NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY LA MOLINA

ACADEMIC OFFICE OF EXTENSION AND SOCIAL PROJECTION

AGROBANCO
TECHNICAL GUIDE
COURSE - WORKSHOP
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT IN PRODUCTION AND HEALTH OF
MANGO
TRAINING JOURNEY
UNALM - AGROBANCO
Exhibitors:
Ing. José A. Dulanto Bejarano.
Eng. Marlene Aguilar Hernández.
TAMBOGRANDE PIURA – PERÚ
2011
Content
I.
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 4
ORIGIN OF MANGO CULTIVATION....................................................................... 5
IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT GROWING............................................................... 6
II.
III.
IV.
STAGES OF A FRUIT TREE'S LIFE
Youth
Production start-up................................................................................................. 6
Full production
Aging.................................................................................................................... 7
Decrepitude
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
V.
FORMS OF PROPAGATION OF A FRUIT TREE.................................. 8
Sexual reproduction............................................................................................................ 8
Asexual propagation.......................................................................................................... 8
5.1.
5.2.
VI.
FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND
QUALITY OF MANGO CULTIVATION.................................................................................... 9
6.1.
6.2.
Cup-Root Relationship........................................................................................................... 9
Growth and development................................................................. 10
VII.
AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIC MANGO...................................... 10
Go away
Types of Pruning
7.1.
7.2.
VIII. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CROP YIELDS
OF MANGO....................................................................................................................................... 14
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.
Crop variety.......................................................................................................... 14
Soil........................................................... 15
Fertilization of the mango crop.................................................................................. 15
Foliar fertilization
Clima................................................................................................................................... 19
2
8.6.
8.7.
8.8.
8.9.
The water............................................................................................................................... 19
Irrigation............................................................ 20
Crop management............................................................................................................. 22
Technology......................................................................................................................... 22
8.10. Insumos.............................................................................................................................. 22
IX.
USE AND APPLICATION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS............................ 23
Organic matter............................................................................................................... 23
Composting Process
Depressive effect of organic matter....................................................................... 26
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
X.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN MANGO CULTIVATION......... 28
10.1. Control
10.2. Scrapers – suckers.............................................................................................. 30
10.3. Picadores–chupadores (Queresas)....................................................... 31
10.4. Potential pests........................................................................................................... 31
10.5. Mites
XI.
XII.
Mango Diseases........................................................... 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 36
3
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the quality demands of the markets are
improves, the safety and health of food products are
key factors for consumer decisions, likewise the
care and conservation of the environment, and the free production of
toxic waste.
What the consumer is looking for is a safe and healthy product.
of production systems based on organic standards and their faithful
audited compliance by certifying bodies.
This possibility of articulating organic products towards the
target markets are generating an increase in their revenues
improving conditions and quality of life.
The process of converting organic mango has taken an important turn.
in the Valleys of Alto Piura, San Lorenzo, and Tambo Grande due to the
growing demand for fruit facilitating the inclusion of small
producers to this chain of economic importance with the aim of
improve the profitability of mango cultivation.
Currently, the UNALM - AGROBANCO agreement is being developed
the coordination with different unions and associations of
producers with the aim of facilitating training processes and
learning with professionals knowledgeable about the problems that limit
the productivity and quality of this crop, which aim to
to provide alternatives to the problems faced by producers against
the ignorance of the farmer.
Finally, we can conclude that these training spaces are
opportune for exchanging points of view, opinions, cases or providing
testimonials of experiences that allow us to build together the
better alternatives for achieving continuous improvement in the cultivation of
mango.
4
Ing. José A. Dulanto Bejarano.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT IN MANGO PRODUCTION
II. ORIGIN OF MANGO CULTIVATION
The mango is recognized worldwide.
as one of the 3 or 4 tropical fruits most
fines. It has been cultivated since the times
pre-historic. There are also records in
the legends and the Hindu folklore 2,000 years
before Christ, they refer to him as of
ancient origin, even since then. The
mango tree has been the subject of great
veneration in India and its fruits
they constitute an estimated edible product through the
times. Apparently, it originates from India and northern Burma in
the slopes of the Himalayas and possibly also in Ceylon.
The distribution of mangoes is throughout Southeast Asia and the
Malay archipelago since ancient times.
