MORALIA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

José María Morelos y Pavón

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SUBJECT:
POTENTIAL TOPICS

PRACTICE REPORT No. 3

SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER
CONTROLADO CON CARGARLE”
MEMBER:

JUAN JESUS SILVA ROMERO

[Link]:
10120970

PROFESSOR:
M.C. BALDEMARMAYAFLORES

October 2013
1 OBJECTIVE
Design a controlled single-phase full-wave rectifier with load
resistive, inductive, and voltage source, which is the equivalent model of a motor
of direct current. Demonstrating the different performance parameters of
rectifier, input waveforms, in the components, as well as
the characteristics of each component in terms of current and voltage.

2 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of full-wave rectifiers is the same as that of half-wave rectifiers.

wave, generate a specific direct voltage or current from a source
of alternating current. Full-wave rectifiers offer better
comparative advantages of half-wave. The most important advantage is
that the average current in the AC power supply system of the rectifier is
zero, thus avoiding the problems associated with the phenomenon of saturation of the
electric machines connected to the same power bus in current
alternating due to the harmonics generated by the rectification system.
Additionally, it reduces ripple in the output currents on the bus.
direct current and a higher value of voltage and direct current is obtained
for the same power supply

2.1 APPLICATIONS
Battery chargers.
Sources of power.
Speed and position control of direct current machines.
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission.
Exciter of synchronous machines.
Electro filters.

2.2 SCR [1] (SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER)

It is a bistable semiconductor device made up of three pn junctions with the
PNPN arrangement. It consists of three terminals, called Anode, Cathode and
Gate. The conduction between the anode and cathode is controlled by the terminal.
of the gate. It is a unidirectional element (the direction of the current is unique),
almost ideal switch, rectifier, and amplifier at the same time.

The gate is responsible for controlling the flow of current between the anode and
the cathode. It essentially functions as a controlled rectifier diode,
allowing current to flow in one direction. As long as it is not applied
no voltage at the SCR door, conduction does not start and at the moment
when that voltage is applied, the thyristor begins to conduct. Operating in
In alternating current, the SCR turns off by natural commutation in each alternation.
the semicircle. Working in direct current, a blocking circuit is needed.
forced, or interrupt the circuit.

Fig. 1. Internal composition of SCR modeling.

The firing pulse must have a considerable duration, or else it should be repetitive if it
is working on alternating current. In this last case, depending on whether it is delayed or
forward the firing pulse, the point at which the current passes is controlled
load. Once the SCR is turned on, the gate voltage can be removed and the thyristor
will continue driving until the charging current drops below
from the maintenance current.

When a sudden change in voltage occurs between the anode and cathode of a
Thyristor, it can trigger and enter conduction even without gate current.
Therefore, the maximum rate of voltage rise is given as a characteristic that
it allows to keep the SCR locked. This effect occurs due to the
parasitic capacitor existing between the gate and the anode.

2.3 MODELING OF A DC MOTOR

DC motors are the most common and economical,
generally made up of two permanent magnets fixed in the casing and
a series of copper windings located on the motor shaft, which
They are usually three and are widely used at an industrial level.
DC motors allow a wide range of speed and
they can provide a high torque-motor with simpler and more economical control
than any alternating current motor. Currently, the control methods
speed has developed considerably and the most common are
field current speed control and speed control by
armature current, which are nonlinear control techniques.
 Fig. . Diagram of the structure of an engine.

A direct current motor is composed of a stator or inductor that is the

fixed part of the motor and a rotor or armature which is the moving part. The motor to be used is
a separately excited motor, whose main characteristic is the coil
(inductor) that generates the magnetic field is not found within the circuit
of the motor, that is to say there is no electrical connection between the rotor and the stator.

Fig. 2. Diagram of a DC motor model.

The model has electrical characteristics that consist of: the tension of
rotor feeding the current that will flow through the rotor as well
known for armature current, the resistance of the rotor winding, the
inductance of the rotor winding, is the back electromotive force of the motor,

For the engine to fulfill its function, a load is usually placed on it.
mechanics in the rotor shaft and the mechanical characteristics will depend on this
which are: ω the angular speed of rotation at which the rotor works, J the
equivalent moment of inertia of the rotor axis with the load that is intended to be placed,
β the coefficient of viscous friction.

