🖥️ Basic Computer Abbreviations
Acronym Full Form
CPU Central Processing Unit
GPU Graphics Processing Unit
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
CU Control Unit
SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply
BIOS Basic Input Output System
USB Universal Serial Bus
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
SSD Solid State Drive
HDD Hard Disk Drive
🌐 Networking
Acronym Full Form
IP Internet Protocol
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTPS HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
FTP File Transfer Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
POP Post Office Protocol
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
VPN Virtual Private Network
MAC Media Access Control
DNS Domain Name System
URL Uniform Resource Locator
💻 Software & Programming
Acronym Full Form
OOP Object Oriented Programming
API Application Programming Interface
IDE Integrated Development Environment
HTML HyperText Markup Language
CSS Cascading Style Sheets
SQL Structured Query Language
DBMS Database Management System
RDBMS Relational Database Management System
SDK Software Development Kit
GUI Graphical User Interface
CLI Command Line Interface
JSON JavaScript Object Notation
XML eXtensible Markup Language
🔐 Security & Cryptography
Acronym Full Form
SSL Secure Socket Layer
TLS Transport Layer Security
VPN Virtual Private Network
OTP One Time Password
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
RSA Rivest Shamir Adleman (encryption algorithm)
MAC Message Authentication Code
IPSec Internet Protocol Security
🧠 AI, Data, and Computing
Acronym Full Form
AI Artificial Intelligence
ML Machine Learning
DL Deep Learning
IoT Internet of Things
AR Augmented Reality
VR Virtual Reality
NLP Natural Language Processing
BI Business Intelligence
DS Data Science
CNN Convolutional Neural Network
RPA Robotic Process Automation
🗄️ Operating System & Storage
Acronym Full Form
OS Operating System
DOS Disk Operating System
GUI Graphical User Interface
NTFS New Technology File System
FAT File Allocation Table
EXT Extended File System
BIOS Basic Input Output System
POST Power On Self Test
🧠 Internet & Web Terms
Acronym Full Form
WWW World Wide Web
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
ISP Internet Service Provider
IP Internet Protocol
DNS Domain Name System
URL Uniform Resource Locator
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTML HyperText Markup Language
⚙️ Miscellaneous
Acronym Full Form
PDF Portable Document Format
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
PNG Portable Network Graphics
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
CD Compact Disc
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
VGA Video Graphics Array
HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
🌐 HTML Basic Tags List
Tag Description / Use
<!DOCTYPE html> Defines the document type and version of HTML
<html> Root element of an HTML page
<head> Contains metadata, title, CSS, etc.
<title> Sets the title of the web page (shown in browser tab)
<body> Contains the main visible content of the webpage
<h1> to <h6> Heading tags — <h1> is the largest, <h6> the smallest
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br> Inserts a single line break
<hr> Inserts a horizontal line (divider)
<b> Makes text bold
<i> Makes text italic
<u> Underlines text
<strong> Defines important text (bold with meaning)
<em> Emphasized text (italic with meaning)
<small> Displays smaller text
<mark> Highlights text
<del> Shows deleted text (strikethrough)
<ins> Shows inserted text (underlined)
<sub> Subscript text (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>O)
<sup> Superscript text (e.g., x<sup>2</sup>)
📋 Text and Structure Tags
Tag Description / Use
<div> Defines a division or section (block-level)
<span> Used for grouping inline elements
<pre> Displays preformatted text (keeps spaces and line breaks)
<blockquote> Defines a quoted section
<code> Displays computer code
<q> Short quotation
<abbr> Abbreviation (shows full form on hover)
<address> Defines contact information
🔗 Links and Images
Tag Description / Use
<a> Creates a hyperlink (<a href="URL">text</a>)
<img> Displays an image (<img src="[Link]" alt="text">)
<map> Defines an image map
<area> Defines clickable areas in an image map
📦 Lists
Tag Description / Use
<ul> Unordered list (bullets)
<ol> Ordered list (numbers)
<li> List item
<dl> Definition list
<dt> Definition term
<dd> Definition description
🧾 Table Tags
Tag Description / Use
<table> Creates a table
<tr> Table row
<th> Table header cell
<td> Table data cell
<caption> Table title
<thead> Groups header content
<tbody> Groups body content
<tfoot> Groups footer content
📝 Form Tags
Tag Description / Use
<form> Creates an input form
<input> Input field (text, checkbox, radio, etc.)
<label> Label for form elements
<textarea> Multi-line text input
<button> Creates a clickable button
<select> Drop-down list
<option> Option in a drop-down list
<fieldset> Groups related form elements
<legend> Caption for <fieldset>
🎨 Media & Formatting
Tag Description / Use
<audio> Embeds sound/audio
<video> Embeds a video
<source> Specifies media source for <audio> or <video>
<embed> Embeds external content (like flash, pdf, etc.)
<iframe> Embeds another webpage inside current page
⚙️ Metadata & Scripting
Tag Description / Use
<meta> Defines metadata (like charset, description, keywords)
<link> Links external resources (like CSS files)
<style> Internal CSS styling
<script> Adds JavaScript code or links external JS file
<noscript> Content shown if JavaScript is disabled
🏷️ Semantic HTML5 Tags (Important for Modern Web)
Tag Description / Use
<header> Header section of a webpage
<footer> Footer section
<nav> Navigation links
<section> Defines a section in a document
<article> Defines an article/content block
<aside> Sidebar or extra content
<main> Main content of the document
<figure> Container for images, diagrams, etc.
