PLUMBING AND INSTALLATION OF SANITARY FITTING

AT THE OLD CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OFFICE

CONVENIENCE

ABSTRACT
Hand flush water seal latrine known as W/C (water closet) is
an improved and economic kind of latrine other than bore-
hole latrine, Concrete vault latrine, removable receptacle
latrine etc. The latter were difficult to manage and expensive
to install nevertheless, the hand flush latrine is extensively
used a/I over the world because of its easy way of
installation and economic value, convenience and most
especially in high rise buildings. conclusively this research is
aimed at examining water closet. A practical approach was
adopted as we coupled and installed the water closet (WC) in
the civil engineering department office.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Objective of the Study

1.2 Scope of the Study

1.3 Problems of the Study

1.4 Area of the Study

1.5 Relevance of the Study

Chapter Literature Review

2.1 History of Water Closet

2.2 Water Closet

2.3 Types of Water Closet

2.3.1 Indian Type

2.3.2 European or Pedestal Type

2.4 Advantages of the European Type over the Indian Type of

Water Closet

2.4.1 Advantages of the Indian Type over the European Type of

Water Closet

2.4.2 Disadvantages of Indian Type over the European Type of

Water Closet

2.5 Categories of the European Type of Closet

2.6 Requirement of a Water Closet

2.7 Flushing Cistern

2.8 Traps

2.8.1 Qualities of Good Trap

2.8.2 Classification of traps Classification according to Shape

2.9 Classification According to use

2.9.1 Floortrap

2.9.2 Gulleytrap

2.9.3 InterceptingTrap

2.9.4 Advantages Of Intercepting Trap

2.9.5 Disadvantages Of The Incepting Trap

Chapter Three: Material And Methods

3.1 MaterialSandTools Used

3.2 Procedures

3.3 Taking Measurements And Dimensions

Chapter Four

4.0 Data Discussion And Analysis

4.1 Bill Of Engineering Measurement And Evaluation

4.1 Data Discussion

4.2 Data Analysis

Chapter Five

5.0 Summary, Conclusion And Recommendation

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

When you consider the contributions that plumbing and

sanitation makes to the quality of our lives, the much of the

other things that we do just seems much less significant.

People have known for a long time that leaving human waste in

open air near living spaces can cause sickness, features such

as control over water use, bowl shape and disposal technology

continue to develop and change.

The 1880s marked the widespread .introduction of the flush

toilet and the development of a variety of terms “including water

closet” to refer to the device. Many people do not like to discuss

human waste and ways of dealing with it in company making

polite euphemism very common “water Closet” is also a term

which clearly separates a room with a flush toilet from a room

with a tub or shower which has been designed for bathing and

may be known as a “bathroom”.

A Water closet is a room which contains a flush toilet usually

accompanied by a wash bowl or sink. The term may also be

used to refer specifically to a flush toilet. Speakers of British

 English may refer to a room with flush toilet as referencing the

initials for “Water Closet”. The development of the flush toilet

revolutionized human sanitation and contributed a number of

interesting developments to plumbing and architecture as

structures began to be built to accommodate such toilets.

The water closet helps; improve hygiene in many regions by

moving human waste away from inhabited buildings and areas,

and pipes which was runs from the tank to the WC helps to

remove fowl gasses in old civil engineering department

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To facilitate quick remove of foul water

 To provide good health condition in the building

 To prevent entry of foul gases from the sewer of the

building

 To install a suitable water closet

 To bring in water

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 Installation of water closet, installations of water supply pipe to

the WC.

1.3 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

 Finance

 Lack of storage house where plumbingsanitary fittings are

kept

 Lack of equipment which can facilitate to the smooth

running of this project

1.4 AREA OF THE STUDY

This project is executed in the old department of civil

engineering convenience within the engineering campus of ken

Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic Bori rivers state of Nigeria.

1.5 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

The relevance of this project is to enable we the student of civil

engineering department to be able to have an idea on the

installation of sanitary fitting and plumbing.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Historically, the word plumber was used to describe the

craftsman whose main function was the manipulation of lead in

its various forms. The name is derived from the Latin word

plubari, a worker in lead, plumbum.

Although, the plumber is almost the only craftsman today

concerned with the working of lead, the discovery of the

usefulness of other materials, their every- increasing

availability, and the increase in the scope and versatile of the

craft. Today, the best plumbers have a knowledge and skill

deserving of greater social and recognition.