2.3.1 Counter Electromotive Force [3]

It is the tension generated between the terminals of the motor, just like the windings.
move through the motor's magnetic field. The back actually
it opposes the driving tension and is proportional to the speed of the
motor
 Fig. 3 Illustration of the counter electromotive force.

2.4 CONTROL OF LINEAR DEVIATION

To make a control for an SCR that triggers at a certain angle of the signal
input for which a linear phase control circuit is implemented
so that at a certain angle of the input voltage this circuit activates the SCR
through a pulse that is sufficiently wide to activate the
SCR gate, activating for a certain time and turning off by switching.
It is natural for the input signal to drop below the maintenance voltage.
turning off the device, and thereby it is possible to be varying the voltage
average in the load that is in the main circuit with the SCR, which is how
it is modifying the average voltage in the load that also modifies the
average current of the load.

One of the advantages of this configuration for a trigger circuit is

the change of the firing pulse is linear and unlike the control circuit
The sine-cosine phase is that if the control voltage was slightly adjusted for the
This shot does not have a proportion with the inverting integrator of the first stage.
of the circuit. Phase control circuits have a particular voltage with the
which have to be compared that goes from 0 to 180 of the
positive semicircle or the negative semicircle which would be from 180 to 360,
that serves as a reference to which the SCR is turned on or once.
upon reaching that reference point, send a pulse and start conducting the SCR
activating the energy provided from the voltage source.
 Fig. Schematic of the analog linear phase control.

One of the things that had to be kept an eye on was at the time of being
working with angles close to 180° since in this case the pulse
sent by the comparator with the control voltage would be very small in
some cases to be able to activate the SCR gate having to
implement more devices to keep this pulse delivered enough
so that I can turn on the SCR.

3 DEVELOPMENT
The practice consists of developing a controlled single-phase rectifier with
resistive load, inductive load, and with voltage source, which is the representation
equivalent to a direct current motor.

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the full-wave rectifier with RLE load.

In this circuit with resistive load, the current of the load has an identical shape.
to the output voltage. In practice, the load current depends on the values
of the resistance and the inductance of the load. A source is also added
of constant tension, that if the input voltage is , √
then the voltage of each component must equal the total voltage of
entry by Kirchhoff's laws, resulting in the expression as follows:

If the current in the load is expressed as it can be deduced as:

√ ()
( )

Where the impedance of the load is expressed as

√ ( )

And the impedance angle:

()

During the positive half-cycle of the voltage source, thyristors one and three are
they find polarized in real time while components two and four in
inversor. Durante este semiciclo, al recibir pulso de disparo por la compuerta los
SCR one and three enter conduction and the current flows through the components.

Fig. 5 Current circulation during the positive semicycle.

Thyristors one and three can turn off naturally if the current goes through
zero before SCR two and four receive power-on command during the
negative semicircle of the source. Additionally, these thyristors can also
forcefully turn off devices two and four when turning them on which
they will provide a new circulation path for the load current during
the negative half-cycle of the source. In Fig. 6, the path is presented
current circulation during the negative half-cycle of the source with the
devices two and four on.

Fig. 6 Current circulation during the negative semicycle.

3.1 NON-CONTINUOUS CONDITION OF CURRENT

When the shutdown of components occurs naturally.( ), ()
in this operation the current over the load is zero for a period of time,
in which none of the electronic components conduct current. Another
the way to determine this operating condition is by calculating the angle of
the shutdown of the components which must be less than that of the startup of the
devices to switch( ( )).

Fig. 7 Voltage waveform at the load and input.

 Fig. 8 Waveform of the current in the non-continuous load.

Figures 7 and 8 show the waveforms of voltage and current over the
load. Figure 8 shows the current waveform supplied to the
rectifier the alternating source in non-continuous condition.

Fig. 9 Waveform of the current supplied by the input source.

