6. First MedTech Graduate

 Mr. Jesse Umali (from Philippine Union College)
 Later pursued Medicine at Far Eastern University (FEU)
 Became a successful OB-Gyne specialist

7. Formation of PAMET (Philippine Association of Medical Technologists)

 Founder / "Father of PAMET": Crisanto G. Almario
 Organized: September 15, 1963
Location: Public Health Laboratory, Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
 First General Meeting: September 15, 1963
 First National Convention: September 20, 1964
Location: Far Eastern University

8. First PAMET President: Charlemagne Tamondong

RA 5527
1. Title ________________________________________________________________

2. Definition of Terms
Roles and Responsibilities of Medical Technology Professionals
(1) Perform clinical laboratory testing
(2) Perform special procedures
(3) Ensure accuracy and precision of results

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(4) Be honest in practice

(5) Ensure timely delivery of results
(6) Uphold confidentiality
(7) Demonstrate professionalism
(8) Collaborate with other health care professionals
(9) Conduct research
(10) Involvement in health promotion programs

Other Laboratory Personnel

(a)
R.A. 5527: A duly registered physician who is specially trained in methods of laboratory medicine, of the gross and
microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human body and its functions in
order to diagnose disease, follows its course, determine the effectivity of treatment, ascertain cause of death and
advance medicine by means of research (Section 2, b.).
(b)
R.A. 5527: A person who not being a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in
Hygiene, but having passed the corresponding civil service examination, performs the work of medical technology
under the supervision of a registered medical technologist and/or qualified pathologist (Section 2, d.).
(c)
a person responsible for drawing blood from patients for laboratory tests, transfusions, or donation
(d)
specializes in cytology, which is the study of the formation, structure and function of cells
(e)
responsible for the routine preparation, processing, and staining of biopsies and tissue specimens for microscopic
examination by a pathologist
(f)
prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients for imaging or therapeutic purposes.
(g)
determines the risk of negative effects of certain
chemicals or toxic substances on the physiological functions of human beings, animals, and the environment to
develop data for use in consumer protection and industrial safety programs

3. Council of Medical Technology Education, Its Composition

Chairman:

Vice Chairman:

Members:

4. Compensation and Traveling Expenses of Council Members:

5. Functions of the Council

Curriculum Oversight
Enrollment Regulation
School Evaluation
Annual Reporting
School Inspection
Internship Certification
Refresher Course Policy

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Rulemaking Authority

6. Minimum Required Course: CMO No. 14 series 2006

7. Board of Examiners
Chairman:
Members:
The CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS of the Board shall hold office for ___________ after appointments or until their successors
shall have been appointed and duly qualified
8. Qualifications
(1) is a ______________________
(2) is a ______________________
(3) is a QUALIFIED PATHOLOGIST, or a DULY REGISTERED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST of the Philippines with the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in Hygiene/Public Health
(4) has been in practice of laboratory medicine or medical technology for at least TEN YEARS PRIOR to his appointment
(5) is not a member of the faculty of any medical technology school for at least TWO (2) YEARS PRIOR to appointment or having
any pecuniary interest direct or indirect in such institution

9. Executive Officer of the Board: PRC Chairperson

10. Compensation:

11. Functions

12. Removal of Board Members

13. Accreditation of Schools of Medical Technology and Training Clinical Laboratories
Department of Health through the _____________________ shall Approve Laboratories for accreditation as training laboratories
for Medical Technology Students
14. Inhibition Against the Practice of Medical Technology

P-
M-
M-
15. Examination
Examination schedule: March and August
Examination areas: Manila, Cebu, Davao, Baguio, Tuguegarao, Pampanga, Rosales (Pangasinan)

16. Qualification of Examination

a. Is in good health and is of good moral character
b. Has completed a course of at least four (4) years leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
Bachelor of Science in Public Health conferred by a recognized school, college or university in accordance with this Decree

17. Scope and Coverage of Examination

Subject Weight

Clinical Chemistry 20%

Microbiology & Parasitology 20%

Hematology 20%

Blood Banking & Serology 20%

Clinical Microscopy (Urinalysis and other body fluids) 10%

Histopathologic Techniques, Cytotechnology, Medical Technology Laws, Related Laws and its Implementing
10%
Rules, and the Code of Ethics

However, the Board may change, add to, or remove from the list of subjects or weights above as progress in the science of
Medical Technology may require, subject to the prior approval of the Professional Regulation Commission, and publication of
the change or amendment at least three (3) months prior to the date of examination in which the same is to take effect.

18. Report of Rating

The Board shall, WITHIN ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY DAYS after the date of completion of the examination, report the result
thereof to the Commissioner of Civil Service, who shall submit such result to the President of the Philippines for approval

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NOTE***(however, in accordance to PRC Modernization Act, the results are reported after 3 days)

19. Ratings in the Examination

 In order to PASS the examination, a candidate must obtain a general average of at least SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT in the
written test, with no rating BELOW FIFTY PERCENT in any of the Major SUBJECTS: Provided, That the candidate has not
failed in at LEAST SIXTY PERCENT of the subjects computed according to their relative weights.

 REFRESHER COURSE: Failure after THREE exam attempts; completed 12 months refresher course in an accredited
laboratory

20. Oath Taking

 All SUCCESSFUL EXAMINEES shall be REQUIRED to take a PROFESSIONAL OATH before the Board or before any person
authorized to administer oaths prior to entering upon the practice of medical technology in the Philippines

21. Issuance of Certificate of Registration

 Every applicant who has satisfactorily passed the required examination for medical technologist shall be issued a
Certificate of Registration, provided that no such certificate shall be issued to any successful applicant who has not
attained the age of twenty-one (21) years.

22. Fees

23. Refusal to Issue Certificate

I
C
U
D
24. Administrative Investigation: At least 2 members of the board with one legal officer

25. Appeal

 revocation or suspension of a certificate made by the Board shall be subject to appeal to the Civil Service Commissioner24
whose decision shall become final THIRTY DAYS after its promulgation, unless the respondent within the same period has
appealed to the office of the President of the Philippines
26. Reinstatement, Reuse or Replacement of Certificates
27. Foreign Reciprocity
 No foreigner shall be admitted to examination, or be given a certificate of registration or be entitled to any of the rights and
privileges under this Act, unless the country or state of which he is a subject or citizen permits Filipino Medical
Technologist to practice within its territorial limits