Real efficiency in the craft requires a knowledge of physics and

chemistry, metallurgy, hydrostatics and hydraulics, and

machines. This scientific is best acquired through experience of

real problems in actual practice, greatly aided by good teaching

n a technical college.

2.1 HISTORY OF WATER CLOSET

Before there were sewer systems, in some pans of Europe,

people would toss their human waste onto the streets. Until

modern times, the need to improve upon current sewage

conditions was constant. The history of the water closet (W.C)

spans nearly half of a millennium.

The origins of the water closet can be traced to Sir John

Harrington in 1596, the

English inventor attempted his final invention, which consisted

of a seat, bowl anda cistern, which was used to wash away the

water, Harrington called it the [Link] he went public with

his closet, the public, disgusted, largely ignored it.

In 1775, Alexander Cummings was awarded the first patent for

a water closet. Cummings modified Harington’s invention to

include a valve trap that prevented backup and helped increase

the water flow into the sewers.

During the next 100years, various inventors continued to modify

Cummings water closet. In 1852, J.G Jennings patented a

washout closet. In 1885, Thomas typhoid built the first one-pie&

 toilet, made from china. Up to that point, toilets were fashioned

from metal and wood.

When the British immigrated to America, they failed to bring the

toilet technology.

Instead, chamber pots were used in colonial America. During

the 13505, James [Link] and William Campbell were awarded

the first American patent for a watercloset. Their crude design

was far from sanitary.

In the 20th Century inventors Joseph Randall Mann and William

Smith were among many who continued to improve the toilet.

But it was Charles Neff and Robert frame who ultimately

designed the Siphoned wash down water closet that can still be

found.

2.2 WATER CLOSET

Water Closet is the sanitary engineering appliance which is

used to receive human excreta directly and connected to a

flushing cistern to flush the closet and discharge the human

excreta to the soil pipe, by means of a trap.

2.3 TYPES OF WATER CLOSET

There are two main types of water closet namely:

1. Indian type (Long pattern squatting pan)

2. European type or pedestal type.

2.3.1 INDIAN TYPE

The Indian type consults of a pan or basin and a trap. The pan

is of imperious and smooth material preferable of white glazed.

It should have sufficient depth of water. The squatting pan has

45.63cm in Overall length and 45-50cm height. The pan is fitted

either with P-trap or S-trap, which is then connected to the soil

pipe. The pan have also a minimum water seal of 45mm. The

pan nave also sufficient slope towards the outlet for quick

disposal during flushing. The trap has an opening for anti-

siphonage pipe. The water closet is fixed iii squatting (or sitting)

position just at floor level. Since the excreta dos not directly fall

into the trap,hence there are chances of excreta to become

foul. The excreta may stick to the surface of the pan if the

flushing is not properly done the flush water enters therim of the
 pan. The flushing Cistern is normally kept 3m above the closet.

In case of the squatting [Link] recommended to keep the

floorslab lower than the general floor level in order to

accommodate the pan. The floor should also begently sloped,

so that the waste water is drained into the pan; this type is

flushed by a high level flushing cistern of 10 to 15 liters

capacity.

2.3.2 European Or Pedestal Type

This type of water closet is usually made of porcelain. It is a

wash down water closet provided with a seat and cover, and it

is fitted with D- trap or S-trap. The overall length is 63cm

maximum and height of 34-40cm.

The bowl of the pan i sufficiently large to prevent soiling of the

surrounding floor when in use. The excreta directly falls in the

trap, and therefore there are less chances of excreta becoming

foul. It is flushed by a low level flushing cistern of 10 litres

capacity. It can also be used at upper floors.

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF THE EUROPEAN TYPE OVER THE

INDIAN TYPE OF WATER CLOSET

(1) In the European design, the excreta fall directly into the

trap water.

(2) It requires less water to flush the system

(3) It can be used at upper floors of the building

2.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE INDIAN TYPE OVER THE

EUROPEAN TYPE OF WATER CLOSET

1. The Indian type of water closet is more conducive to

complete evacuation.

2. It makes elimination faster, and easier.

2.4.2 DISADVANTAGES OF INDIAN TYPE OVER THE EUROPEAN

TYPE OF WATER CLOSET

(i) The disadvantage of the Indian water closet design is that

the human excreta fall in the pan and ha to be washed

out.
 (ii) The Indian water closet design is not suitable for use at

the upper floor of the building.