3.1.1 Calculation of the Firing Angle Limit of SCRs

The thyristor starts to conduct when its anode-cathode voltage is greater than zero.
What is it when the input voltage exceeds the source voltage?
load tension, which in this case is the voltage in the armature for which
the limits are expressed as:
 √ ( )

( )
√

()
√

( )
√

By substituting the values for the practical characteristics, it is found that the limits of
shooting angle remains

3.1.2 Current in the load

To find the cutoff angle, it is necessary to determine when the
current naturally goes through zero, being the current in the load:
( )
√
() [ ( ) ( ( ) () ]
() ()
Where the impedance of the load is expressed as

(√ )

()

Substituting the values with practical values, it is found that the impedance of the
charge, phase angle of the current wave and the relationship of the source of
constant tension with the input voltage.

(√ ) ( )√

√ √

()

( )
As the angle response is expressed in radians, the conversion is made from
radians to degrees, which results in a displacement angle of the angle
of approximately 70°. To verify the previous equation, one
use MatLab to check

The following code is used:

%Constant values
V = 127;
R = 21;
L = 0.147;
E = 31;
f = 60;

%parameters
m=E/(sqrt(2)*V)
Z=sqrt(R^2+(2*pi*f*L)^2)
fi=atan((2*pi*f*L)/R)

%Current
i = sqrt(2)*V/Z*(sin(t-fi)-m/cos(fi)+(m/cos(fi)-sin(a-fi)*exp(-(t-
a)/tan(fi))));
v = sqrt(2) * V * sin(t);

3.1.3 Calculation of the cutoff angle

The shut-off angle (β) is calculated by setting this expression to zero. The
the equation becomes zero if V = 0 or these two solutions are trivial and
they imply that the circuit is not being powered by any voltage source or not
it has a connected load, so the only way for the expression to be zero is
that the term in brackets equals zero, but it has no solution
analytics for β, this type of expression is known as an equation
transcendental and its solution is numerical. In this case for the solution of it
Equation was used with the software 'matlab' where it already defines a function for
solution of nonlinear homogeneous equations.

Where the code used is:

V = 127;
R = 21;
L = 0.147;
E = 31;
f = 60;

%parameters
m=E/(sqrt(2)*V)
Z=sqrt(R^2+(2*pi*f*L)^2)
fi=atan((2*pi*f*L)/R)
Calculation of the shutdown angle
b = fsolve(@(t) sin(t-fi)-m/cos(fi)+(m/cos(fi)-sin(alfa-fi))*exp(-(t-
alfa)/tan(fi)),[pi]

Giving the parameters in radians.

b=

3.7251

With the circuit's turn-off angle being 3.7251 radians, making the
conversion to degrees there is an angle of 213.43° and seeing that the voltage of
the entrance has an angle of 180°, a phase shift of is observed
approximately 33°, with respect to the input sine wave where it passes
from a positive semicircle to a negative semicircle.

3.1.4 Average tension

[∫ √∫ () ]

[ √| | () ]

√ ( )
( ( )( ) ( ) )

√ ( )
(() ( ) ( ) )

As it is a non-continuous current condition, it must be taken into account that the

circuit for it to have a continuous condition must have an angle
of shooting less than 55°, for this condition to be met, but in case
how the shooting angle is analyzed in a non-continuous manner in practice
It was 126.8°. Resulting in an average voltage of 35.03 volts.

3.2 CONTINUOUS CURRENT CONDITION

It corresponds when the shutdown of the components is carried out in a
forced, this occurs when the cutoff angle of the components that
found in conduction is greater than the ignition angle of the
components to switch( ( )).

In this continuous operation condition of direct current in

In a steady state, the current through the load is not zero, since
when it starts to download, the next semicycle of the waveform does not
let the current reach zero having initial conditions in each
semicircle.
 Fig. 10. Waveform of voltages in continuous current operation.

Figures 10 and 11 show the waveforms of voltage and current in the

load, a considerable change is observed with the waveform in
operation of the rectifier not continuous current in which there were lapses
in which only the voltage in the armature existed in the circuit.

Fig. 11. Waveform of the current over the load in continuous operation.

And it can be observed that the current in the load at the start of the next semicycle
negative, where the other two SCRs are activated, the current conditions do not
it is zero if there is no current, having initial conditions.
 Fig. 12. Current shape in the source during continuous current operation.