28. Roster of Medical Technologists – The ff. should be punished by a fine of not less than two thousand pesos nor more then five
thousand pesos nor more than two years, or both, in the discretion of the court:

a. Any person who shall practice Medical Technology in the Philippines without being registered or exempted from registration
in accordance with the provisions of this Act
b. Any medical technologist, even if duly registered, who shall practice medical technology in the Philippines without the
necessary supervision of a qualified pathologist or physician authorized by the Department of Health
c. Any medical technologist who shall knowingly make a fraudulent laboratory report
d. Any duly registered medical technologist who shall refuse or fail, after due warning by the Board to display his certificate of
registration in the place where he works
e. Any person presenting or attempting to use as his own, the certificate of registration of another
f. Any person who shall give any false or fraudulent evidence of any kind to the Board or any member thereof in obtaining a
certificate of registration as Medical Technologist
g. Any person who shall impersonate any registrant of like or the same name
h. Any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended certificate of registration
i. Any person who shall in connection with his name or otherwise, assume, use or advertise any title or description tending to
convey the impression that he is a Medical Technologist without holding a valid certificate of registration
j. Any person or corporate body who shall allow anyone in his employ who is not a registered medical technologist/medical
laboratory technician to engage in the practice of medical technology or recommend for appointment anyone to the position
of medical technologist/medical laboratory technician knowing that he is not registered as such.
k. Any person or corporate body who shall violate the rules and regulations of the Board or orders promulgated by it

29. Penal Provisions

30. Separability Clause
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31. Repealing Clause

32. Effectivity

Amendments:
RA 6134: Aug 31, 1970
PD 498: June 28, 1974
PD 1534: June 11, 1978

Republic Act No. 4688

Clinical Laboratory Law of 1966

◦ An act regulating the operation and maintenance of CLINICAL LABORATORIES and requiring the registration of the same
with the Department of Health, providing penalty for the violation thereof, and for other purposes.
◦ Approved on JUNE 18, 1966 and was ratified by President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.

Latest supplementing law/s:

1. Administrative Order (AO) No. 2007-0027, dated August 22, 2007, titled “Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the
Licensure and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines,”
2. Administrative Order (AO) No. 2021-0037, dated June 11 2021, titled “New Rules and Regulations Governing the Regulation
of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines”

Term / Acronym Definition

HFSRB Health Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau

CHD Center for Health Development

Any natural or juridical person, government instrumentality/agency, partnership, corporation, or agency seeking a
APPLICANT
license to operate and maintain a clinical laboratory.
A facility involved in pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical procedures, where tests are done on human
CLINICAL LABORATORY specimens to obtain information for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. These include disciplines
(CL) such as anatomic pathology, clinical chemistry, clinical microscopy, endocrinology, hematology, immunology and
serology, microbiology, toxicology, and molecular/nuclear diagnostics.
Also known as panic values, described by Lundberg as "life-threatening" results that require immediate medical
CRITICAL VALUES
action or correction.

LICENSE TO OPERATE A formal authorization issued by the Department of Health (DOH) to any individual, partnership, corporation,
(LTO) association, or government unit seeking to perform laboratory tests, in compliance with regulatory requirements.

Term / Acronym Definition

A permit issued by the DOH through HFSRB or CHD-RLED to an applicant who will establish and operate a
PERMIT TO CONSTRUCT hospital or other health facility, upon compliance with required documents prior to the actual construction of the
said facility.
EXTERNAL QUALITY A program where participating clinical laboratories (CL) are given unknown samples for testing. The quality of
ASSESSMENT PROGRAM performance is evaluated based on how close the results are to a pre-determined or reference value, through
(EQAP) peer group analysis.

MOBILE CLINICAL A laboratory testing unit that can perform limited clinical laboratory procedures. It moves from one testing site to
LABORATORY (MCL) another and is affiliated with a DOH-licensed main clinical laboratory.

NATIONAL EXTERNAL
An EQAP activity conducted by the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) to assess the accuracy and
QUALITY ASSESSMENT
performance quality of participating laboratories.
SCHEME (NEQAS)
The highest level of laboratory in the country. Performs highly complex and confirmatory tests not commonly
NATIONAL REFERENCE
done in lower-level laboratories. Responsible for facilitating NEQAS and ensuring compliance with quality
LABORATORY (NRL)
standards for laboratory regulation and licensing in the Philippines.

POINT OF CARE TESTING Refers to diagnostic testing done at or near the site of patient care (e.g., ER, wards, operating rooms,
(POCT) ambulances) rather than in the clinical laboratory.

Basic, commonly requested tests in the lab, where results are not urgently needed and follow the standard
ROUTINE TESTS
procedures and systems of the laboratory.

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Tests done on urgent cases, with results to be released immediately (within 1 hour). “STAT” comes from statim,
STAT TESTS
meaning "immediately."

SATELLITE CLINICAL An extension of the main clinical laboratory, located within the facility’s premises, with the same service capability
LABORATORY (SCL) as the main lab.

Definition of Terms:
 Ownership (Government vs Private)
 Function (Clinical Pathology vs. Anatomic Pathology)
 Institutional Character (Institution- Based vs Free-Standing)
 Service Capability (primary vs secondary vs tertiary)

PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Routine Hematology Routine Clin. Chemistry Special Chem

Qualitative Platelet Count Quantitative Platelet Count Special Hema (including

coagulation
testing)

Routine CM Crossmatching Immunology

Blood Typing Gram Staining Culture and Sensitivity

KOH + PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

SERVICE
CAPABILITIES

+ PRIMARY SERVICE
CAPABILITIES

NOTE: Limited-Service Capability (for institution-based only): e.g. dialysis Special Clinical laboratory

CLINICAL LABORATORY LICENSING AND MANAGEMENT

◦ The head of the clinical laboratory shall be a Pathologist certified either as a Clinical Pathologist, an Anatomic Pathologist, or
both by a professional organization recognized as the Accredited Professional Organization/Accredited Integrated
Professional Organization of the Professional Regulation Commission.
◦ The laboratory head shall ensure the optimal overall operations and maintenance of the lab and, if applicable, of its Satellite
Clinical Laboratory (SCL) and Mobile Clinical Laboratory (MCL).

◦ The DOH-designated National Reference Laboratory (NRL) shall be covered by the license of the clinical laboratory of the
hospital where they are affiliated, Independent NRLs, or those designated by DOH but not affiliated with any DOH-regulated
health facility, shall secure a DOH-LTO from HFSRB.

◦ The LTO issued to a non–hospital-based clinical laboratory shall specifically stipulate the following:
◦ Name of the Clinical Laboratory
◦ Name(s) of the Owner or Operator
◦ Head of the Laboratory
◦ Service Capability
◦ Period of Validity
◦ License Number
◦ Location where the laboratory procedures are to be performed
◦
VALIDITY AND EXPIRATION OF LTO

◦ The DOH-LTO is valid for ONE (1) YEAR and expires on the date set forth by the CHD, as stipulated on the face of the license.
◦ The clinical laboratory and its satellite services WITHIN the same compound shall have ONE (1) LTO.
◦ A satellite laboratory OUTSIDE the premises where the central laboratory is situated shall be required to secure a SEPARATE
LTO.
◦ MOBILE clinical laboratories allowed to operate only WITHIN ONE HUNDRED (100) KM RADIUS from its main laboratory.
◦ Clinical laboratories that are operated and maintained exclusively for research and teaching purposes shall be required to
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register with the DOH- HFSRB.