The Western world related to the mango and began its current
world distribution with the opening, by the Portuguese, of the routes
maritime routes to the Far East, at the beginning of the 16th century. They also
he took him from Indochina to the island of Mindanao and to Sulu around the 13th century, no
it was not until the late 14th century and early 15th century that the
Spanish travelers brought the fruit from India to Manila, in
Luzon. Meanwhile, the Portuguese in Goa, near Bombay,
they transported mango fruit to South Africa, from there to Brazil,
around the 16th century and about 40 years later to the Island of Barbados.
5
Similarly, the Spaniards introduced this crop to their colonies
tropics of the American continent, through the traffic between the
Philippines and the west coast of Mexico during the 15th and 16th centuries. Jamaica
imported its first mangos from Barbados around 1782 and other islands
from the West Indies, at the beginning of the 17th century. The mangoes were
brought from Mexico to Hawaii in 1809, and to California around 1880,
while the first permanent planting in Florida dates back to 1861.
III. IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT CULTURE
The fruit trees are part of the biodiversity of our region and our
country, its cultivation is very important because it is part of the diet
food due to the contribution of vitamins, acids, minerals, sugars,
starch and fats very necessary for the organism of beings
humans and that they do not obtain from other food products
Fruits can be consumed as fresh fruit or, conversely, give
added value by industrializing to produce jams, nectars,
juices, preserves, compotes, etc.
The vast majority of fruit trees allow for associated crops, such as
this is how it can be associated with the cultivation of legumes, cereals and
between fruit trees.
IV. STAGES OF THE LIFE OF A FRUIT TREE
4.1. Youth
Once the seedlings are installed, they enter a period of youth, which
it is an unproductive period and rather it is a period of growth and
for expenses.
4.2. Production entry
It starts with the first blossoms and it is the time when expenses
they are starting to be surpassed by production.
6
The entry of production chronologically has different
durations, such as:
• Mango enters production at 3 - 4 years
• Mango Palto enters production at 3 – 4 years
• Peach enters production at 3 years old.
• Lúcumo enters production at 4 - 5 years.
4.3. Full production
The period in which cultivation expenses are surpassed is defined.
largely due to production, including the production of carbohydrates and
other nutrients far exceed what the plant requires; in
consequence the storage in all reserve organs.
Full production is measured by productivity or yield of fruits.
4.4. Aging
It begins with a gradual decrease in production, this
stage is not chronological.
Esta fase de vida del frutal nos indica que es el momento en que se
you can renew the planting
The aging of fruit trees can be estimated on average from the
the following way:
• Mango ages from 30 years old.
• Coat ages at 30 years
• Peach ages at 15 years
• Lucumo at 40 years old
7
4.5. Decrepitude
It is the period in which there is no growth, it does not present differentiation.
floral, meaning that plants produce hydrocarbon substances for their
survival, meaning they can live alone and produce nothing.
V. METHODS OF PROPAGATION OF A FRUIT TREE
5.1. Sexual Propagation
It consists of propagating fruit trees by means of seeds, which is
originated by the fusion of the sperm nuclei.
5.2. Asexual propagation
It is the propagation of plants through stems, roots, and in some
cases of the leaves.
The importance of this multiplication method is that it allows us to
to form clones based on a specific characteristic of the fruit trees.
Asexual propagation occurs through grafts, cuttings, and layering.
suckers, runners, shoots, etc.
The most commonly used in fruit growing are:
Graft
Graft is the union of two tissues
of different ages, where the
the root part will be formed
by the pattern and the air part by
the pen.
The type of graft that has the highest percentage of survival in
fruit trees is the double tongue due to having a larger contact area between
the pattern and the yolk.
8
It is carried out with the aim of overcoming phytosanitary problems such as the
Phytophthora sp. of the root.
It is also carried out with the purpose of
shorten the entry into production of fruit trees
Stake
A stake is a portion
vegetative provided with latent buds,
it may come from the stems, root,
meristematic buds.
The physiological reason for the propagation by
stakes or stakes is the formation of
root system from a tissue
called callus.
The advantage of this propagation system is that it requires very
little space to propagate many plants and their low cost.
