BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto
Instruction: Choose the BEST answer
1. What determines the velocity Factor in transmission line?
a) The termination impedance b) The center conductor resistivity
c) Dielectrics in the line d) The termination impedance
2. In a waveguide, the TE mode means that the:
a) None OF the above
b) Magnetic Field is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
c) Magnetic and electric Field are perpendicular to each other
d) Electric Field is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
3. The spreading out of radio waves is referred to as propagation and is used in which of the following Navy equipment?
a. Detection b. Communication
c. Radar and navigation d. Each of the above
4. The frequency spectrums of a phase-modulated signal resemble the spectrum of which, if any, of the following types of modulation?
a. Amplitude modulated b. Frequency modulated
c. Continuous-wave modulated d. None of the above
5. How many cycles of a 1 MHz wave can a 6-mile transmission line accommodate?
a) 16.67 cycles b) 32.26 cycles
c) 6 cycles d) 60 cycles
6. The reactance-tube frequency modulates the oscillator by which of the following actions?
a. By shunting the tank circuit with a variable resistance
b. By shunting the tank circuit with a variable reactance
c. By shunting the tank circuit with a variable capacitance
d. By causing a resultant current flow in the tank circuit which either leads or lags resonant current
7. Power loss due to increased effective resistance OF a conductor at microwave Frequencies due to skin effect.
a. Conduction Loss b. Dielectric Loss
c. Radiation Loss d. Corona
8. To ensure the frequency stability of an fm transmitter, which, if any, of the following actions could be taken?
a. Modulate a crystal-controlled oscillator at the desired frequency
b. Modulate a low-frequency oscillator, and use frequency multipliers to achieve the operating frequency
c. Modulate a low-frequency oscillator, and heterodyne it with a higher-frequency oscillator to achieve the desired frequency
d. None of the above
9. Varying which of the following wave characteristics will cause the length of sound waves to vary?
a. Phase b. Quality
c. Amplitude d. Frequency
10. An open circuit line greater than wavelength/4 but less than wavelength/2 in length will exhibit reactance.
a. capacitive b. minimum
c. inductive d. maximum
11. What is a short length of transmission line, shorted at one end and attached at the appropriate distance from the load for the purpose of
matching a complex load to the transmission line?
a. quarter-wave transformer b. stub \
c. balun d. network
12. The primary advantage of phase modulation over frequency modulation is that phase modulation has better carrier
a. power stability b. amplitude stability
c. frequency stability d. directional stability
13. Which of broad classifications of noise are most difficult to treat?
a. noise generated in the receiver
b. noise generated in the transmitter
c. external noise
d. internal noise
14. Which of the following waves are NOT a form of electromagnetic energy?
a. Heat waves b. Sound waves
c. Light waves d. Radio waves

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto

15. In an FM signal, (a) the RATE of shift is proportional to what characteristic of the modulating signal, and (b) the AMOUNT of shift is
proportional to what characteristic?
a. (a) Amplitude (b) amplitude
b. (a) Amplitude (b) frequency
c. (a) Frequency (b) frequency
d. (a) Frequency (b) amplitude
16. To couple a coaxial line to parallel line, it is better to use a
a. directional coupler b. balun
c. slotted line d. quarter-wave transformer
17. If a transmission line is terminated with a resistance equal to its characteristic impedance
a. the standing wave ratio will be minimum
b. the input impedance will be twice the terminating resistance
c. the reflection coefficient will be unity
d. the line loss will be maximum
18. What is the first harmonic of a radio wave that has a fundamental frequency of 2,000 kHz?
a. 6,000 kHz b. 2,000 kHz
c. 3,000 kHz d. 4,000 kHz
19. Which statement is true about thermal noise power?
a. it is proportional to B
b. it is proportional to √B
c. it is proportional to B⁄2
d. it is proportional to √B⁄2
20. In a waveguide, the TM mode means that the:
a. electric Field is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
b. magnetic and electric Fields are perpendicular to each other
c. none of the above
d. magnetic Field is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
21. How can SWR be minimized?
a. using Filters b. using limiter
c. using Smith Chart d. using stubs
22. When does a transmission line terminated in a short look like a short to the source?
a. at less than λ/2 b. at quarter-wavelength
c. at less than λ/4 d. at half-wavelength
23. When a transmission line uses ground return, it is called an
a. ungrouped b. unbalanced
c. balanced d. grounded
24. What is the approximate wavelength, in feet, of a radio wave with a frequency of 5,000 kHz?
a. 197 feet b. 1,970 feet
c. 19,700 feet d. 197,000 feet
25. Which of the following is the most generally used term for comparing amplifier noise characteristics?
a. signal to noise ratio b. equivalent noise
c. noise factor d. figure of merit
26. If we double the value of resistor then how it affects the thermal noise power?
a. gets doubled b. gets halved
c. gets quadrupled d. remains unchanged
27. An AM signal has carrier power of 5 W. The percentage of modulation is 8O percent. The total sideband power is
a. 0.8W b. 1.6w
c. 2.5w d. 4.0w
28. A transmission line consisting of two conductors that have equal resistance per unit length.
a. Open-wire line b. Balanced line
c. Coaxial line d. Unbalanced line
29. Radio wave propagation has the least effect because of its constancy on which of the following atmospheric layers?
a. Troposphere b. Ionosphere

