Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000

REVISION NO.: 2

NTC 2018 Example 002

WIDE FLANGE MEMBER UNDER COMBINED COMPRESSION & BENDING

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
In this example a continuous beam-column is subjected to factored axial load P =
1400 kN, y-axis bending moment My = 200 kN-m, and z-axis bending moment of
Mz = 100 kN-m. This example was tested using the Italian NTC-2018 steel frame
design code. The design capacities are compared with independent hand
calculated results.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Y-Axis Z-Axis
Z-Z
My,top
Mz,top

Y-Y
L P
A A
Mz,bot
My,bot Section A-A

L = 0.4 m

Material Properties Loading Design Properties

E = 210x103 MPa P = 1400 kN fy = 235 MPa
v = 0.3 Mz,top = 100 kN-m Section: 457x191x98 UB
G = 80769 MPa Mz,bot = -100 kN-m
My,top = 200 kN-m
My,bot = 0

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 1

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED

 Section compactness check (beam-column)
 Section compression capacity
 Section shear capacity along z & y axes
 Section bending capacity for y-y & z-z axes
 Member compression capacity for y-y & z-z axes
 Member bending capacity
 Interaction capacity, D/C, for y-y & z-z axes

RESULTS COMPARISON

Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file “[Link],” which is
available through the program “Help” menu.

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 2

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference

Compactness Class 2 Class 2 0.00%

Section Compression Resistance,
2,797.6 2,797.6 0.00%
Nc,Rd (kN)
Buckling Resistance in Compression,
2,797.6 2,797.6 0.00%
Nby,Rd (kN)
Buckling Resistance in Compression,
2,797.6 2,797.6 0.00%
Nbz,Rd (kN)
Section Plastic Bending Resistance,
499.1 499.1 0.00%
Mc,y,Rd (kN-m)
Section Plastic Bending Resistance,
84.8 84.8 0.00%
Mc,z,Rd (kN-m)
Section Bending Resistance Shear Reduced,
487.0 487.0 0.00%
MV,y,Rd (kN-m)
Section Bending Resistance Axially Reduced,
310.8 310.8 0.00%
MN,y,Rd (kN-m)
Section Bending Resistance Axially Reduced,
82.26 82.26 0.00%
MN,z,Rd (kN-m)
Member Bending Resistance,
499.095 499.095 0.00%
Mb,Rd (kN-m)
Section Shear Resistance,
756.6 756.6 0.00%
Vc,z,Rd (kN)
Section Shear Resistance,
984.7 984.7 0.00%
Vc,y,Rd (kN)
Interaction Capacity, D/C 2.044 2.044 0.00%

COMPUTER FILE: NTC 2018 EX002

CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 3

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

HAND CALCULATION

Properties:
Material: S275 Steel
E = 210,000 MPa
G = 80,769 MPa
fy = 235 MPa
Section: 457x191x98 UB
A = 12,500 mm2
b = 192.8 mm, tf = 19.6 mm, h = 467.2 mm, tw = 11.4 mm, r = 10.2 mm
hw = h − 2t f = 467.2 − 2 • 19.6 = 428 mm

d = h − 2 ( t f + r ) = 467.2 − 2 • (19.6 + 10.2 ) = 407.6 mm

b − tw − 2r 192.8 − 11.4 − 2 • 10.2

=c = = 80.5 mm
2 2
Wpl,y = 2,230,000 mm3
Wpl,z = 379,000 mm3
ry = 191.3 mm
rz = 43.3331 mm
Iz = 23,469,998 mm4
I w 1.176 • 1012 mm 6
=
IT = 1,210,000 mm4
Member:
L = Lb = Lunbraced = 400 mm
Ky = 1.0, Kz = 1.0
Other:
1.05
γM 0 =

1.05
γM1 =

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 4

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

Loadings:
P = 1400 kN axial load
M z −1 = 100 kN-m
M z − 2 = −100 kN-m
M y −1 = 200 kN-m

M y − 2 = 0 kN-m

Results in the following internal forces:

N Ed = 1400 kN

M y , Ed = 200 kN-m

M z , Ed = 100 kN-m

Vz , Ed = 500 kN-m

Vy , Ed = 0 kN-m

Section Compactness:
235 235
=ε = = 1
fy 235

1  h 1 N Ed 
=
α − − ( t f + r ) , 0 ≤ α ≤1
c  2 2 tw f y 

1  467.2 1 ( −1, 400, 000 ) 

=
α  − • − (19.6 + 10.2
= )  1.141 > 1, so
407.6  2 2 11.4 • 235 
α =1.0

Localized Buckling for Flange:

For the tip in compression under combined bending & compression
9ε 9 • 1
λ cl .1 = = = 9
α 1

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 5

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

c 80.5
λe = = = 4.11
t f 19.6

λ e 4.11 < λ=
= cl .1 9
So Flange is Class 1 in combined bending and compression

Localized Buckling for Web:

α > 0.5, so
396ε 396 • 1
λ=
cl .1 = = 33.00 for combined bending & compression
13α − 1 13 • 1 − 1
d 407.6
λe = = = 35.75
tw 11.4
λ e 35.75 > =
= λ cl .1 33.00
456ε 456 • 1
λ=
cl .2 = = 38.00
13α − 1 13 • 1 − 1
λ e 35.75 < λ
= = cl .2 38.00
So Web is Class 2 in combined bending & compression.