VI. FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE GROWTH,
DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF MANGO CULTIVATION
6.1. Relationship Cup-Root
Between the crown, aerial part or stem system, and the root or system
radicular, which are the elements that constitute the structure of a
fruit tree, there is a mutual dependence. The branches, leaves, fruits and
the other constituents of the cup need roots above all for
to supply themselves with water and minerals present in the soil, and in turn their
Roots depend on the crown to provide them with nutrients.
that are produced by the leaves.
9
If any of the active roots are, for some reason, destroyed,
the supply of water and minerals
the cup may be affected and
decrease until new roots
develop and replace the
deleted. The same happens to the
prune the crown, root growth
will suffer a delay until new
branches and leaves occupy the site and
function in replacement of those that
they eliminated.
This explains what would happen if the fruit trees were subjected to a
intensive and continuous tillage and severe pruning.
6.2. Growth and development
They are a combination de muchos eventos y están íntimamente
related.
Growth is manifested in size, weight, leaf area increase of
cells and cell volume.
Development is understood as an orderly and progressive change towards
a more complex higher state. It could be said that development is a
qualitative growth
VII. AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIC MANGO
Pruning
It is defined as an important cultural task in mango management,
It consists of trimming the branches of a tree, bush, or in general
plants, done correctly without damaging the crop.
10
This work allows for better
plant architecture with the purpose
that the mango plant can receive a
better ventilation, light, and solar radiation.
Pruning in mango is done from
from February until the first
weeks of March.
7.2. Types of Pruning
Four types of pruning are considered
Formation pruning
The most important pod that is characterized by architecture and layout.
of the plant to support its own weight and that of its fruits during its
useful life. The seedlings suitable for pruning must have a good
vegetative development, provided by good fertilization and irrigation
opportune. Mature and healthy sprouts should be cut. This cut is
It reaches a height of 50 to 60 cm. The topping can be done at
through the node or internode.
11
Maintenance or cleaning pruning
It is a pruning that allows for maintaining the structure and is carried out on plants.
producers after the harvest is finished to achieve a better
photosynthetic efficiency and preventing the attack of microorganisms. It consists of
en la eliminación de ramas secas, enfermas, muertas, mal ubicadas.
Subsequently, fertilization should be done, and watering should continue so that the
plant the sprout evenly.
Rejuvenation or renewal pruning
It is done on trees with signs of
aging, these types of severe pruning
they allow the removal of the entire crown. It is not
a common operation only applies to
health reasons, when most of
the branches are affected and their control by
means of chemical products or
biologicals are no longer possible.
In rejuvenation pruning, the
cuts are drastic and are made
from the primary branches, it is necessary to
leave only 3 shoots per cut.
In the variety change pruning
the cuts are made at the level of the primary branches. The grafting is done
in the second flow before the color changes (from purple to green).
12
Tip pruning or synchronization pruning
It is referred to as the topping of the shoots from the previous campaign, their
the objective is for the sprouts to develop and reach maturity in the months
lowest temperature of the year.
The success of uniform flowering depends on this type of pruning.
abundant.
Uniform flowering is achieved through the accumulation of cold.
temperatures below 18° C at night during the months of
flowering (June, July, August, and September)
Considerations to take into account for making a good pruning:
• Disinfection of pruning tools.
• Pruning should be done in a clockwise direction, around the crown.
• The cut with scissors is made using the cutting blade facing
inside and the fastening outward.
• Cuts must be made flush to avoid protrusions or branches.
outstanding known as stumps.
• The cuts must be flush, made in a single direction.
saw to avoid causing damage or incorrect cuts.
• At the end of the pruning, the exposed surfaces must be covered with
copper substances to prevent the development of diseases.
Cutting tools:
• Short scissors.
13
• Long-handled scissors used for cutting branches
that are at a higher altitude.
• Curved or triangular saws.
• Hooks to bring together or approach distant branches.
• Ladders to facilitate work in high branches.
Benefits of pruning
• Better balanced and resilient floor architecture
• Rejuvenation, health and removal of old branches
• Change of variety in unproductive trees
• Synchronization of pruning with flowering, in various varieties
commercial mango
VIII. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERFORMANCE
OF MANGO CULTIVATION
The factors that intervene to achieve optimal performance in the
mango cultivation is based on an integral dynamics of the different
factors that are listed below:
8.1. Variedad del cultivo
Disease resistant. Great care must be taken from the
selection of seedlings for planting. The nursery must be of
warranty, the arrangement of the plants must be optimal, that is,
morphology of both the aerial part and the root zone must be
integrates. Many times they do not notice the state of the roots due to
Being invisible and a poor configuration will show after several
14
years, when the damage is irreparable. The health of the vegetative seed
it is essential to ensure a disease-free plant.