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto
c. Chronosphere d. Stratosphere

30. Which of the following determines the characteristics of a transmission line?

a. Physical dimensions b. Length
c. Inductance d. Capacitance
31. An AM signal is represented by x(t) = (30 + 2Sin(700πt)) Cos(2πt x 102t)V. Carrier power of the wave is?
a. 555W b. 675W
c. 450W d. 310W
32. In an FSK transmitter with a doubler and a tripler stage, the desired frequency shift is 1,200 Hz. To what maximum amount is the oscillator
frequency shift limited?
a. 60 Hz b. 100 Hz
c. 120 Hz d. 200 Hz
33. Which of the following terms is used for the vehicle through which a wave travels from point to point?
a. Medium b. Source
c. Detector d. Receiver
34. The maximum deviation of an FM carrier is 2 kHz by a maximum modulating signal of 400 Hz deviation ratio is
a. 0.2 b. 5
c. 8 d. 40
35. A PCM system is capable of transmitting 32 standard levels that ate sampled 2.5 times per cycle of a 3-kHz modulating signal. What
maximum number of bits per second is transmitted?
a. 18,750 b. 37,500
c. 75,000 d. 240,000
36. An AM transmitter antenna current is measured with no modulation and found to be 2.6 amperes. With modulation the current rises to 2.9
amperes. The percentage of modulation is
a. 35% b. 70%
c. 42% d. 89%
37. If an 860-kHz AM signal is modulated by frequencies of 5 and 10 kHz, what is the bandwidth?
a. 5 kHz b. 10 kHz
c. 15 kHz d. 20 kHz
38. The transmission line parameter that represents the decrease in the signal strength is
a) reflection coefficient b) propagation constant
c) attenuation constant d) phase-shift constant
[Link] of the following is not a major communications medium?
a. Space b. Water
c. Wires d. Fiber-optic cable
40. The maximum deviation for a 1.5 MHz carrier is set at ±50 kHz. If the carrier varies between 1.5125 MHz and 1.4875 MHz (±12.5 kHz),
what is the percentage of modulation?
a. 25 % b. 50 %
c. 75 % d. 100 %
41. What is the voltage reflection coefficient for a 75Ω line with a terminating impedance of 50Ω.
a) 0.2 b) -0.2∠ 180
c) -0.2 d) 0.2∠ 180
42. A personal communication hobby for individuals is
a. Ham radio b. Electronic bulletin board
c. CB radio d. Cellular radio
43. Having an information signal change some characteristic of a carrier signal is called
a. Multiplexing b. Modulation
c. Duplexing d. Linear mixing
44. If an FSK transmitter has a MARK frequency of 49.575 kHz and a SPACE frequency of 50.425 kHz, what is the assigned channel
frequency?
a. 49 kHz b. 49.575 kHz
c. 50 kHz d. 50.425 kHz
45. Radar is based upon
a. Microwaves b. A water medium
c. The directional nature of radio signals. d. Reflected radio wave signals
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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto

46. The spectrum of a 500 kHz FM-modulated carrier has a 60-kHz bandwidth and contains 12 significant sidebands. How much, in kHz, is the
carrier deviated?
a. ±5 b. ±7.5
c. ±10 d. ±15
47. What is the meaning of the term velocity factor of a transmission line?
a. The velocity of the wave on the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of the wave of light in vacuum
b. The ratio of the characteristic impedance of the line to the terminating impedance
c. The index of shielding for coaxial cable
d. The velocity of the waves on the transmission line divided by the velocity OF light in a vacuum
48. Why is impedance matching of a transmission line to the antenna important?
a. For maximum power transfer
b. For minimum time delay
c. for maximum efficiency
d. For greater energy transformation
49. What is the distance between a voltage maximum and adjacent current maximum on a transmission line with standing waves?
a. wavelength/4 b. wavelength/2
c. wavelength/8 d. wavelength
50. What is the major advantage of the telegraph over earlier methods of communication?
a) Range b) Speed
c) Security d) Reliability
51. Which of the following is not true about AM?
a. carrier varies b. The carrier frequency remains constant
c. The carrier frequency changes d. The information signal amplitude changes carrier amplitude
52. A 1,000-Hz tone of a certain loudness causes the frequency-modulated carrier for the circuit to vary ±1,000 Hz at a rate of 1,000 times per
second. If the amplitude of the modulating tone is doubled, what will be the maximum carrier variation?
A. ±1,000 hertz at 1,000 times per second
B. ±1,000 hertz at 2,000 times per second
C. ±2,000 hertz at 1,000 times per second
D. ±2,000 hertz at 2,000 times per second
53. Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the impedance measured at the _____ when its length is infinite.
a. load b. output
c. shorted end of the line d. input
54. The most commonly used transmission line is a
a. two-wire balance line b. single-wire
c. three-wire line d. coax
55. The opposite of modulation is
a. Reverse modulation b. Downward modulation
c. Unmodulation d. Demodulation
56. If a bell is placed in a jar and the air in the jar is replaced with a gas of a higher density, what is the effect, if any, on the speed of the sound
when the bell is rung?
a. The sound stops b. The sound travels faster
c. The sound travels slower d. The sound is not affected
57. The maximum deviation for a 1.5 MHz carrier is set at ±50 kHz. If the carrier varies between 1.5125 MHz and 1.4875 MHz (±12.5 kHz),
what is the percentage of modulation?
a. 25 % b. 50 %
c. 75 % d. 100 %
58. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line does not depend upon its
a. length b. conductor diameter
c. conductor spacing d. none of the above
59. Which of the following is not a common transmission line impedance?
a. 50 ohm b. 75 ohm
c. 120 ohm d. 300 ohm
60. For an FM signal in the 88-108-MHz broadcast band with a frequency deviation of 15 kHz, determine the percent modulation.
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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto
a) 20% b) 60%
c) 40% d) 80%
61. For maximum absorption of power at the antenna, the relationship between the characteristic impedance of the line ZO and the load
impedance ZL should be
a. ZO = ZL b. ZO > ZL
c. ZO < ZL d. ZO = 0
62. In an FSK transmitter with a doubler and a tripler stage, the desired frequency shift is 1,200 Hz. To what maximum amount is the oscillator
frequency shift limited?
a. 60 Hz b. 100 Hz
c. 120 Hz d. 200 Hz
63. If a wave has a velocity of 4,800 feet per second and a wave-length of 5 feet, what is the frequency of the wave?
a) 9.6 Hz b) 96 Hz
c) 960 Hz d) 9,600 Hz
64 . In pulse modulation, what term is used to indicate the ratio of time the system is actually producing RF?
a. Rest cycle b. Duty cycle
c. Average cycle d. Transmit cycle
65. The mismatch between antenna and transmission line impedances cannot be corrected for by
a. using an LC matching network
b. adjusting antenna length
c. using a balun
d. adjusting the length of the transmission line
66. The circuit used to produce modulation is called a
a. Modulator b. Demodulator
c. Variable gain amplifier d. Multiplexer
67. Which of the following circuits is used to generate a phase-shift keyed signal?
a. Logic circuit b. Phasor circuit
c. Phasitron circuit d. Longitudinal circuit
68. A pattern of voltage and current variations along a transmission line not terminated in its characteristic impedance is called
a. an electric field b. radio waves
c. standing waves d. a magnetic waves
69. The desirable SWR on a transmission line is
a. 0 b. 1
c. 2 d. infinity
70. A 50 Ω coax is connected to a 73 Ω antenna. The SWR is
a. 0.685 b. 1
c. 1.46 d. 2.92
71. The most desirable reflection coefficient is
a. 0 b. 0.5
c. 1 d. infinity
72. A ratio expressing the percentage of incident voltage reflected on a transmission line is known as the
a. velocity factor b. standing-wave ratio
c. reflection coefficient d. line efficiency
73. Average power in a pulse-modulation system is defined as the
a. power during rest time
b. power during each pulse
c. power during each pulse averaged over rest time
d. power during each pulse averaged over one operating cycle
74. A modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs?
a. Addition b. Multiplication
c. Division d. Square Root
75. In RF communications, modulation impresses information on which of the following types of waves?
a. Carrier wave b. Complex wave
c. Modulated wave d. Modulating wave
76. FSK has which of the following advantages over CW?
a. FSK has a more stable oscillator
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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto
b. FSK is easier to generate
c. FSK rejects unwanted weak signals
d. FSK does not have noise in its output
77. Transit time noise is
a. Low frequency noise
b. High frequency noise
c. Due to random behavior of carrier charges
d. Due to increase in reverse current in the device
78. Figure of merit γ is
a. Ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input signal to noise ratio
b. Ratio of input signal to noise ratio to output signal to noise ratio
c. Ratio of output signal to input signal to a system
d. Ratio of input signal to output signal to a system
79. If 750 Hz modulates a 100-kHz carrier, what would the upper-sideband frequency be?
a. 99,250 Hz b. 100,000 Hz
c. 100,500 Hz d. 100,750 Hz
80. A bit stream would be portioned into an even stream and an odd stream in which of these systems?
a. FSK b. QPSK
c. MSK d. BPSK
81. At a room temperature of 300K, calculate the thermal noise generated by two resistors of 10KΩ and 20 KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz.
a. 4.071 * 10-6 V, 5.757 * 10-6 V
b. 6.08 * 10-6 V, 15.77 * 10-6 V
c. 16.66 * 10-6 V, 2.356 * 10-6 V
d. 1.66 * 10-6 V, 0.23 * 10-6 V
82. An AM signal is represented by x(t) = (30 + 2Sin(700πt)) Cos(2πt x 102t)V. What is the value of modulation index?
a) 0.7 b) 0.066
c) 0.341 d) 0.916
83. What type(s) of modulation is/are normally detected by first converting it/them to another type of modulation?
a. PPM only b. PFM only
c. PCM only d. PPM, PFM, and PCM
84. Noise voltage Vn and absolute temperature T are related as
a. Vn = 1/ √(4RKTB)
b. Vn = √(4RK)/ (TB)
c. Vn = √(4RKTB)
d. Vn = √(4KTB)/R
85. The same pulse characteristic is varied in which of the following types of pulse modulations?
a. PAM and PDM b. PDM and PWM
c. PWM and PPM d. PPM and PAM
86. Noise is added to a signal in a communication system
a. At the receiving end
b. At transmitting antenna
c. In the channel
d. During regeneration of the information
87. At a room temperature of 300K, calculate the thermal noise generated by two resistors of 10KΩ and 30 KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz
and the resistors are connected in parallel.
a. 30.15 * 10-3
b. 8.23 * 10-23
c. 11.15 * 10-7
d. 26.85 * 10-7
88. For ideal AM, which Of the following is true?
a. m = 0 b. m = 1
c. m < 1 d. m > 1
89. The outline or the of a carrier has the shape of the modulating signal and is called the
a. Trace b. Waveshape