◦ CoR for CL that is operated and maintained exclusively for research and teaching purposes shall be required to register with
the DOH-HFSRB EVERY THREE (3) YEARS.
◦ CHANGES that would SUBSTANTIALLY AFFECT the conditions of a clinical laboratory, as set forth in its LTO, shall be
REPORTED to the concerned CHD WITHIN TWO (2) WEEKS from the initial date of implementation. The report shall be in
writing, signed by the licensee, and submitted to the concerned CHD for notation.

RENEWAL OF LTO
◦ Renewal of HOSPITAL based clinical laboratories shall be in accordance with the licensing process under the One-Stop-Shop
Licensure System for Hospitals.
◦ NON-HOSPITAL based clinical laboratories shall file applications for renewal of LTO beginning on the FIRST DAY OF
OCTOBER until the LAST DAY OF NOVEMBER of the current year.

FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES

◦ Provide laboratory reference/referral services for confirmatory testing.
◦ Train laboratory personnel and recognize other training institutions.
◦ Maintain the National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS).
◦ Perform technical evaluation of reagents and diagnostic kits.

INSTITUTION NRL SPECIALIZATION

- Dengue - Influenza - Tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria

- Malaria and other parasites - Bacterial enteric diseases
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine - Measles and other viral exanthems
(RITM) - Mycology - Enteroviruses
- Antimicrobial resistance - Emerging diseases
- Confirmatory testing of blood donors and blood units

San Lazaro Hospital – SACCL - HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

East Avenue Medical Center - Environmental and Occupational Health - Toxicology - Micronutrient Assay

National Kidney and Transplant Institute - Hematology (including Immunohematology and Immunopathology) - Anatomic
(NKTI) Pathology

Lung Center of the Philippines - Clinical Chemistry

Philippine Heart Center - Anatomic Pathology of Cardiac Diseases

RA 7719
National Blood Services Act of 1994

◦ Approved on MAY 5, 1994

◦ an act promoting VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION, providing for an adequate supply of safe blood, regulating blood banks,
and providing penalties for violation thereof

TERM DEFINITION
Refers to human blood, processed or unprocessed, and includes blood components, its products,
BLOOD / BLOOD PRODUCT
and derivatives.
A laboratory or institution with the capability to recruit and screen blood donors, collect, process,
BLOOD BANK / CENTER store, transport, and issue blood for transfusion, and provide information and/or education on
blood transfusion transmissible diseases.

COMMERCIAL BLOOD BANK A blood bank that exists for profit.

A blood bank located within the premises of a hospital that can perform compatibility testing of
HOSPITAL-BASED BLOOD BANK
blood.
An institution or facility duly authorized by the Department of Health (DOH) to recruit and screen
BLOOD COLLECTION UNIT
donors and collect blood.

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A person who donates blood on one's own volition or initiative and without monetary
VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONOR
compensation.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION Diseases that may be transmitted as a result of blood transfusion, including AIDS, Hepatitis B,
TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES Malaria, and Syphilis.
An individual included in the list of qualified voluntary blood donors who is ready to donate blood
WALKING BLOOD DONOR
when needed in his/her community.

◦ The head of the blood bank and the necessary trained personnel under the head's direct supervision found responsible for
DISPENSING, transfusing and failing to dispose, WITHIN FORTY-EIGHT (48) HOURS, blood which have been proven
contaminated with blood transfusion transmissible diseases shall be imprisoned for ten (10) years.

Republic Act 8981

PRC Modernization Act of 2000
◦ Approved on: DECEMBER 05, 2000
◦ AN ACT MODERNIZING THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NUMBERED TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THREE, ENTITLED "CREATING THE
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION AND PRESCRIBING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS," AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

◦ PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION – There is hereby created a THREE-MAN COMMISSION

to be known as the Professional Regulation Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, which
shall be attached to the office of the President for general direction and coordination.

◦ PRC performs two important functions, which are:

1) to conduct and administer licensure examinations to aspiring professionals, and
2) to regulate and supervise the practice of the professions exercised in partnership with the forty-
three (43) Professional Regulatory Boards (PRBs) in the fields of health, business, education, social
sciences, engineering and technology.
◦ Chairperson of the Commission, and the Commissioners as members thereof shall sit and act as a body to
exercise general ADMINISTRATIVE, EXECUTIVE and POLICY-MAKING FUNCTIONS of the Commission.
◦ implement the program for the FULL COMPUTERIZATION of all licensure examinations given by the various
professional regulatory boards

POSITION DETAILS

Headed by ONE (1) FULL-TIME CHAIRPERSON and TWO (2) FULL-TIME COMMISSIONERS

Appointed by President

TERM OF SEVEN (7) YEARS WITHOUT REAPPOINTMENT to start from the time
Term
they assume office

1. at least FORTY (40) YEARS OF AGE

2. holding a valid certificate of registration/professional license and a valid
professional identification card or a valid certificate of competency issued by the
Qualifications for Commission or a valid professional license issued by any government agency
CHAIRPERSON or 3. familiar with the principles and methods of professional regulation and/or
COMMISSIONER licensing
4. has had at LEAST FIVE (5) YEARS OF EXECUTIVE or management experience
5. Provided, That, one (1) of the Commissioners must be a past
Chairperson/member of a Professional Regulatory Board.

RA 10912
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF
2016

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◦ Approved on JULY 21, 2016

◦ An act mandating and strengthening the continuing professional development program for all
regulated professions, creating the continuing professional development council, and appropriating
funds therefor, and for other related purposes

PRC RESOLUTION NO. 2019-1146 series of 2019

◦ IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) OF R.A 10912
◦ Done on FEBRUARY 07, 2019
◦ PROFESSIONAL IDENTIFICATION CARD: renewable EVERY 3 YEARS with the requirement of
completing CPD requirement
◦ CPD UNIT requirements are further reduced from 45 to 15 UNITS ONLY

Who are NOT covered by the CPD unit requirements?

◦ NEWLY LICENSED PROFESSIONALS (not covered for the first renewal cycle)
◦ Professionals working OVERSEAS
◦ PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION VISION
◦ The Professional Regulation Commission is the instrument of the Filipino people in securing for the
nation a reliable, trustworthy and progressive system of determining the competence of
professionals by credible and valid licensure examinations and standards of professional practice
that are globally recognized.
◦ PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION MISSION
◦ To deliberately, scientifically and consistently determine the competence of professionals through
the provision of professional standards and judicious issuance of professional license.

Republic Act 8504

Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998

◦ approved on FEBRUARY 13, 1998

◦ An act promulgating policies and prescribing measures for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the
Philippines, instituting a nationwide HIV/AIDS information and educational program, establishing a
comprehensive HIV/AIDS monitoring system, strengthening the Philippine National AIDS Council, and for
other purposes

◦ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that recognizes no territorial, social, political
and economic boundaries for which there is no known cure

SEC. 12. REQUIREMENT ON THE DONATION OF BLOOD, TISSUE, OR ORGAN

◦ No laboratory or institution shall accept a donation of tissue or organ, whether such donation is gratuitous
or onerous, unless a sample from the donor has been tested negative for HIV. ALL DONATED BLOOD shall
also be subjected to HIV testing, and HIV (+) blood shall be DISPOSED OF PROPERLY AND IMMEDIATELY.