8.2. Soil
The soil is a living entity with microbiological activity. The different
physical, chemical, and biological properties that soils have, make
that distinguish them from each other. There are differences regarding
infiltration of water between sandy soil and clayey or loamy soil, it
which indicates that a different treatment must be carried out. It is
important a good drainage, the physical, chemical, and
biological.
8.3. Fertilization of mango crop
It is an important aspect to take into account because the producer
unknown the nutritional needs of the crops, their program or
fertilization plan and the factors that influence its yield
cultivation.
Soil fertilizer inputs, organic fertilizers, foliar fertilizers
8.4. Foliar fertilization
It consists of supplying nutrients to a plant through the tissue.
foliar (leaves, stem, and fruits).
• Supply nutrients that are deficient in the soil and that are
they require in small quantities (micronutrients)
• Overcome the plant's lack of ability to absorb
soil nutrients, due to the presence of stress such as
they can be root damage from implements, diseases,
nematode insects, droughts.
15
• Application of fast-acting calcium, potassium, zinc, boron chelates
absorption among others that may be recommended by the
distributing houses, specialists, advisors, and engineers.
MR. FARMER
It is important to keep the following in mind for fertilization
rational
STRUCTURED FERTILIZATION PLAN
AMOUNT OR DOSE OF FERTILIZER How much to apply?
SOURCE OF FERTILIZER What to apply?
MOMENTO, EPOCA DE APLICACIÓN ¿Cómo aplicar?
ECONOMIC PROFITABILITY OF THE APPLICATION (Costs of
Suitable fertilizers
Recommendations
• Perform
test pits
CALICATAPARA TO DETERMINE WATER LEVEL
ON THE GROUND.
to determine the
soil drainage
• Carry out the analyses
of
fertility
characterization
salinity and analysis
special of soils.
PHOTO: Ing. Walde Farías
• Perform
analysis
foliage in the fields with the aim of determining the levels of
micronutrients in the plant
16
• Recommended fertilization plan by your technical area
association, specialist in soils of research centers,
universities.
• Soil recovery plan in case of problems
graves in the soils.
• To determine if there are drainage problems, perform test pits.
holes that allow to determine if the water is nearby
surface and take immediate actions by making drains,
drains to eliminate saturated water in the soil.
• Application of organic amendments to soils based on compost,
humus and improve soil conditions
• Optimal physical, chemical, biological characteristics of the soil
• Application of sulfur, agricultural gypsum to the soil to neutralize salts and
improve nutrient absorption.
How to take a soil sample
Source: UNALM
17
Source: Sunshine
Soil sampling in adult plantation takes from 15 to 20 plants of
the same age per hectare are chosen at random. The 15 or 20 are mixed
sub-samples are taken and a sample of 1Kg is taken.
Sampling for recalibration: They are mixed
the sub-samples are divided and
obtain a sample of one kilogram.
Source: Sunshine
Soil analysis
18
Ing. José A. Dulanto B.
8.5. Climate
It is an important and determining factor for growth and
development of the crop, it is necessary to take into account the importance of a
balanced nutrition according to the results of soil analyses and
foliage, so that it can withstand the changes that occur.
Good conditions of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity,
solar brightness, hours of light.
8.6. Water
It is a fundamental factor to ensure optimal performance, it must
be water of good quality, low salt content, free of
pollution by heavy metals.
In the case of mango, water stress during flowering period or
fruiting, will affect the yield. Water management is a factor
key to good crop performance.
19
8.7. Irrigation
It is the work by which the soil is moistened up to the depth of
roots to provide the plant with the necessary water to carry out its
physiological processes.
Gravity irrigation is carried out through rings and furrows.
that pressurization is done through a technified infrastructure
which allows for a more efficient and rationed use of water.
The weather is variable throughout the year, in summer when the temperatures
It is necessary to perform more frequent irrigations than in times of high temperatures.
colder, likewise light water stress (drought) favors the
flowering, but it should never be done during the fruit development stage
because it can affect performance.