Since Web is Class 2, Section is Class 2 in combined bending & compression.

Section Compression Capacity

Af y 12,500 • 235
N=
c , Rd N pl=
, Rd =
γM 0 1.05

N c , Rd = 2797.6 kN

Section Shear Capacity

Along z axis
η = 1.20 for fy ≤ 460 N/mm2, and (EC3-1-5 5.1(2), NTC § [Link].2.4)
η = 1.0 otherwise (EC3-1-5 5.1(2), NTC § [Link].2.4)

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 6

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

η = 1.0

Avz =A − 2bt f + t f ( tw + 2r ) ≥ η hwtw

= 12,500 − 2 • 192.8 • 19.6 + 19.6 (11.4 + 2 • 10.2 ) ≥ 1.2 • 428 • 11.4
= 5,565.5 mm 2 ≥ 5,855.04 mm 2
= 5,855.04 mm 2
fy 235
Vc , z , Rd
= = Avz • 5,855.04
γM 0 3 1.05 3

Vc , z , Rd = 756.567 kN

Along y axis
Avy =A − hwtw =12,500 − 428 • 11.4 =7, 620.8 mm 2

fy 235
Vc , y , Rd
= = Avy • 7, 620.8
γM 0 3 1.05 3

Vc , y , Rd = 984.7 kN

hw 428 72 235 72 235

== 37.5 < = 60
=
tw 11.4 η fy 1.2 235

So no shear buckling needs to be checked.

Section Bending Capacity

For y-y axis
W pl , y f y 2, 230, 000 • 235
M
= c , y , Rd M=
pl , y , Rd =
γM 0 1.05

M c , y , Rd = 499.1kN-m

For minor z-z axis

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 7

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

W pl , z f y 379, 000 • 235

M
= c , z , Rd M=
pl , z , Rd =
γM 0 1.05

M c , z , Rd = 84.8 kN-m

With Shear Reduction

For y-y axis
V=
Ed 500 kN > 0.5 • Vc ,=
Rd 378.3kN Shear Reduction is needed

Av = hwtw = 428.0 • 11.4 = 4,879.2 mm 2

2 2
 2VEd   2 • 500 
ρ
=  − 1=  − 1 = 0.1035
V   756.567 
 c , Rd 

 ρAv 2   0.1035 • 4879.22 

W −
 pl , y 4t  yk f 2, 230, 000 −  • 235
 w   4 • 11.4 
=M V , y , Rd = ≤ M c , y , Rd
γM 0 1.05

M V , y , Rd = 486.998 kN-m

For z-z axis

Vy , Ed = 0 kN < 0.5 • Vc , y , Rd No shear Reduction is needed

With Compression Reduction

N Ed 1400
=n = = 0.50
N pl , Rd 2797.6
A − 2bt f 12,500 − 2 • 192.8 • 19.6
=a = = 0.40 ≤ 0.5
A 12,500

For y-y axis

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 8

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

1− n 1 − 0.5
M N=
, y , Rd M pl , y , Rd = 499.1 •
1 − 0.5a 1 − 0.5 • 0.4
M N , y , Rd = 310.8 kN-m

For z-z axis

n<a
  n − a 2    0.5 − 0.4 2 
M N , z , Rd= M pl , z , Rd 1 −   = 84.8 • 1 −   
  1 − a     1 − 0.4  
M N , z , Rd = 82.26 kN-m

Member Compression Capacity:

Non-Dimensional Slenderness Ratio:
Steel is S235
h 467.2
= = 2.4 > 1.2
b f 192.8
and
=t f 19.6 mm < 40 mm

So we should use the Buckling Curve ‘a’ for the z-z axis and Buckling Curve ‘b’
for the y-y axis (NTC 2018, Table [Link]).

Y-Y Axis Parameters:

For buckling curve a, α =0.21 (NTC 2018, Table 4.2 VI)

K y = 1.00

Lcr , y 400
Lcr , y = 1 • 400 =
K y Ly = 400 mm, = 2.091
=
ry 191.3

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 9

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

π2 E π2 • 210, 000
=N cr , y = = 5,925, 691kN
 K y Ly  12,500 • ( 2.091)
2 2

A
 ry 
 
Af y 12,500 • 235
=
λy = = 0.022
N cr , y 5,925, 691

(
φ y 0.5 1 + α y λ y − 0.2 + λ= )  0.5 1 + 0.21( 0.022 − 0.2 ) + 0.0222 
2
= y
 
 
φ y =0.482

1 1
Stress Reduction
= Factor: χ y = = 1.0388
2 2
2
φy + φy − λ y 0.482 + 0.482 − 0.0222

χ y 1.0388 > 1.0, so=

= χ y 1.0

χ y Af y 1.0 • 12,500 • 235

N
= by , Rd =
γM1 1.05

Z-Z Axis Parameters:

For buckling curve b, α =0.34 (NTC 2018, Table 4.2 VI)

K z = 1.00
Lcr , z 400
Lcr , z = 1 • 400 =
K z Lz = 400 mm, = 9.231
=
rz 43.33

π2 E π2 • 210, 000
=N cr , z = = 304, 052 kN
 K z Lz  12,500 • ( 9.231)
2 2

A 
 rz 
Af y 12,500 • 235
=
λz = = 0.098
N cr , z 304, 052

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 10

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

( )
φ z 0.5 1 + α z λ z − 0.2 + λ=  0.5 1 + 0.34 ( 0.098 − 0.2 ) + 0.0982 
2
= z
  
 
φ z =0.488

1 1
Stress Reduction
= Factor: χ z = = 1.0362
2 2
2
φz + φz − λ z 0.488 + 0.488 − 0.0982

χ z 1.0362 > 1.0, so=

= χ z 1.0

χ z Af y 1.0 • 12,500 • 235

N
= bz , Rd =
γM1 1.05

N bz , Rd = 2, 797.6 kN

Member Bending Capacity:

h 467.2
= = 2.4 > 2
b f 192.8
So we should use the Buckling Curve ‘c’ for lateral-torsional buckling (NTC
2018, Table [Link]).
0.49
α LT =

0.4
λ LT ,0 =(default for rolled section)
β =0.75 (default for rolled section)

M B M=
= y −2 0, =
MA M
= y −1 200 kN-m
2 2
M M  0  0 
ψ 1.75 − 1.05 B + 0.3  B =
=  1.75 − 1.05 + 0.3  = 1.75
MA  MA  200  200 

Corrective Factor is determined from NTC 2018, Table 4.2 VIII

1 1
=kc = = 1.329
1.33 − 0.33ψ 1.33 − 0.33 • 1.75

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 11

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

π2 EI z  I w ( Lcr , z ) GIT 
2

M cr =
ψ + 
( Lcr , z )  z
2
 I π2 EI z 


π2 • 210, 000 • 23, 469,998  1.176 • 1012 4002 • 80, 769 • 1, 210, 000 
1.75 •
M cr =  + 2 
4002  23, 469,998 π • 210, 000 • 23, 469,998 

M cr = 119, 477, 445,900 N-mm

W pl , y f y 2, 230, 000 • 235

=
λ LT = = 0.066
M cr 119, 477, 445,900

( )
φ LT 0.5 1 + α LT λ LT − λ LT ,0 + βλ=  0.5 1 + 0.49 • ( 0.066 − 0.4 ) + 0.75 • 0.0662 
2
= LT
  

0.420
φ LT =

(
1 − 0.5 (1 − kc ) 1 − 2 λ LT − 0.8  = )
2
1 − 0.5 (1 − 1.329 ) 1 − 2 ( 0.066 − 0.8 )  =
2
f = 0.987
   

1 1  1 1
=χ LT ≤ 1.0 or 2 
f φ + φ 2 − βλ 2  λ LT
f 
LT LT LT

 1  1  1 1 
χ LT   ≤ 1.0 or 2 
 0.987  0.420 + 0.420 − 0.75 • 0.066
2 2
 0.066 0.987 

χ=
LT 1.2118 ≤ (1.0 or 230.9 )

so
1.0
χ LT =

fy 235
M b , Rd =
χ LT W pl , y 1.0 • 2, 230, 000 •
=
γM1 1.05

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 12

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

M b , Rd = 499.095 kN-m

Interaction Capacity: Compression & Bending

Section Bending & Compression Capacity
Formula NTC 4.2.38
2 5n 2 5•0.5
D  M y , Ed   M z , Ed   200   100 
=   +  =
 310.8  +  82.3  0.414 + 1.630
=
C  M N , y , Rd   M N , z , Rd 

D
= 2.044 (Governs)
C

Member Bending & Compression Capacity: Method B

k factors used are taken from the software, and determined from Method 2 in
Annex B of Eurocode 3.
k yy = 0.547

k yz = 0.479

k zy = 0.698

k zz = 0.798

Formula NTC C4.2.37

D N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
= + k yy + k yz
C χ y Af yk W f W pl , z f yk
χ LT pl , y yk
γM1 γM1 γM1

D 1, 400 200 100

= + 0.547 × + 0.479 ×
C 1×12,500 × 235 1×
2, 230, 000 × 235 379, 000 × 235
1.05 1.05 1.05
D
=0.5 + 0.22 + 0.56
C

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 13

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 2

D
= 1.284
C

Formula NTC 4.2.38

D N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
= + k zy + k zz
C χ z Af yk W f W pl , z f yk
χ LT pl , y yk
γM1 γM1 γM1

D 1, 400 200 100

= + 0.698 × + 0.798 ×
C 1×12,500 × 235 1×
2, 230, 000 × 235 379, 000 × 235
1.05 1.05 1.05
D
=0.5 + 0.28 + 0.941
C
D
= 1.721
C

D
= 2.044 (Governs)
C

NTC 2018 Example 002 - 14