SEC. 15. CONSENT AS A REQUISITE FOR HIV TESTING

◦ No compulsory HIV testing shall be allowed.
◦ Provided, that WRITTEN INFORMED CONSENT must first be obtained.

◦ Such consent shall be obtained from the person concerned if:

1. he/she is of LEGAL AGE
2. from the PARENTS OR LEGAL GUARDIAN in the case of a minor or a mentally incapacitated
individual.

◦ Lawful consent to HIV testing of a donated human body, organ, tissue, or blood shall be considered as
having been given when:
(a) a person VOLUNTEERS or freely agrees to donate his/her blood, organ, or tissue for transfusion,
transplantation, or research;
(b) a person has executed a legacy in accordance with Section 3 of RA No. 7170, also known as the
"ORGAN DONATION ACT OF 1991";
(c) a donation is executed in accordance with Section 4 of Republic Act No. 7170.

◦ COMPULSORY HIV TESTING may be allowed only in the following instances:

(a) When a person is charged with any of the crimes
(b) When the determination of the HIV status is necessary to resolve the relevant issues under the

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Family Code of the Philippines

(c) When complying with the provisions of the Republic Act No. 7170, otherwise known as the
"Organ Donation Act", and Republic Act No. 7719, otherwise known as the "National Blood Services
Act"

◦ Who may be informed of the HIV test result:

(a) The PERSON WHO SUBMITTED himself/herself to such test
(b) EITHER PARENT of a minor child who has been tested
(c) A LEGAL GUARDIAN in the case of insane persons or orphans
(d) A PERSON AUTHORIZED to receive such results in conjunction with the AIDSWATCH program
(e) A JUSTICE of the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court

RA 11166
Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act

◦ APPROVED ON DECEMBER 20, 2018

◦ An Act Strengthening the Philippine Comprehensive Policy on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Prevention, Treatment, Care, and Support, and, Reconstituting
the Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC), Repealing for the Purpose Republic Act No. 8504, otherwise
Known as the "Philippine Aids Prevention and Control Act of 1998", and Appropriating Funds Therefore

◦ HIV TESTING shall be made available under the following circumstances

1. If the person is FIFTEEN (15) TO BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE, consent to VOLUNTARY HIV
TESTING shall be obtained from the child WITHOUT the need of consent from a parent or guardian;

2. Any young person AGED BELOW FIFTEEN (15) who is pregnant or engaged in high- risk behavior shall
be eligible for HIV testing and counseling, with the assistance of a licensed social worker or health
worker. Consent to voluntary HIV testing shall be obtained from the child without the need of consent
from a parent or guardian

3. consent to voluntary HIV testing shall be obtained from the CHILD'S PARENT OR LEGAL
GUARDIAN if the person is BELOW FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE or is mentally
incapacitated.

Note: PLHIV in prisons, rehabilitation centers, and other closed settings institutions shall be provided HIV
treatment, which includes anti-retroviral drugs, care, and support in accordance with the national guidelines.

CONFIDENTIAL HIV AND AIDS INFORMATION MAY BE RELEASED BY HIV TESTING FACILITIES
WITHOUT CONSENT
(a) When complying with reportorial requirements of the national active passive surveillance system
of the DoH
(b) When informing other health workers directly involved in the treatment or care of a PLHIV:
Provided, that such worker shall be required to perform the duty of shared medical confidentiality
(c) When responding to a subpoena duces tecum and subpoena ad testificandum issued by a court
with jurisdiction over a legal proceeding where the main issue is the HIV status of an individual

DISCLOSURE OF HIV-RELATED TEST RESULTS

A. Individual who submitted to the test

B. If the patient is below fifteen (15) years old, an orphan, or is mentally incapacitated, the result may be
disclosed to either of the patient's parents, legal guardian, or a duly assigned licensed social worker or
health worker, whichever is applicable

C. Person below fifteen (15) years of age and not suffering from any mental incapacity, has given voluntary
and informed consent to the procedure, the result of the test shall be disclosed to child provided, further,
that the child should be given age-appropriate counseling and access to necessary health care and
sufficient support services.

RAPID HIV DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM (rHIVda)

◦ RAPID HIV DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM (rHIVda): new HIV confirmatory test in the Philippines, replacing
Western blot.

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◦ CURRENT NATIONAL HIV TESTING DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM IN THE PHILIPPINES

◦ The current HIV testing diagnostic algorithm in the Philippines include screening test
from referring labs
◦ A REACTIVE RESULT from the SCREENING TEST will be sent to SACCL for
CONFIRMATORY TESTING, where 2 PARALLEL SCREENING TESTS are performed.
◦ A REACTIVE RESULT on either of these tests will then require WESTERN BLOT and/or
NUCLEIC ACID TEST as supplemental confirmatory tests

◦ PROPOSED RAPID HIV TESTING DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM (rHIVda)

◦ rHIVda , includes 2 IMMUNOASSAY TESTS and 3 RDTS for local validation of sensitivity and
specificity

◦ WHO RECOMMENDATIONS
○ RECOMMENDATION 1: HIV testing services may use combinations of RDTs or combinations of
RDTs/enzyme immunoassays (EIAs)/supplemental assays rather than EIA/Western blot combinations.
○ RECOMMENDATION 2: three different serological assays that do not share the same false reactivity must
be included in the algorithm.
○ RECOMMENDATION 3: Among the serological assays, first test must be the most sensitive of the three.
Succeeding tests, on the other hand, must have superior diagnostic specificity.

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RA 9165
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

 Approved on JUNE 7, 2002

 AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS
AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

TERM DEFINITION

Act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body by any means, or
ADMINISTER assisting someone in doing so, unless done by a licensed practitioner for
medication.

BOARD Dangerous Drugs Board.

Sale, distribution, transport, or supply of controlled chemicals to any

CHEMICAL DIVERSION person/entity engaged in drug manufacture; includes fraud, concealment,
or misuse of permits.
CLANDESTINE Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of dangerous drugs or
LABORATORY controlled chemicals.
An analytical test that is more specific and used to validate screening test
CONFIRMATORY TEST
results.

CONTROLLED Investigative technique allowing illegal drug consignments to pass under

DELIVERY supervision to gather evidence or aid prosecution.

CULTIVATE OR Knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the same of plants that
CULTURE are sources of dangerous drugs.

Knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another by any means, with or

DELIVER
without payment.
Place where drugs or controlled chemicals are used, stored, sold, or
DEN, DIVE OR RESORT
delivered for illegal purposes.

TERM DEFINITION

Also known as marijuana or Indian hemp; includes all species, parts, and
CANNABIS forms (fresh, dried, resin, extract, etc.) of Cannabis sativa L. and its
varieties.

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MDMA Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as “Ecstasy.”

SHABU Methamphetamine hydrochloride, also known as “Ice” or “Meth.”

Coagulated juice of Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum); includes all

OPIUM
forms, derivatives, ashes, morphine, alkaloids, and related preparations.