The texture of the soil influences the water requirement of the crop in
sandy soils require greater irrigation and passes
waterlogged, while in clayey loam soils it can be
apply larger volume of water with lower frequency.
Finally, it is important to note that the water requirement depends on the
development of mango plants and the development stage.
Recommendations
20
• Conduct water quality analysis for irrigation.
Water analysis for irrigation
• Conduct analysis of heavy metals
Permissible microbiological limits and substances partially
dangerous in water intended for irrigation of vegetables for raw consumption
and animal drink (Class III) D.S. 007-83 S.A. published on the 11th of
March 1983.
21
Source: Valle Grande Rural Institute
8.8. Crop management
It is an important factor that depends on knowledge and
producer experience, diseases and pests, population, weeds
irrigation, drainage, fertilization.
8.9. Technology
It can be high, medium, or low depending on the knowledge and
economic resources of each producer.
8.10. Inputs
It is an important factor for mango production, it can be
organic and inorganic and
organically.
to be properly certified
22
IX. USE AND APPLICATION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
9.1. Organic matter
The organic matter content in the soil is one of the most important factors.
important for soil fertility, it has many functions that are
very beneficial for the success of the farmer. All soil must have
good organic matter content because it improves its properties
physical, chemical, and biological, it also helps beneficial fauna
fighting harmful microorganisms to root life such as
in the case of nematodes, if the amount of organic matter increases
it reduces the problem of soil sales and populations of
nematodes.
The organic matter present in a soil comes from remains
animal and/or vegetable organics, which are incorporated into
soils must decompose in order for changes to occur
necessary benefits to improve soil productivity and quality
of the fruit.
It is important to understand that not all organic waste decomposes at the same rate.
same speed, when the rest is more nutritious and fresh, it
breaks down faster and the benefits will be better utilized
(young fresh leaves, manure, nitrogen-fixing plants, etc.)
The harder the material and the less nutrients it contains, it will take
more time to decompose (remnants of old and dry plants, remains
with a lot of fiber or woody, etc. The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio that
All organic matter has, regulates its decomposition time.
Organic fertilizers are substances that are obtained directly
or indirectly from plants, animals and/or plants during the process
of decomposition.
23
Organic amendments enhance nutrient absorption, improving
the structure, texture, physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of
floor.
Among the organic fertilizers or manures we have: Manure
compost, island guano, compost, worm humus, and bio
fertilizers among others.
Benefits of organic fertilizer
• Improves the structure and texture of the soils
• Improves nutrient absorption
• Retains soil moisture
• To achieve greater development of the plant
• To give resistance to the plant against flower and fruit drop, and against
diseases
• Ensure fruiting and greater productivity
• Enhance the populations of soil microorganisms
• Reduce soil erosion
• Reduce nematode populations
• Reduces soil salinity by neutralizing salts
• It is a soil enhancer.
24
Fertilization dosage:
• The moment, method, dosage of application, and age of the
plant.
• Plants 7 years old or younger 60 Kg. per application
• Plants from 7 to 15 years 100 Kg. per application
• Plants older than 15 years: 140 kg. per application
• In case worm humus is applied, it should be placed
earthworms, the first application should be made after the
harvest and the most recommended is a fractional application
every 2 or 3 months.
Preparation of organic fertilizers to improve soils
Soils degraded by salts and sodium
9.2. Composting Process
• Process that improves physical and chemical characteristics
biological soil
• Rapid decomposition of plant material to produce
nitrogen source for the banana
25
• Use of bacteria that accelerate the decomposition process of
organic matter.
• Use of lime to accelerate the decomposition of crop residues,
vegetable waste
• The number of turns established by the certifiers is 6.
flips
y
the
temperature
del
CONDITION RANGE
CONDITION
process 70°C (Source:
Control Union
ACCEPTABLE OPTIMAL
20:1-40:1
25:1-30:1
50-60%
Relation C: N
Humidity
40-65%
+5%
+8%
Oxygen
• The turnsallow
that a is obtained
compost with a
decomposition
5.5 - 9
pH
6.5 - 8
55 -75°C

65 -70\C
Temperature
VARIABLE
0.5 -1 mm
Size of
particle
Eng. José A. Dulanto B.
homogeneous
for
avoid a bad process and the 'depressive effect of the
organic matter.
