DE unit 3

Sequential circuits:-
The sequential circuit is a special type of circuit that has a series of inputs
and outputs. The outputs of the sequential circuits depends on both the
combination of present inputs and previous outputs.
The previous output is treated as the present state.
So, the sequential circuit contains the combinational circuit and its
memory storage elements.
A sequential circuit doesn’t need to always contain a combinational circuit.
So, the sequential circuit can contain only the memory element.

#di erence :-
s. Combinational circuit Sequential circuit
no.
1) The Outputs of combination The output of the sequential
circuit depends only on the circuit depends on both present
present inputs. input and present state( previous
output).
2) The feedback path is not The feedback path is present in
present in the combination the sequential circuit.
circuit.
3) Pin combinations against In the sequential circuit memory
memory elements are not elements plays an important role
required. and required.
4) The clock signal is not The clock signal is required for
required for combinational sequential circuit
circuits.
5) The combinational circuit is It is not simple to design a
simple to design. sequential circuit.

Types of sequential circuits:-

 1) asynchronous sequential circuits:-
 The cloak signals are not used by asynchronous sequential
circuit. The asynchronous circuit is operated through the
pulses.
 So, the changes in the input can change the state of the circuit.
The asynchronous circuits do not use clock pulses.
 The internal state is changed when the input variable is
changed. The un-clocked flip flops or time delayed are the
memory elements of asynchronous sequential circuits.
 The asynchronous sequential circuit is similar to
combinational circuits with feedback.

2) Synchronous sequential circuits:-

 In synchronous sequential circuits, synchronisation of the
memory elements state is done by the clock signal.
 The output is stored in either free flops or latches(memory
devices).
 This synchronisation of the Outputs is done with either only
negative edges of the clock signal or only positive edges.

Latches:-
Latches are digital circuits that store a single bit of information and holds
its value until it is updated by new input signals.
They are using digital systems as temporary storage elements to store
binary information.
Latches can be implemented using various digital logic gates such as AND,
OR, NOT, NOR and NAND gates.

SR latch using NOR gate:-

Truth table:-
R S Qn Qn’
1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 (set)
0 1 0 1 (hold)
1 1 X X (reset)
(invalid)
SR latch using NAND gate:-

S R Qn Qn’
0 1 1 0 (set)
1 1 1 0 (hold)
1 0 0 1
(reset)
0 0 X X
(invalid

Flip flops:-
A circuit that has two stable states is treated as a flip flop. These stable
states are used to store binary data that can be changed by applying
varying inputs.

There are mainly four types of flip flops:-

 RS flip flop
 JK flip flop
 D flip flop
 T flip flop

#di erence:-
LATCH FLIP FLOP
Latches do not require clock Flip flops have clock signals.
signals.
A latch an asynchronous device. A flip flop is a synchronous device.
Latches are transparent devices ie A transition from low to high or high
when they are enabled, the output to low of the clock signal will cause
changes immediately Input the flip flop to either change its
changes. output or retain it depending on the
input signal.
A latch is a level sensitive A flip flop is and Edge sensitive
device(Level triggering is involved). device
(edge triggering is involved).
The operation of a latch is faster as Flip flops are comparatively slower
they do not have to wait for any than latches due to clock signal.
clock signal.
The power requirement of a latch is Power recruitment of a flip flop is
less. more.
A latch works based on the enable A flip flop works based on the clock
signal. signal.

1) RS flip flop:-

The RS flip flop is used to store binary information (i.e. 0 and 1). It
consists of two inputs, SET and RESET. In RS flip-flop ‘R’ stands for
RESET and ‘S’ stands for SET.
Characteristic table:-
R S Present state Next state
Qn Qn+1
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 X
1 1 1 X

Excitation table:-
Qn Qn+1 R S
0 0 X 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 X
 2) JK flip flop:-

Characteristic equation:-

Characteristic table:- Excitation table:-

J K Present Next
state Qn state
Qn+1
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

3) D flip flop:-
Characteristic table:- excitation table:-

D Qn Qn+1 Qn Qn+1 D
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

Characteristic equation:-

4) T flip flop:-
Characteristic table:- Excitation table:-

T Qn Qn+1 Qn Qn+1 T
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 0

Characteristic equation:-

Conversion(RS flip flop to D flip flop):-

1) Given FF -> RS - (excitation table)
2) Required FF -> D - (characteristic table)

Required flip flop Given flip flop

D Qn Qn+1 R S
0 0 0 X 0
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 X
Introduction to shift register:-

A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where

the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next.
They share a single clock signal, which causes the data stored in the
system to shift from one location to the next.