Any part of the plant Papaver somniferum L., setigerum DC, orientale,
OPIUM POPPY
bracteatum, rhoeas.

SCREENING TEST Rapid test to establish a presumptive positive result.

Section 36. AUTHORIZED DRUG TESTING

Drug testing shall employ, among others, two (2) testing methods:
◦ SCREENING TEST – will determine the positive result as well as the type of the drug used
◦ CONFIRMATORY TEST – will confirm a positive screening test
◦ DRUG TEST CERTIFICATES issued by accredited drug testing centers shall be VALID for a ONE-YEAR
period from the date of issue which may be used for other purposes.

SUBJECTED TO UNDERGO DRUG TESTING:

(a) Applicants for driver's license
(b) Applicants for firearm's license and for permit to carry firearms outside of residence
(c) Students of secondary and tertiary schools
(d) Officers and employees of public and private offices
(e) Officers and members of the military, police and other law enforcement agencies
(f) All persons charged before the prosecutor's office with a criminal offense having an imposable
penalty of imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1) day
(g) All candidates for public office whether appointed or elected both in the national or local government

CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION

ACCORDING TO
1. GOVERNMENT OR 2. PRIVATE
OWNERSHIP

ACCORDING TO
INSTITUTIONAL 1. INSTITUTION BASED OR 2. FREESTANDING
CHARACTER

According to SERVICE
1. SCREENING laboratory OR 2. CONFIRMATORY laboratory
CAPABILITY

A laboratory for any category can accommodate AT LEAST 5

Capacity
PROSPECTIVE CLIENT/DONORS

TYPE REQUIREMENTS / HEADSHIP / PERSONNEL

Floor Area: 20 sq. meters in floor area

10 sq. meters work area

Headship: LICENSED PHYSICIAN with certification in Clinical

Pathology from the Philippine Board of Pathology or Certification in
Clinical Laboratory Management Training conducted by the DOH
Maximum number of SCREENING LAB the physician can handle is 10,
SCREENING laboratory provided that they are feasible within 5-kilometer radius to supervise.

In cases where the screening drug testing lab is a separate division or

section, it shall be HEADED BY A LICENSED PHYSICIAN, CHEMIST,
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST, PHARMACIST OR CHEMICAL ENGINEER.
Personnel: either FULL TIME CHEMIST, medical technologist,
pharmacist or chemical engineer with appropriate training in
dangerous drugs.

Floor Area: 60 sq. meters floor area

CONFIRMATORY 30 sq. meters floor area
laboratory
Headship:

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1. LICENSED PHYSICIAN certified in Clinical Pathology with at least 2

years of active laboratory experience in analytical toxicology
2. CHEMIST with at least Master’s degree in Chemistry, Biochemistry
or branch of chemistry and at least 2 years of active laboratory
experience in analytical chemistry.

Personnel: FULL TIME CHEMIST, who successfully completed

extensive and appropriate training in chromatography, spectroscopy
and either a Medical Technologist, Pharmacist or Chemical Engineer
with appropriate training in the screening test procedure for
dangerous.

RESULT TYPE DESCRIPTION

SCREENING laboratory
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
result

CONFIRMATORY laboratory PRESENCE OR ABSENCE AND IDENTITY OF THE

result DRUG/METABOLITE TESTED

Original copy of the test result form shall be given to the

Release of Results
client/donor immediately upon completion.

Newborn Screening Act of 2004

RA 9288

◦ Approved on APRIL 07, 2004

◦ AN ACT PROMULGATING A COMPREHENSIVE POLICY AND A NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR ENSURING
NEWBORN SCREENING

◦ National Newborn Screening System shall ensure that every baby born in the Philippines is offered the
opportunity to undergo newborn screening and thus be spared from heritable conditions that can lead to
mental retardation and death if undetected and untreated.

COMPREHENSIVE NEWBORN SCREENING SYSTEM

 newborn screening system that includes, but is not limited to, education of relevant stakeholders;
collection and biochemical screening of blood samples taken from newborns; tracking and
confirmatory testing to ensure the accuracy of screening results; clinical evaluation and
biochemical/medical confirmation of test results; drugs and medical/surgical management and
dietary supplementation to address the heritable conditions; and evaluation activities to assess
long term outcome, patient compliance and quality assurance.

 NEWBORN SCREENING shall be performed AFTER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOURS OF LIFE but NOT
later than 3 days from the complete delivery of the newborn. A newborn that must be placed in
intensive care in order to ensure survival may be exempted from the 3-day requirement but must be
tested by seven (7) days of age.

DOH ADMINSTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2014- 0045

◦ GUIDELINES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EXPANDED NEWBORN SCREENING PROGRAM
◦ National Comprehensive Newborn Screening System is EXPANDING THE SCREENING PANEL
◦ of disorders from SIX (6) TO MORE THAN TWENTY (20) DISORDERS.

Core (Basic) 6 Disorders (pre-expansion)

1. Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
2. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
3. Galactosemia (GAL)
4. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
5. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD Deficiency)
6. Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

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Added Disorders in the Expanded Newborn Screening (ENBS)

AO 2014-0045 expanded screening to include the following groups of disorders (bringing total to 28):
A. Amino Acid Disorders (AAD)
 Homocystinuria (HCY)
 Citrullinemia (CIT)
 Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA)
 Tyrosinemia Type I (TYR I)
 Tyrosinemia Type II (TYR II)
 Tyrosinemia Type III (TYR III)
 Isovaleric acidemia (IVA)
 Propionic acidemia (PA)
 Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA)
 Multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD)
B. Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders (FAOD)
 Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)
 Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD)
 Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD)
 Trifunctional protein deficiency (TFP)
 Carnitine uptake defect (CUD)
C. Organic Acid Disorders (OAD)
 Glutaric acidemia type I (GA I)
 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (HMG)
 Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKT)
D. Other Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders
 Biotinidase deficiency (BIOT)
 Additional subtypes of galactosemia and hemoglobinopathies (in some ENBS labs depending on
validation)

Republic Act 7170

Organ Donation Act

◦ AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE LEGACY OR DONATION OF ALL OR PART OF

A HUMAN BODY AFTER DEATH FOR SPECIFIED PURPOSES
◦ JANUARY 7, 1992

TERM DEFINITION

DECEDENT a deceased individual, and includes a still-born infant or fetus.

TESTATOR an individual who makes a legacy of all or part of his body

DONOR an individual authorized under this Act to donate all or part of the body of a decedent.

irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or the irreversible cessation

DEATH
of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.