9.3. Depressive effect of organic matter
The depressive effect of organic matter occurs
when the C/N ratio is less than 10:1, the nitrogen released
is utilized by microbial growth that is forced to
taking nitrogen from the soil, reducing the supply for the plants,
which can even show symptoms of deficiency.
A C/N ratio of the organic material is recommended.
approximately 30 so that there is no nitrogen deficiency and the
decomposition is normal.
26
Export Varieties
27
Ing. Marlene Aguilar Hernández
X. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN THE CULTIVATION OF
MANGO
Integrated management (MIP) indicates Cisneros (1992) is a system that
try to keep crop pests at levels that do not cause
economic damage using primarily natural factors
adverse to pest development, including mortality factors
natural; and only as a last resort, resorts to the use of pesticides as
emergency measure. Under this concept, the pest is considered
as a constituent of the agricultural ecosystem that maintains interactions
positive and negative with the other components and these can be
plant resistance, action of biological controllers, and practices
agricultural practices that have lasting effects. For MIP to work it is
necessary. A) Establish a system of periodic evaluation of the
levels of pests and their natural enemies in the field and B) having
an idea of the 'infestation limits' that can be tolerated by the
cultivation without affecting its yield.
The most significant pest for mango cultivation is the presence of the
fruit fly that causes great economic losses to the
producers, increasing production costs, affecting the
development of fruits and severely restricting the market of
exportation (Gutiérrez and Reyes, 1994).
The family of the fruit fly is Tephritidae and has about 5,
00 species, 400 are on the American continent, however 20 have
reported that cause economic damage. The main ones are
Ceratitis capitata, which is present in 20 countries, Anastrefa spp. in 32.
28
countries and have a range of fruit hosts of 18 and 10
respectively (Gutiérrez, 1994).
Sánchez (2005) indicates that both species are considered pests
keys and is found in all mango producing areas. They are
polífagas. El daño las hembras ovipositan en el epicarpio de frutos en
development or only in the ripe fruits and the larvae burrow into the flesh
affecting the commercial quality of the mango.
10.1. Control
Gather and bury fruits every two to three days.
2. Maintenance prunings.
3. Use of toxic baits: similar to that mentioned for fruit flies.
4. Spraying of toxic baits.
5. Use of killer bags.
6. Treatment with hot water.
Biological cycle of the fruit fly
29
10.2. Scrapers – suckers
• Frankliniella occidentalis pergandi
Oviposits in flowers. In immature and adult states
they feed on floral nectaries and anthers,
causing premature pollen loss.
• Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Girard)
It feeds on leaves, young and ripe fruits.
• Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
It feeds on freshly set flowers and fruits
Control:
1. Avoid planting crops
mango near crops
susceptible, especially
onion, asparagus, etc.
In case of a discharge
infestation
to carry out
insecticide applications during the flowering stage -
set with fruits.
30
10.3. Picadores–chupadores (Queresas)
• Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)
• Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)
• Chrysomphalum dictyospermi (Morgan)
• Coccus hesperidum Linn.
• Protopulvinaria mangiferae (Green)
• Saissetia coffeae (Walker)
• Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock
• Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)
Damages
• They suck the sap from stems, leaves, and fruits, causing
weakening of the plants.
• Leaf fall.
• Some species produce molasses and the development of the fungus of the
sooty mold.
Control
Similar to those described in fruit trees.
10.4. Potential pests
Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
• Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Thomas
• Aphis gossypii Glover
(HEM.: APHIDIDAE)
31
Distribution
Mango producing areas.
Damages:
• Sucking of sap from young leaves.
• Deformation of leaves.
• Delay in sprouting.
Control:
Only if it is necessary to apply insecticides directed at the buds.
• Pseudococcus adonidum (Linnaeus)
They do not form ovisacs and the female
it is ovoviviparous.
• Planococcus citri Risso
(HEM.: pseudococcidae)
Oval shape. Infestations
associated with intensive applications for the control of the fly of the
fruit.
Avoid excessive use of insecticides for the control of other pests.
10.5. Mites
• Oligonychus mangifera (Rahman and
Punjab
• Tetranychus
cinnabar
(Boisduval) Polyphagotarsonemus
latus(Banks)
32
Damages:
It sucks sap from the leaves.
Leaves turn yellow and fall.
Control:
Avoid planting in very dusty areas.