3.2.1 Calculation of the Firing Angle Limit of SCRs

The thyristor starts conducting when its anode-cathode voltage is greater than zero,
what happens when the input voltage exceeds the voltage of the source
load tension, which in this case is the voltage in the armature for which
the limits are expressed as:

√ ( )

( )
√

()
√

( )
√

To consider that the circuit is in continuous conduction of

the current must comply with:
3.2.2 Current in the load
The equation that expresses the current in the load under steady condition.
current, the expression must have initial conditions of the minimum current
because the thyristor is conducting current due to the inductor.
( ) ( )
√
() [ ( ) ( ( ) () ] ()
() ()

Where the impedance of the load is expressed as

(√ )

()

And once the final conditions are equal to the conditions

initially the circuit is operating in steady state.

3.2.3 Average voltage

[∫ √ (])

[ √| () ]

√
(()) ( )

√
()
4 SIMULATED ANALYSIS

In practice, a motor from a sewing machine that was electric was used.
direct, having a current of 1.2 A. Which had to be characterized by
the measurement of the revolutions with respect to the voltage and current that is applied
enter at the entrance, as well as the voltage was measured in the armature to know
its electromotive force.

4.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENGINE

Current Voltage in the armature Revolutions
12v 205mA 9.8
24v 255mA 20.4v 1500
36v 279mA 31v 2641
48v 284mA 43.1v 3808

Fig. 13. Relationship of motor speed with the firing angle of the SCRs.

And as seen in the table and in Fig. 13, as more voltage is achieved
at the entry into the engine, which is when the firing angle is smaller
regarding the entry, the revolutions per minute which is the speed of the motor
are increasing. When adjusting the voltage and current applied to the winding of the
field. As the field voltage increases, the motor slows down. And when adjusting the
voltage and the current applied to the armature. When increasing the voltage in the
the engine speeds up.

4.2 SIMULATION
Once the motor has been characterized, and taking into account the voltages applied to it
They will be applied to the motor, there is an idea of the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
a direct current motor, without neglecting that the motor was subjected to
impedance analyzer to know the value of the inductor and the resistance in
series they had.

Fig. 14. Schematic of the semi-controlled rectifier, Full Bridge, with RLE load.

Where it is observed in Fig. 14. The scheme of the semi-controlled rectifier,

given that only half of the circuit is controlled, which can be either the first
diodes or those that close the circuit, it must also be taken into account that the
The pulse that activates the SCR is referenced to the cathode of the same device. And
thanks to the impedance analyzer, the values of the inductor and the
resistance represented by the winding and its resistance.
 200V

100V

0V

-100V

-200V
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(REF,0) V(D4:2,V11:-)
Time

Fig. 15. Waveforms of the input voltage and the voltage across the load.

In Fig. 15. The waveforms of the input voltage and the voltage are shown.
in the load, it is observed how the voltage is initially at a current level
It continues and when the thyristor is turned on, the voltage of the source is present.

Fig. 16. Average voltage waveform across the load with respect to the
entry.

Figure 16 also shows the average voltage at the load, with respect to
the input having an average value of 35.192 volts, which is when the
the SCR trigger is close to 130°, and as the input voltage is
180 volts maximum.
 200V

100V

0V

-100V

-200V
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(D4:2,V11:-) AVG(V(ref,0)) V(REF,0)
Time

Fig. 17. Waveforms of the input voltage, across the load and the average in the
load.

In Fig. 17, the input waveforms, the load, and the voltage are shown.
average in the load as it can be observed the voltage is a bit high at the
voltage in the armature, having to sum the voltage also has to
involve the inductor, which is the one that carries a large part of the positive voltage when
the SCR starts to conduct.

200

100

-100

-200
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(D4:2,V11:-) -I(R15)*60
Time

Fig. 18. Waveform of the current in the load with respect to the input.

16.66 ms 360°
10.36 ms 43.86°
 200V

100V

0V

-100V

-200V
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(D4:2,V11:-) V(V11:-,REF)
Time

Fig. 19. Waveform of the voltage sustained by the SCR.

In Fig. 19, the waveform of the voltage supported by the SCR is observed.
negative semicircle which is first all the voltage of the current source
continue, then when the thyristor one is turned on, it has to withstand the voltage
on entry, and when it stops driving and turns off by switching
natural, it has to withstand the full voltage of the source until it
turn it on and let all the current pass.