◦ A person shall be MEDICALLY AND LEGALLY DEAD if either:

◦ (1) In the opinion of the attending physician, based on the acceptable standards of medical practice, there is an
absence of natural respiratory and cardiac functions and, attempts at resuscitation would not be successful in
restoring those functions. In this case, death shall be deemed to have occurred at the time these functions
ceased; or
◦ (2) In the opinion of the consulting physician, concurred in by the attending physician, that on the basis of
acceptable standards of medical practice, there is an irreversible cessation of all brain functions; and
considering the absence of such functions, further attempts at resuscitation or continued supportive
maintenance would not be successful in resorting such natural functions. In this case, death shall be deemed
to have occurred at the time when these conditions first appeared.
◦
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◦ PERSON WHO MAY EXECUTE A LEGACY – Any individual, at least EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE and of
sound mind, may give by way of legacy, to take effect after his death, all or part of his body for any purpose

◦ PERSON WHO MAY EXECUTE A DONATION

(1) Spouse;
(2) Son or daughter of legal age;
(3) Either parent;
(4) Brother or sister of legal age; or
(5) Guardian over the person of the decedent at the time of his death

◦ PERSONS WHO MAY BECOME LEGATEES OR DONEES

a) Any hospital, physician or surgeon - For medical or dental education, research, advancement of medical or
dental science, therapy or transplantation;
(b) Any accredited medical or dental school, college or university - For education, research, advancement of
medical or dental science, or therapy;
(c) Any organ bank storage facility - For medical or dental education, research, therapy, or transplantation; and
(d) Any specified individual - For therapy or transplantation needed by him.

RA 6969
TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR
WASTES CONTROL ACT OF 1990

◦ An Act to Control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes, Providing Penalties for Violations
Thereof, and for Other Purposes
◦ Seeks to protect the public health and environment from unreasonable risks posed by these substances
◦ Under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) with the Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) as the authority, specific control of nuclear/radioactive waste in the
Philippines

LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

chronic toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogenicity (which may in some cases result from acute exposure but
with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute
underground or surface waters, or aesthetically objectionable properties such as
offensive odors.

NUCLEAR WASTES
hazardous wastes made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incidental to the production or utilization of
nuclear fuels but does not include nuclear fuel, or radioisotopes which have reached the final stage of fabrication so
as to be usable for any scientific, medical, agricultural, commercial, or industrial purpose

RA 9279
CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009
◦ AN ACT MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY FORMULATIONS, ESTABLISHING
THE FRAMEWORK STRATEGY AND PROGRAM ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CREATING FOR THIS PURPOSE THE
CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISSION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Term Definition

refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and
GLOBAL WARMING oceans that is associated with the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.

GREENHOUSE process by which the absorption of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms the
EFFECT Earth.

refers to constituents of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect

GREENHOUSE
including, but not limited to, CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE,
GASES (GHG)
HYDROFLUOROCARBONS, PERFLUOROCARBONS and SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE.

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RA 9003
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
◦ AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE
◦ NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS
◦ PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER
◦ PURPOSES

RA 8749
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
◦ AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
◦ outlines the GOVERNMENT'S MEASURES TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION BY INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION ACTIVITIES INTO ITS DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Term Definition

Any substance in the air—except oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, CO₂, and inert gases in
Air Pollutant natural levels—that is harmful to health or the environment. Examples include smoke, dust,
soot, fly ash, fumes, mists, gases, radioactive particles.

Any change in air quality—physical, chemical, or biological—that makes it harmful to health,

Air Pollution
safety, environment, or its use for domestic, commercial, or other legal purposes.

Any air contaminant or pollutant (gas, particles, or unwanted sound) released from a known
Emission
source into the atmosphere.

Stationary
Any fixed structure, building, or facility that emits or can emit air pollutants.
Source

RA 9275
PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
◦ AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
◦ CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
◦ a) Discharging, depositing or causing to be deposited material of any kind directly or indirectly into the water
bodies
b) Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea water by vessels
c) Unauthorized transport or dumping into sea waters of sewage sludge or solid waste

Term Definition

discharge from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or wastewater
EFFLUENT flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial and
recreational facilities

water-borne human or animal wastes, excluding oil or oil wastes, removed from residences,
building, institutions, industrial and commercial establishments together with such
SEWAGE groundwater, surface water and storm water as maybe present including such waste from
vessels, offshore structures, other receptacles intended to receive or retain waste or other
places or the combination thereof.

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any solid, semi-solid or liquid waste or residue generated from a wastewater treatment plant,
SLUDGE water supply treatment plant, or water control pollution facility, or any other such waste having
similar characteristics and effects.

RA 10640

◦ AN ACT TO FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN OF THE GOVERNMENT, AMENDING FOR
THE PURPOSE SECTION 21 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
"COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002"

Republic Act 10069

 Health Workers’ Day is observed every May 7 by virtue of Republic Act No. 10069 signed on
April 6, 2010, by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. It aims to give due recognition to
the important role and contribution of health workers who provide vital health services to
Filipinos.

Republic Act 9482 Anti Rabies Law

 PROVIDES FOR THE CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL RABIES.

 Requires:
o Mandatory registration and vaccination of pet dogs.
o Establishment of rabies diagnostic laboratories.
o Provision of free human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in government facilities.
o Nationwide information and education campaigns.
 Rabies diagnosis & surveillance: Clinical laboratories (particularly molecular and pathology labs) are
central in detecting rabies virus through direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA), RT-PCR, or
histopathology (Negri bodies in brain tissue).
 Public health role: MedTechs support rabies control programs by performing animal bite victim testing,
serology, and confirmatory lab procedures.

PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

RESOLUTION NO.72 S. of 2022
◦ REVISED CODE OF ETHICS OF THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION
◦ SEPTEMBER 13, 2022
◦ PREAMBLE
◦ This CODE OF ETHICS is promulgated to provide the medical technologist with proper ethical and
professional standards in the practice of Medical Technology to ENSURE THE SAFETY AND WELFARE OF
PATIENTS.
◦ This Code sets forth the FUNDAMENTAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES and the PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITIES of the medical technologist towards patients, the healthcare system, the community,
his/her colleagues, self, and the profession, allied professionals and the health products industry.

Code of Ethics of the Medical Technologists:

Upon entering into the practice of Medical Technology, I shall:

 Accept the responsibilities to being a professional
 Uphold the law and shall not participate in

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 Act in a spirit of fairness to all and in a spirit of toward other members of the
profession
 Accept employment from more than one employer only when
 Perform my task with full confidence, absolute reliability and
 Share my knowledge and expertise with my colleagues
 Contribute to the advancement of the professional organization and other allied health
organizations
 Restrict my within constructive limit

 Treat any information I acquired in the course of my work

 the dignity and respect of my profession and conduct myself a reputation of
reliability, honesty, and integrity
 Be dedicated to the use of clinical laboratory science to
 Report any violations of the above principles of the professional conduct to authorized agency and to
the of the organization.
To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to conduct myself at all times in a manner befitting the
dignity of my profession.

PAMET is the only accredited professional organization of all registered medical technologists in the
country

BRIEF HISTORY

◦ It was originally organized on SEPTEMBER 15, 1963 by Mr. CRISANTO G. ALMARIO at the Public Health
Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
◦ First convention and election of officers on September 20, 1964 at the Far Eastern University wherein MR.
CHARLEMAGNE TAMONDONG became the first President.
◦ Incorporated and registered at the Securities and Exchange Commission on OCTOBER 14, 1969 with Reg.
No. 39570, during the presidency of Mr. Nardito D. Moraleta.
◦ President Ferdinand Marcos declared the 3rd week of September as a celebration of the Medical
Technology profession
◦ on JUNE 22, 1973, PD 223 was approved creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

◦ PAMET was officially recognized as the only Accredited organization of registered Medical Technologists in
the Philippines. PAMET is a national body with forty-six (46) provincial chapters nationwide and one
international chapter, PAMET Singapore totaling to more than thirteen thousand members.