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
ECE Comprehensive Overview: EST Instructor: Engr. Christian
Albert Huerto
c. Envelope d. Carrier variation

90. Noise power at the resistor is affected by the value of the resistor as
a. Directly proportional to the value of the resistor
b. Inversely proportional to the value of the resistor
c. Unaffected by the value of the resistor
d. Becomes half as the resistance value is doubled
91. Calculate power in each sideband, if power of carrier wave is 176W and there is 60% modulation in amplitude modulated signal?
a. 13.36W b. 52W
c. 67W d. 15.84W
92. To transmit intelligence using pulse modulation, which of the following pulse characteristics may be varied?
a. Pulse duration b. Pulse amplitude
c . Pulse-repetition time d. Each of the above
93. At a room temperature of 293K, calculate the thermal noise generated by two resistors of 20KΩ and 30 KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz
and the resistors are connected in series.
a. 300.66 * 10-7
b. 284.48 * 10-7
c. 684.51 * 10-15
d. 106.22 * 10-7
94. Noise Factor(F) and Noise Figure(NF) are related as
a. NF = 10 log10(F)
b. F = 10 log10(NF)
c. NF = 10 (F)
d. F = 10 (NF)
95. Compared to fm, increasing the modulating frequency in phase modulation has what effect, if any, on the bandwidth of the phase-
modulated signal?
a. It increases
b. It decreases
c. Either A or B
d. Neither A nor B
96. When a carrier is modulated by a square wave, what maximum number of sideband pairs will be generated?
a. 1 b. 9
c. 3 d. An infinite number
97. Modulation index may be figured by using which of the following formulas?
a. 2f/fm b. fm/2f
c. fm/Δf d. Δf/fm
98. In an FSK transmitter, what stage is keyed?
a. The oscillator b. The power supply
c. The power amplifier d. The buffer amplifier
99. In an AM wave, where is the audio intelligence located?
A. In the carrier frequency
B. In the spacing between the sideband frequencies
C. In the spacing between the carrier and sideband frequencies
D. In the sideband frequencies
100. When the amount of oscillator frequency shift in an FSK transmitter is determined, which of the following factors must be considered?
a. The number of buffer amplifiers
b. The transmitter power output
c. The frequency multiplication factor for the transmitter amplifiers
d. The oscillator rest frequency

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