2.5 CATEGORIES OF THE EUROPEAN TYPE OF WATER

CLOSET

There are two main categories of the European type of water

closet namely:

1. The wash-down closet which relieves on velocity of the

flush water to wash away the excreta.

2. The siphonic water closet which works on siphonic action

and is quick and efficient in its working, but has higher

blockage risk if not properly handled.

2.6 REQUIREMENT OF A WATER CLOSET

The following are the requirement of a good water closet:

1. It should be convenient in use by person of all age both

old as well as children.

2. The size of thepan should be such that the urine as well

as the fecal material does not fall outside the pan.

 3. The trap shouldbe such that water does not splash when

the excreta falls in water.

4. The urine should not splash outside the pan.

5. Fecal matter should flow in the trap without sticking to the

pan. For that, the surface of the phi should be smooth.

6. Flushing should be achieved efficiently with the use of

smll quantity of water

7. Fecal material should not be too plainly visible before

flushing

8. The water in the trap should provide an effective and air

tight seal.

9. The pan should be of durable material so that it does not

crack with passage of time.

2.7 FLUSHING CISTERN

Flushing cistern is a device which is used for flushing water

closet, urinals or drain. It is made of cast iron of minimum

 thickness of 5mm but for superior work,porcelains flushing

cistern may be used.

For Indian type water closet, cast iron flushing cistern is

normally used, fixed at about 2m above the floor level. For

European type of water closet, porcelain cisterns are normally

used, fixed at about 60cm above floor levels. The flushing

cistern can be either symphonic type or mechanical type. The

svrrphonictype is more widely used. It has a central outlet stand

pipe covered with a bell-shaped cast iron vessel.

The flushing capacity of the cistern is 10 to 15 liters.

2.8 TRAPS

The trap is a device, which put a barrier in the sewer line in the

form of water and does not allow municipal sewer gases to

escape into the house or building. If the trap is not used in fly

sanitary fitting, the foul gases of municipal sewer will escape

into the house and cause nuisance and also pollute the

atmosphere.

The effectiveness of the trap depends upon the depth of water

seal. the greater the depth of water seal, the more effective is
 the trap. The Depth of water seal varies from 2.5cm to

7.5cm1or 25mm to 75mm)

2.8.1 QUALITIES OF A GOOD TRAP

The following are the essentials of a good trap:

(1) It should be capable of being easily cleaned

(2) It should provide sufficient depth of water seal at all time,

having large surface area.

(3) It should be made from non-absorbing material

(4) It should be provided with access door for cleaning

(5) The internal surface should be smooth

(6) It should be simple in construction

(7) It should be free from any inside projection, which is likely

to obstruct the passage of flow of sewage.

(8) It should be easily fixable to the drain

2.8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAPS CLASSIFICATION

AC(ORI)ING TO SHAPE

According to this classification, the traps are of three types

(i) P—type trap

(ii) Q — type trap

(Hi) S-type trap

2.9 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO USE

As per this Classification, traps are of the following three types

(i) Floor- trap

(ii) Gulley trap

(iii) Intercepting trap

2.9.1 FLOOR TRAP

Floor trap is made of east iron and provided at the points of

entrance of waste water to the house drain It is installed in at its

top, so that entry of solid matter into the house drain may be

prevented.
 The grating Cover is removable which facilities its cleaning from

time to time.

2.9.2 GULLEY TRAP

Gulley— trap is usually made of stone ware and a cast

irongrating is provided at its top. They are titled inside a

masonry chamber. A water seal of about 6 to 7 cm is provided

in this trap. it forms beginning point of horizontal flow 0 the

sewage. It is normally installed near external fall of the wall and

it is kept slightly higher or even in line with pavement or ground

level. The gulley trap takes the sewage, either to sewer or to

inspection chamber or to manhole. The top of the gulley

trapchamber is provided with a cover usually of cast iron, which

may be removed at the time of cleaning the trap.

2.9.3 INTERCEPTING—TRAP

The intercepting trap has comparatively deeper water seal. This

is provided at least inspection chamber of manhole of the

house drainage system.

 The main features of this trap are deep seal and an inspection

arm. inspection arm is used for cleaning and inspection of trap

and normally, kept closed by a lid or plug.

[Link] ADVANTAGES OF INTERCEPTING TRAP

(1) It can remove some of the foul matter obtained from the

house drains before allowing it to pass on to public sewer.

(2) Harmful disease$ producing bacteria is prevented from

getting entry into the house drains and thus using health

hazard for the house owner.