Core Value Definition

Integrity is the strict adherence to a moral code, reflected in transparent honesty,

INTEGRITY truthfulness, accuracy, accountable of one’s actions and complete harmony in what one
thinks, says, and does

Professionalism refers to the positive traits and values, moral responsibility, social
PROFESSIONALISM
responsiveness and behavioral outlook which makes one highly respectable and credible

Commitment is the unconditional, unwavering and selfless dedication that one builds-in into
COMMITMENT the practice of the profession characterized by initiative, creativity and resourcefulness to
bring about quality health care and service to the public

Excellence is the high quality performance by advocating and adhering to international

EXCELLENCE
standards making services globally comparable competence

Unity is the necessary linkage, support, involvement and sharing that will increase the
UNITY
success and advancement of every individual member and the association in general

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Symbol Meaning

CIRCLE symbolizes the continuous involvement where practice and education must always be integrated

TRIANGLE is the trilogy of love, respect and integrity

MICROSCOPE &
symbolize the science of Medical Technology profession
SNAKE

GREEN the color of health

1964 the year of first PAMET election

PAMET VISION
PAMET shall be the constant prime mover in advancing the Medical Laboratory Science profession for
the continuous growth and development of its members.

PAMET MISSION
To realize its vision, PAMET shall be an association that will uphold professional core values; develop and
sustain comprehensive programs to enhance competencies of the Medical Laboratory Science
professionals; collaborate with the different stakeholders of health and make its services important to the
beneficiaries of its services.

PAMET Hymn

: Francis Jerota Pefanco

: Hector Gentapanan Gayares Jr.

Beloved PAMET
From various lands, races and places
With grateful hearts we blend our voices
This day to our beloved. PAMET
From whence unity and love cometh.
We join together in brotherhood
To live up to thine deals we should
In fields of advancement and learning
Thy noble goals maybe our bearing.
Loyal and true we’ll be to thee
Beloved PAMET this we say,
For service to God and humanity
With joy we sing for thee till eternity.

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Laboratory Management
What is management?
- Working with and through people
- Art of getting things done through people

The phases of management process are:

P
O
D
C

Management Approach

Management Approach
1. Approach
2. Approach
Phases of Management
3. Approach
Rule Centered
4. Approach
Performance and Interpersonal Approach
5. Approach
Continuous process of interacting itself and environment
Organization as an OPEN SYSTEM

What are the Skills of Manager? Robert Katz

Technical skill: Lab procedure
Human skill: interpersonal skill
Conceptual skill: knowledge

Goal vs Objective

Goal
-General statement of the purpose of the organization
Objective
-Specific and measurable statement of the purpose of the organization

Goals Objectives
Ultimate Aim Progressive target
Long Term Short Term
Destination/Results Journey/Method
Comprehensive Specific and exclusive

Identify: Goal or Objective?

1. Aims to provide a patient-centered care
2. All MT staff shall undergo continuing competency training program next month

Management Styles (by Rensis Likert)

1. Exploitative-authoritative:
-Decision making is done in the upper echelons of organization
-Manager has no confidence or trust in subordinates

2. Benevolent-authoritative:

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-Master-Servant relationship
-Flow of info upward is restricted to “What superiors want to hear”

3. Consultative:
-Allows employees to have view and they are allowed to voice their opinion
-Idea is to create a sense of an open-door policy, without being a true open door.

4. Participative:
-There is a collaborative teamwork and an open communication between the manager and the subordinates

Identify: Management Style

(1) MT manager Kim Bok Joo learns that some managers have little or no trust and confidence on his
subordinates, communicates with them in downward flow and does not involve them in decision making.
(2) MT manager Sheldon Cooper notices that a fellow manager is not well-liked by his co-workers. He usually
has a high concern for task accomplishments but low concern for his staff.
(3) MT manager Lee Jong Suk has complete trust and confidence in his subordinates, always uses the opinion
and ideas of subordinates and communicates downward and upward channels.

Pygmalion Effect
“Employees tend to act in the way they are expected to act by their leaders”

McGregor Theory
Theory X: Lazy, work for salary
Theory Y: Hardworking, self-motivated
Theory Z: Self-controlled, quality of work
Theory Z: Collective decision making/responsibility
Theory Z: Flexible schedule, job security, worker concern (Ouchi)

Identify: Theory
(1) MT manager observes that some leaders believe that medtech staff dislike work and will try everything to
avoid it.
(2) What theory will show managers that will be participatory in their leadership style?
(3) The use of quality circles, collective decision making and collective responsibility is associated with this
theory.

Other Leadership Styles

1. Autocratic – Self-centered
o Makes decisions alone
o Little to no input from team
o Control-focused
2. Democratic – Shared authority
o Encourages team input
o Values participation and discussion
3. Bureaucratic – Structure-oriented
o Follows rules and procedures strictly
o Relies on hierarchy and formal processes
4. Laissez-faire – Permissive type
o Hands-off approach
o Minimal direction or supervision
o Employees make decisions independently
5. Charismatic – Attraction seeker
o Leads by charm and personal appeal
o Inspires and motivates through personality
o May overshadow the team or system

Identify: Leadership Styles

(1) MT Manager Cleo came across a style of leadership that is preferred when the followers know what to do and are
experts in the field. Which of the following style best fits this situation?

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Motivation – Level of desire employees feel to perform, regardless of the level of happiness. The driving forces
that make people act as they do.

3 major theories:
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
People are motivated by 5 levels of needs (from basic to growth):
1. Physiological – food, water
2. Safety – job security, stability
3. Love/Belonging – friendships, team
4. Esteem – recognition, respect
5. Self-Actualization – personal growth, reaching potential

2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg identified two sets of factors: Hygiene factors (e.g., salary, working conditions) prevent dissatisfaction, but
don’t motivate; while Motivators (e.g., achievement, recognition, responsibility) lead to job satisfaction and
motivation.
Improving hygiene factors stops complaints, but real motivation comes from enhancing the nature of the work itself.
To motivate, focus on meaningful work and recognition.

3. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

Vroom believed that motivation is based on three elements:
 Expectancy (belief that effort leads to success),
 Instrumentality (belief that success will be rewarded),
 Valence (how much the person values the reward).
If any of these is low, motivation drops.
 People work harder when they believe their effort will lead to valued rewards.

Skills of Manager:
1. Organizational skills: Conceptualize and apply management process, systematize work flow, make
decisions
2. People Skills: Understands basic theories of human needs
3. Financial Skills: Effective use of and accounting for the monetary assets of the company.
4. Technical Skills: Involve the synthesis of the first 3 skills and the management of physical resources
(Supplies, Equipment, Facilities) into the operational parameters.