XI. DISEASES OF THE MANGO
Diseases affect all tissues, as well as the phases of
development of the mango (Ploetz and Freeman, 2009) Therefore, its control is
based on four principles: exclusion, eradication, protection and
genetic (Mont, 2002).
Anthracnose
The main disease in mango is Anthracnose, it infects foliage, stems.
the fruits. The climate that favors them ranges from cool warm to humid. They
scattered by the rain, the reproductive structure is transported by
the wind or when coming into contact with insects, other animals and
tools. The conidia germinate only in the presence of water. The
fungus becomes more severe when the fruits begin to
to mature.
Control:
Cleaning pruning, removal of dry branches and twigs.
Collect and bury fallen fruits on the ground.
Preventive foliar applications of fungicides:
Preventives:
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Dithiocarbamates
Cupric: Copper oxychlorides, copper hydroxides, copper sulfate.
Systemic: Triazoles, Thiabendazoles
Mesostemic: Strobilurins
Anthracnosis on fruit
Oidium
Damage to fruit from ripening, on stem,
leaves and ripe fruit.
Conditions that favor infection:
Warm and dry climates
34
Spores germinate better in the absence of water and at a temperature of a
20–25°C
Infect the leaves, stems and inflorescence, possibly killing them
structures or eliminating the apical bud that removes dominance and
causes lateral sprouting.
Oidium on inflorescence
Oidium on sprout
Control
• Pruning at the right time to enhance light incidence inside
the crown of the tree
• Preventive application of sulfur fungicides:
• Dusting the foliage with Dry Sulfur Powder: 20-25-30 kg/ha.
• Healing applications of systemic: Triazoles, thiabendazoles,
pyrimidines
In conclusion, it can be noted that currently for the control of
the management of diseases is carried out through integrated disease management
(MIE); thus, the report on this successful management is available that allows for
Mexico, cv Haden; increase performance by 51%, improve the
35
firmness quality, total soluble solids, extend shelf life
from the fruit and reduce the incidence of diseases such as black pulp,
anthracnose, pedicel rot and rot caused by Rhizopus sp (Acosta,
Noriega, Nieto and Teliz 2003).
XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Acosta, M; Noriega, D.; Nieto, D. and Teliz D. 2003 Effect of management
mango integrated (Mangifera indica L.) in the incidence of
diseases and the quality of fruits. In: Mexican Journal of
phytopathology vol 21(1) 46-55.
• Agrios, G. 1995. Phytopathology. Limusa Publishing. Noriega Group
Editors. Second Edition. Mexico. 838pp.
• Mont, R. 2002. Integrated Management of Plant Diseases.
National Service of Agrarian Health. Lima - Peru. 210pp.
• Ploetz, R. and Freeman, S. 2009. The Mango, Botany, Production
and uses. Edited by Richard E. Liz CAB International 2009.2nd
Edition 669pp.
• Cisneros, Fausto. 1992. Integrated Pest Management. Guide of
CIP Research 7. International Potato Center, Lima, Peru.
38 pp.
• Gutiérrez, Jorge 1994. Importance of the Tephritidae Family in the
fruit farming. Regional course on fruit flies with an emphasis on
the sterile insect technique. International Training Center
in Fruit Flies (CICMF). Moscamed Program, Matapa of
Domínguez, Chiapas, Mexico.1-7
• Gutiérrez, Jorge; Reyes, Jesús; Enkerlin, Wlather and Villaseñor,
Antonio. 1994. National fruit fly plan. Directorate
General Director of Plant Health. Mexico City. Regional course on
fruit flies with an emphasis on the sterile insect technique.
International Training Center for Fruit Flies
36
(CICMF). Moscamed Program, Matapa de Domínguez, Chiapas,
Mexico.33-54.
• Sánchez, Guillermo. 2005. General Entomology Manual.
Department of Entomology. Faculty of Agronomy.
National Agrarian University La Molina. Lima - Peru. 72 pages.
• Sunshine Export 2008, Summary of Crop Management
Mango Organic.
• Information about APEM
• Escobedo, J 1995 General Fruit Culture - UNALM
• Farías, W, Dulanto, J 2006, The soil is a fundamental system for the
development of organic banana.
• Dulanto, J 2006 Technical report on the condition of the soils and
water.
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