Classification of shift register:-

1. Classification based on the mode of input and output:-
a) SISO (Serial In serial Out).
b) SIPO (Serial In Parallel Out).
c) PISO (Parallel In Serial Out).
d) PIPO (Parallel In Parallel Out).

2. Classification based on the mode of shift:-

a) Shift Left Register.
b) Shift Right Register.
c) Bidirectional Shift Register.
Universal shift register

a) SISO:-
b) SIPO:-

c) PIPO:-

d) PISO:-
Shift left register:-

Shift right register:-

Bidirectional shift register:-

Universal shift register:-

 Introduction to counters
A special type of sequential circuit used to count the pulse is known as a
counter, or a collection of flip flops where the clock signal is applied is
known as counters.
The counter is one of the widest applications of the flip flop. Based on the
clock pulse, the output of the counter contains a predefined state. The
number of the pulse can be counted using the output of the counter.

There are two types of counters:

1) Ripple/Asynchronous or Non-Synchronous/Serial counter
2) Synchronous or Parallel counter

S. No. Synchronous sequential circuit Asynchronous sequential circ.

1) In Synchronous circuit, memory In asynchronous circuits,
elements are clocked flip flops. memory elements are either
unclocked flip flops or time
delayed elements.
2) In circuits, the change in input In a synchronous circuits
signals can a ect memory change in input signals can
element upon activation of a ect memory element at any
clock signal. instant of time.
3) The maximum operating speed Because of absence of clock,
of clock depends on time delays asynchronous circuits can
involved. operate faster than
synchronous circuits.
4) Easier to design. More di icult to design.

3 bit Asynchronous/Ripple/Up Ripple counter:-

Table:-
Clock Qc Qb Qa
pulse
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
7 1 1 1

4 bit Asynchronous circuit:-

2 bit asynchronous down counter:-

Table:-
CP Qb Qa
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 1 0
3 0 1
4 0 0
3 bit Up/Down counter:-

Introduction to synchronous counter;-

In synchronous counter, the clock input across all the flip flops are the
same source and create the same clock signal at the same time. So, a
counter which is using the same clock signal from the same source at the
same time is called synchronous counter.

3 bit synchronous/up counter:-

a) Using t flip flop:-

000  001  010  011  100  101  110  111

State table:-

Present state Next state Tc Tb Ta

Qc Qb Qa Qc’ Qb’ Qa’
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

Through excitation table of t flip flop…

k-map:-

b) Using jk flip flop:-

4 bit synchronous/up circuit:-

2 bit synchronous down counter:-

Table:-

Present state Next state

Qb qa Qb’ Qa’ Tb Ta
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1

K map:-

Implementation:-
Ques: Design a MOD-4 Synchronous counter using JK Flip Flop and
implement it.
00  01  10  11

Present state Next state Flip flop

Qb Qa Qb’ Qa’ Jb Kb Ja Ka
0 0 0 1 0 X 1 X
0 1 1 0 1 X X 1
1 0 1 1 X 0 1 X
1 1 0 0 X 1 X 1

Kmap:

Implementation:-
Ring counter:-
A ring counter is a typical application of the shift register. The ring counter
is almost the same as the shift counter. The only change is that the output
of the last flip flop is connected to the input of the first flip flop in the case
of the ring counter but in the case of the shift register it is taken as output.
Expect for this, all the other things are the same.

Johnson counter:-
Johnson counter also known as creeping counter, is an example of
synchronous counter. In johnson counter, the complemented output of last
flip flop is connected to input of first flip flop and to implement n-bit
Johnson counter we require n flip flop. It is one of the most important type
of shift register counter.
It is formed by the feedback of the output to its own input.
Johnson counter is a ring with an inversion.