Operating costs are what it costs to produce test results. This includes direct and indirect costs.
Direct costs are directly associated with producing test results. These include supplies and labor.
Indirect costs indirectly contribute to producing laboratory test results. These include electricity, water, paper
towels, soap, bleach, computer software, and the labor that supports these services, as well as labor costs.
Fixed costs remain the same from month to month no matter how many tests are produced.
Variable costs change with the amount of work performed.

Laboratory Information System

--Network of computers
--incorporate all aspects of the informational needs of laboratory and its customers
--from the intake of requests and processing of workflow to the delivery of results.
Components of Computer
1.Hardware - physical components of the computer
Input
Output
Storage

2.Software - instructions in human language into machine language.

Information System
Collection and integration of various pieces of hardware and software and the human resources that meet data
collection, storage, processing, and report generations needs of an organization

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Network
The set of interconnected computers that through hardware and software technology, work cooperatively for the
purpose of information and application program exchange
Identify: Computers
(1) The physical components of the computer including electronic circuits, microchips, processors and the
other board is called:
A. Information system
B. Network
C. Hardware
D. Software
(2) NOT a hardware component of a computer
A. CPU
B. MS Windows 2009
C. ROM
D. Screen and pointers

Suggested Guidelines for Record and Specimen Retentions

Records Retention Specimen type Retention
Requisitions: Accession logs 2 years Serum/CSF/Body fluids 48 hours
Maintenance/Instrument logs 2 years Urine 24 hours
Quality Control records 2 years Blood/Fluid smears 7 days
BB Donor/Receipt records 10 years Microbiologic stained slides 7 days
BB patient records 10 years Wet tissues 2 weeks
BB Employees signature 10 years Surgical pathology slides 10 years
BB QC records 5 years Paraffin blocks or slide 10 years
Clinical Pathology test records 2 years Cytology Slides 5 years
Reports (Surgical/Cytology/Non- 10 years FNA Slides 10 years
forensic) Cytogenetic slides 3 years
Cytogenetic reports/images 20 years
Flow cytometry plots/histograms 10 years

Laboratory Safety

⚠ Hazards in the Clinical Laboratory

Type of Hazard Source(s) Possible Injury or Risk
Blood, body fluids, microbiological samples, Infection (Hepatitis B/C, HIV, TB), allergic
Biological
cultures reactions
Cuts, puncture wounds, risk of infection through
Sharps Needles, broken glass, lancets, scalpels
bloodborne pathogens
Reagents, solvents (e.g., formaldehyde, acids, Skin burns, respiratory irritation, poisoning,
Chemical
alcohols) allergic reactions
Radiolabeled substances used in diagnostics or
Radioactive Radiation exposure, tissue damage, cancer risk
research
Faulty wiring, uncovered sockets, malfunctioning
Electrical Electric shock, burns, equipment fire
equipment
Flammable chemicals, pressurized gases, faulty
Fire/Explosive Burns, explosion injuries, respiratory damage
electrical devices
Slippery floors, poor lighting, noise, repetitive Falls, back injuries, strains, ergonomic disorders,
Physical
motion, lifting heavy items eye strain

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA)

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Yellow Quadrant White Quadrant Blue Quadrant Red Quadrant

Reactivity / Stability Hazard Specific Hazard Health Hazard Flammability Hazard

0 = Stable OXY = Oxidizer 0 = Normal Material 0 = Will not burn

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O
1 = Unstable if heated ACID = Acid 1 = Slightly hazardous 1 = Above 200 F
O
2 = Violent chemical change ALK = Alkali 2 = Hazardous 2 = Below 200 F
O
3 = Shock & heat may detonate COR = Corrosive 3 = Extreme danger 3 = Bellow 100 F
O
4 = May deteriorate W = Use no water 4 = Deadly 4 = Bellow 73 F

☢ = Radiation

Biological Hazards
 Biohazard warning labels, signs and containers (Bags, boxes, receptacles, etc.) are to be fluorescent orange-
red.

Chain of Infection (6 Links)

Process of how infections spread. Breaking any link prevents infection.
Link Meaning Example
1. Agent Germ causing disease Bacteria, virus
2. Reservoir Where germs live Humans, animals, surfaces
3. Portal of Exit How germs leave Cough, blood, urine
4. Transmission How germs spread Direct contact, air, droplets
5. Portal of Entry How germs enter new host Nose, mouth, broken skin
6. Susceptible Host Person at risk of infection Elderly, unvaccinated, weak immune system

Handwashing- Most effective way of breaking the chain of infection!

1. Wet hands with warm water
2. Apply antimicrobial soap
3. Rub to form a lather, create friction, and loosen debris
4. Thoroughly clean between fingers, including thumbs, under fingernails & rings, and up to the wrist, for at
least 20 seconds
5. Rinse hands in a downward position
6. Dry with a paper towel
7. Turn off faucets with a clean paper towel to prevent recontamination

Laboratory acquired infections

● LAIs are mostly transmitted through parenteral inoculations like needlesticks or contaminated sharps, spills
and splashes, and inhalation of chemicals
● Infectious agents that pose the greatest risk are those transmitted by Aerosols (thru pipetting, flaming loops,
agar plates streaking, and centrifugation)
● Five most common LAIs are Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and Viral Hepatitis.
● Handwashing: cornerstone for preventing the spread of infections.
● Surface Decontamination

● 10% of common household bleach inactivates hepatitis B virus in 10 minutes and HIV in two minutes.

Sharps Hazard
Number one safety rule: Never recap a needle
Sharps container should be: Puncture resistant, Leak-proof, labelled with biohazard symbol, Located in close
proximity to the phlebotomy work.

Chemical Hazard
Transport of Chemicals
• Safety carriers for transport should be provided for bottles of acids and alkalis with volumes greater than
500 ml.
• Chemicals should not be arranged and stored alphabetically
• The maximum working volume of flammable solvents allowed outside storage cabinets is 5 gallons per
room.

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•
Fire Hazard

Classes of Fire Type of Hazard Type of Extinguisher

Type A Ordinary combustibles; paper, cloth rubbish, plastics, Pressurized water, dry chemical,
wood loaded steam

Type B Flammable liquids Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon

foam

Type C EleCtriCal equipment and motor switches Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon

Type D Flammable metals: mercury, magnesium, sodium, lithium Metal X, sand; fought by fire fighters
only

Type E Detonation (Arsenal Fire) Allowed to burn out; nearby

materials protected

Type K Cooking media: grease, fats, oil Liquid designed to prev. splashing &
cool the fire

Quality Control

Equipment Indicator for monitoring Frequency of QC testing

Analytical balance Accuracy of Weights At least once a year

Biofreezer and Refrigerator Temperature (Thermometer) Daily

Biohazard hood Air flow At least once a year

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Centrifuge Check RPM Biannual

Fume Hood Face velocity and operation At least once a year

Pipette Piston Every 3 to 6 months

Water Bath and Heating Temperature Daily

Block

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