(3) Foul gases of the public sewers are prevented from

entering the house drains through interception traps. If

intercepting trap is not provided, these gases will enter

the vent pipes and will pollute the atmosphere.

[Link] DISADVANTAGES OF THE INTERCEPTING TRAP

(1) Cleaning of the trap through inspection or cleaning arm is

difficult.
(2) If discharge from the house is small, the heavy organic

solids may settle in the trap and may start purifying and

may develop unhygienic conditions.

(3) If the lid of the cleaning arms is not properly fitted or is

broken., the foul gases of public sewers will enter the

house drainage

(4) It adds to the cost of installation unnecessarily

Water Water Water

Seal Seal Seal
P-TRAP Q-TRAP S-TRAP

Traps According to Shapes

 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This project discussed the installation procedure for toilets,

dealing best practices that avoid future leaks or toilet problems.

Before installing a toilet, examine it for manufacturing defects

that can cause leaks or prevent it from sealing fully to the closet

flange.

Make sure the base of the toilet is flat or it will have a tendency

to rock and break the seal, leading to odors and leakage. Make sure

the floor framing where the toilet will be mounted is adequate.

3.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

3.1.1 MATERIALS

3
i. /4Elbow
3
ii. /4Tee
3
iii. /4Socket

iv. Elbow

v. In threaded socket
 1
vi. /2 “x 3/4tee
1
vii. /2 Plug cap

viii. Flexible connector

ix. 1” ball value

x. 1” socket
3
xi. /4Stopcock
1
xii. /4Waste
3
xiii. /4Adapter
1
xiv. /2Socket
1
xv. /2Basin top

xvi. 2” fishaliscreal nail

xvii. Length of G.I pipe

xviii. Length of 1” pipe

xix. 1” elbow PVC

xx. 1” tee
1
xxi. /2Elbow

xxii. Length of 4” 6 bar pipe

xxiii. 4” white elbow

xxiv. 2” white tee

xxv. 2” white elbow

 xxvi. 4” white tee

xxvii. Floor waste

xxviii. Twofold w/c

1
xxix. /2Brass tap

xxx. Tanget gum

xxxi. Pvc pipe

xxxii. Pve elbow

xxxiii. Pvc tee

xxxiv. Pvc couple

xxxv. Floor drain

xxxvi. Twyford water closet

xxxvii. Brass tap

xxxviii. Tanfit gum

xxxix. Fishal screw nail

xl. Galvanize pipe

xli. Adjustable connector

xlii. Cushing cistern

xliii. Wash basins

xliv. Baths and bathtubs

xlv. Kitchen sint

 xlvi. Ball valve

xlvii. Socket

xlviii. Vern waster

xlix. Adapter

l. Basin trap

li. Plug cap

3.1.2 TOOLS

i. Pipe cutter

ii. Tape

iii. Pipe wrench

iv. Spirit level

v. Hammer

vi. Bench saw

vii. Hand screw

viii. Hand screw

ix. Adjustable screwdriver

3.2 PROCEDURES

The distance was measured from the wall to the floor bolts

before removing standard toilets have a measurement of 12” from the

wall to the floor bolts, if your toilet measures 12” you can expect to

buy any standard toilet and install it comfortably in the existing

location without much hassle.

The water supply was turned off, this is so that no new water

rushes into the toilet basin while you are busy trying to install it.

The tank bolts that fasten the basin to the bowl was unscrewed

The basin was removed by lifting it from the bowl and place it

somewhere convenient where it cannot transmit unwanted bacteria.

The floor bolt caps was removed and unscrew the nuts with an

adjustable wrench.

Then the sealant on pedestal toilet was broken by rocking the it

back and forth, youdo not need to go over board, a little bit of rocking,

goes a long way. After the seal has been broken, move the bowl

away from the bathroom, preferably alongside the basin.

Scrape away remaining wax around the drain opening you are

going to be creating new seal, so you want as much of the old sealant

to be removed for proper sealants

 The drain was plug opening with an old rag or another

implement this will keep the sewage fumes from wafting into your

bathroom before you install the new toilet.

3.3 TAKING MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONS

MEASUREMENT

Measurement and dimensions were taken in respect of the

length and height of the walls which pipes are to pass through

to get to the water closet.

CUTTING PROCESS

This is the process where by some pipes were cut depending

on the dimension or distance which the pipe should be use with

the pipe cutter tools.