<figcaption> Caption for <figure>
🧾 Common PHP Statements & Keywords
Keyword / Function Meaning / Use Example
echo Outputs text or variable echo "Hello";
print Outputs text (similar to print "Hi";
echo)
var_dump() Displays variable info var_dump($x);
(type + value)
include Includes another file include "[Link]";
require Includes file (but stops if require "[Link]";
file not found)
if, else, elseif Conditional statements if($a>5){...}
switch Multi-condition selection switch($x){ case 1: ... }
for, while, foreach Loop statements foreach($arr as $val)
function Defines a function function
sum($a,$b){return
$a+$b;}
return Returns a value from a return $result;
function
class Defines a class (OOP) class Car { ... }
new Creates an object $obj = new Car();
public, private, protected Access modifiers in OOP private $name;
$GLOBALS, $_SERVER, Superglobals — built-in $_POST["name"]
$_POST, $_GET, $_SESSION, arrays for data handling
$_COOKIE
try, catch, finally Exception handling try { ... }
catch(Exception $e) { ...
}
🗂️ Common PHP Data Types
Type Example
String "Hello"
Integer 123
Float / Double 12.5
Boolean true, false
Array array(1,2,3)
Object new ClassName()
NULL NULL
Resource Database connection, etc.
🧾 PHP Variable Rules
Rule Example
Variables start with $ $name = "Kajal";
Case-sensitive $Name ≠ $name
Must start with letter or _ $_age = 20;
🔤 PHP Output Tags
Tag / Function Use Example
echo Print output echo "Welcome!";
print Print single statement print "Hello";
print_r() Print array data print_r($array);
var_dump() Print variable with details var_dump($x);
🧾 What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to store, manage, and retrieve data in a
database.
📂 Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands
These commands define or change the structure of the database (tables, schemas, etc.).
Command Full Use / Description Example
Form
CREATE Create Creates a new database CREATE TABLE students (id
object (table, view, etc.) INT, name VARCHAR(50));
ALTER Alter Modifies an existing ALTER TABLE students ADD
table (add/modify age INT;
column)
DROP Drop Deletes a table or DROP TABLE students;
database permanently
TRUNCATE Truncate Removes all records but TRUNCATE TABLE students;
keeps the table structure
RENAME Rename Changes the name of a RENAME TABLE students TO
table learners;
💾 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands
These commands are used to manipulate data stored in tables.
Command Use / Description Example
INSERT Adds new data into a INSERT INTO students VALUES (1, 'Kajal',
table 21);
UPDATE Modifies existing data UPDATE students SET age = 22 WHERE id
= 1;
DELETE Deletes existing data DELETE FROM students WHERE id = 1;
🔍 Data Query Language (DQL) Commands
Used to retrieve or query data from the database.
Command Use / Description Example
SELECT Retrieves data from one or SELECT * FROM students;
more tables
SELECT name, age FROM students
WHERE age > 18;
🔐 Data Control Language (DCL) Commands
Used to control access/permissions to the database.
Command Use / Description Example
GRANT Gives access permission to GRANT SELECT ON students TO user1;
users
REVOKE Removes granted permissions REVOKE SELECT ON students FROM
user1;
🔄 Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands
Used to manage database transactions and ensure data consistency.
Command Use / Description Example
COMMIT Saves all changes permanently COMMIT;
ROLLBACK Undoes changes since last ROLLBACK;
COMMIT
SAVEPOINT Creates a point to which you SAVEPOINT sp1;
can roll back
SET Defines a transaction property SET TRANSACTION READ
TRANSACTION WRITE;
📊 Clauses (Used with SELECT)
Clause Use / Description Example
WHERE Filters rows SELECT * FROM students WHERE age >
18;
ORDER BY Sorts data SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY
name ASC;
GROUP BY Groups rows by column SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM emp
GROUP BY dept;
HAVING Filters groups (used SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM emp
with GROUP BY) GROUP BY dept HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;
DISTINCT Removes duplicate SELECT DISTINCT city FROM students;
values
LIMIT / Limits number of rows SELECT * FROM students LIMIT 5;
TOP returned
🔗 Joins (Combining Data from Multiple Tables)
Join Type Use / Description Example
INNER Returns matching rows SELECT * FROM A INNER JOIN B ON
JOIN from both tables [Link] = [Link];
LEFT Returns all rows from left + SELECT * FROM A LEFT JOIN B ON
JOIN matched from right [Link] = [Link];
RIGHT Returns all rows from right SELECT * FROM A RIGHT JOIN B ON
JOIN + matched from left [Link] = [Link];
FULL Returns all rows from both SELECT * FROM A FULL JOIN B ON
JOIN tables [Link] = [Link];
SELF Joins a table with itself SELECT [Link], [Link] FROM emp A,
JOIN emp B WHERE A.mgr_id = B.emp_id;
🧾 SQL Aggregate Functions
Function Use / Description Example
COUNT() Counts total rows SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students;
SUM() Adds values SELECT SUM(salary) FROM emp;
AVG() Calculates average SELECT AVG(marks) FROM students;
MIN() Finds smallest value SELECT MIN(age) FROM students;
MAX() Finds largest value SELECT MAX(age) FROM students;
📋 SQL Constraints
Constraint Purpose Example
PRIMARY Unique + Not id INT PRIMARY KEY
KEY Null
FOREIGN Links two tables FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES
KEY department(id)
UNIQUE No duplicate email VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE
values
NOT NULL Value cannot be name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
null
CHECK Condition CHECK (age >= 18)
validation
DEFAULT Sets default value city VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'Delhi'