200

100

-100

-200
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(D4:2,V11:-) I(X10:A)*100 I(X9:A)*100
Time

Fig. 20. Waveforms of the current passing through each SCR.

In Fig. 20, the current waveforms in each thyristor are shown.

that one only drives in its corresponding shifted semicircle
voltage across the inductor that maintains current.
5 PRACTICAL RESULTS
In practice, a direct current motor was used that is from a machine of
coser, which had the characteristic of being able to work both directly and in
alternating current, which operates at 1.2 Amperes

Fig. 21. Direct current motor of a sewing machine.

As shown in Fig. 21, the motor of a sewing machine, which was used in
the practice, which was also characterized to know the revolutions per minute
depending on the amount of current and voltage.
 Fig. 22. Voltage on the load of the direct current motor.

In Fig. 22, the waveform of the voltage in the motor is shown, which as the
Control is triggering the SCR at 130°, with an average voltage of 35V.
a frequency of 120 Hz since it is double the input because it
They rectify the semicircles of the input signal.

Fig. 23. Voltage in the armature of the direct current motor.

In Fig. 23, the waveform of the voltage in the armature is shown, which is
close to an average of 28.5 volts, which is very similar to those of the
characterization of the engine made previously.
 Fig. 24. Current at the input of the rectifier circuit.

Figure 24 shows the waveform of the current at the input of the circuit.
where it can be seen that it is close to 1.4 Amperes, as can be seen in the
Imagine the currents are in a non-continuous condition of current only.
they are mounted at the CD level.

Fig. 25. Waveform of the current in the direct current motor.

In Fig. 25, the current waveform in the motor is shown as it is

Observe in the figure that the current passing through the motor is 1.27A, which as the
the input current is in a non-continuous current condition, so
it only carries current for a few periods of time.
 Fig. 26. Waveform of the voltage supported by the SCRs.

And finally, in Fig. 26, we have the waveform of the voltage supported by the
SCR's what is anode-cathode measurement. It is observed that when the diode is
when conducting current, its voltage is almost 0, and when it starts to conduct the other
SCR has to support the entire input voltage when it turns off.
first SCR, it must withstand the input voltage until it is activated
by the pulse in the gate, making the voltage on the thyristor be 0.

IN PRACTICE, THE SHOOTING ANGLE WAS 130°

6 COMPARISONS
Theoretical Value Simulated value Measured value
Angle of fire 126.8° 130° 130°
Average voltage 35.03 v 35.19v 35.0v
Voltage in the 31.0 v 31.0v 28.5v
armor
Angle of 33° 43° ----
off
7 CONCLUSIONES

Juan Jesús Silva Romero 10120970

In practice, it was demonstrated how to vary the average voltage applied.

supplies the load by making a controlled full-wave bridge
making an AC to DC converter
converting the negative part of the signal to be only positive by pressing from one
maximum value to zero, modifying the period of the original signal since they are
señales iguales, la señal resultante tiene el doble de periodo de la señal de
entrance.

The controlled single-phase rectifier was created using 2 thyristors.

that have a linear phase control and since it is not necessary to have all 4
thyristors to control the full-wave rectification since being
controlling the shooting angle of these devices only requires 2 thyristors and
the other two can be rectifier diodes.

By varying the firing angle thanks to a phase control circuit.

It is possible to turn on the SCRs linearly so that they start conducting and can
rectify the input signal only if the load is purely resistive otherwise
that has an inductive component can store energy and cause
the period during which the thyristors are on is greater, even though the
if the input voltage is negative, the thyristor has positive current.

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Monographs, 'Silicon Controlled Rectifier,' [Online]. Available:

[Link]
scr/[Link]

[2] M. S. A. Alvarado, "Mathematical model of a current motor," Institute of

Physical Sciences, Higher Polytechnic School of the Coast, December 11, 2011. [In
line]. Available:
[Link]
[Last access: September 2013].

[3] M. Velor, 'The Direct Current Motor,' Plantea, [Online]. Available:

[Link]

[ ] E. Clarke, Circuit Analysis of AC Power Systems. New York: Jhon Wiley, 1943.