[Misba 39] Chap 1
IoT Components:
1. Sensors are the digital nervous system.
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[Misba 39] Chap 2
M2M architecture:
The OneM2M architecture is a standardized IoT framework designed to facilitate
communication and interoperability between devices, applications, and networks.
M2M is designed to communicate (Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.) with individual devices
with specific purposes.
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Application Layer:
● Focuses on connectivity between devices and their applications.
● Standardizing northbound APIs to connect with the Intelligence system.
● Interacts with the service layer.
Service Layer:
● Ensures everything runs efficiently.
● Integrates various hardware components.
● Provides middleware and APIs to support third-party applications and
services.
Network Layer:
● Ensures fast and secure communication between devices.
● Uses technologies like Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi to communicate with different IoT
devices.
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IoT World Forum (IoTWF), 2004:
7-layer IoT reference model:
Example (Smart Watch):
● Layer 1: Physical Devices and controllers (Smartwatch Sensors)
The smartwatch gathers data such as heart rate, oxygen levels, calories
burned, and ECG readings through sensors.
● Layer 2: Connectivity (Bluetooth Connectivity)
The smartwatch sends this data to a connected smartphone via Bluetooth.
● Layer 3: Edge Computing (Initial Processing)
The smartphone processes the data locally to filter out unnecessary
information like irregular heart rhythms.
● Layer 4: Data Accumulation (Cloud Storage)
The processed data is sent to a cloud platform via the internet, where it is
securely stored and can be accessed for future use.
● Layer 5: Data Abstraction (Data Organization)
The cloud organizes the data, combining it with other sources or aggregating
it for detailed analysis.
● Layer 6: Application (Health Analysis)
Advanced analytics generate detailed health reports, identify trends, or detect
abnormalities that might require attention.
● Layer 7: Collaboration & Processes (Reports and Alerts)
The final insights are shared with the user, their doctor, or a health monitoring
app. For example, an alert might notify the user to seek medical attention if an
anomaly is detected.
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Question: What is Data at Rest and Data in Motion?
Data at Rest: Data at rest refers to data that is stored and not actively being
transmitted or processed.
Examples:
● Files saved on a hard drive.
● Old sensor data stored in a database.
● Backup files in the cloud.
Features:
● Protect stored data with encryption and strong passwords.
● Regularly save copies of data to avoid losing it.
Data in Motion: Data in motion refers to data that is actively moving between
systems, devices, or applications.
Examples:
● Live sensor data sent to a server.
● Streaming video from a security camera.
● Messages exchanged between IoT devices.
Features:
● The data should travel quickly, especially for real-time use.
● Protect moving data with encryption to prevent hacking.
● Ensure data isn’t lost during transfer.
[Misba 39] Chap 3
Problems with Traditional IT Cloud Computing Model:
1. Limited bandwidth
2. High Latency
3. Need to fail secure operation
4. Huge volume of data, Big data
Fog computing:
Any device with computing, storage, and network connectivity is known as a fog
node.
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Question: What is Fog Computing?
Fog computing is a system that processes and analyzes data close to where it is
created (like IoT devices) instead of sending it all to the cloud. This reduces delays,
saves bandwidth, and improves efficiency.
Features:
1. Low Latency: Processes data quickly near its source.
2. Wide Distribution: Fog nodes are spread out near IoT devices.
3. Wireless Communication: Connects easily with many devices.
4. Real-Time Processing: Handles time-sensitive tasks efficiently.
5. Bandwidth Saving: Reduces data sent to the cloud.
6. Privacy and Security: Keeps sensitive data local.
Benefits:
● Faster response times.
● Saves internet bandwidth.
● Boosts efficiency with local processing.
● Keeps data more secure.