JOINING AND FIXING

This is the process where by the pipes. Washing hand basinets

water closet, taps were been fixed and joined with aid of Teflon

tapes, gums, tees, elbows, couplings, screw nails and screws.

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

(BEME)

s/n Description Quantity Amount (N) Total (N)

1. 1’’ PVC Pine 10 600 6000

2. 1’’ PVC elbow 10 50 500

3. 1’’ PVC tee 8 50 400

¾
4. * 1’’ PVC elbow 10 50 500
¾
5. PVC pine 5 400 2000

6. PVC elbow 8 50 2000

¾
7. * ½ PVC elbow 12 50 600
½
8. PVC pine 4 300 1200
½
9. PVC tee 5 50 250
½
10. PVC elbow 10 50 500

11. 4 ‘’ * 6 bar pine 2 2000 4000

12. 4 ‘’ elbow (white ) 3 500 1500

13. 4 ‘’ tee(white) 3 500 1500

14. 2 ‘’ pine 2 600 1200

15. 2 ‘’ elbow 2 150 1500

16. 2 ‘’ tee 5 150 750

17. Floor drain 1 300 300

18. Twyford w/c 1 800 8000

19. ½ brass tap 2 400 400

20. Tanfit gum 3 1000 3000

21. Adjustable connector 1 700 700

22. Fishal/screen nail 3 200 600

23. Galvanize pipe 1 1000 1000

24. Flexible connector 3 250 750

25. 1’’ ball valve 1 400 400

26. 1’’ socket 5 50 250

27. ¾’’ stop cock 1 600 600

28. ¼ ’’ venu waste 2 300 600

29. ¾ ’’ adapter 4 50 200

30. ½ ’’ socket 3 50 150

31. ½ ’’ basin trap 2 600 1200

32. 1’’ * 1/2 socket 1 50 50

33. 3-3/4 tee 1 120 120

 34. 2-3/4 socket 2 40 80

35. 4in-threaded socket 1 200 200

CHAPTER FOUR

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DISCUSSION

Water closets are made from a ceramic base to the requirement

of BS 5503 with a horizontal outlet. The complete water closet

arrangement consists of the pan, seat, flush pipe and flushing cistern.

The BS 5503 water closet is termed a wash down type and

relies on the flush of water to wash the contents of the bowl around

the trap and into the soil pipe. An alternative form is the siphonic

water closet which is more efficient and quicker in operation but has a

greater risk of blockage if misused. It has a single trap and a double

trap.
The single trap siphonic water closet has a restricted outlet which

serves to retard the flow, when flushed, so that the bore of the outlet

connected to the bowl becomes full and sets up a siphonic flushing

action completely emptying the content of the bowl. With the double

trap siphonic pan the air is drawn from the pocket between the two

traps when the flushing operation is started this causes atmospheric

pressure to expel the complete contents of the bowl through both

traps into the soil pipe.

The pan should be fixed to the floor with brass screws and

bedded on a suitable compressible material; the connection to the

soil pipe socket can be made with cement mortar or preferably a

mastic to allow for any differential movement between the fitment and

the structure.

Connections to PVC soils pipes are usually made with

compression rings, the flush pipes is invariably connected to each

pan with special plastic or rubber on a piece connector.

Flushing cisterns together with the flush pipes are usually

constructed to each recommendation of BS 1125 and B57358 and

can be made from enameled cast iron, enameled steel, ceramic ware
or of plastic materials. Two basic types have been produced namely

the bell or cone and the piston. The former is now obsolete, but may

still be found in service. It is activated by pulling a chain which raises

the water level above the open end of the flush pipe thus setting up a

siphonic action. These cisterns are effluent and durable but are noisy

in operation. The piston type cistern is the one in general use and is

activated by lever or bottom. When activated the disc or flap valve

piston is raised and with it the water level which is controlled by a

float valve and an overflow or warning pipe of a larger diameter than

the inlet is fitted to discharge so that it gives a visual warning, usually

in an external position. The capacity of the cistern will be determined

by local water board requirements, the most common being 6, 7, 8

and 9 liters.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The installation of water closets in homes, offices, schools, etc.

is a good health practice which every person(s) should be used to.

The water closet is to dispose off liquid waste and facilitate the quick

removal of foul matter. It is convenient to be use by persons of all age

—both old as well children. The flushing is achieved effectively with

the use of small quantity of water. The water closet is installed for

private use and public use, and for contingency of discharge of fecal

matter easily in the trap without sticking to the pan. The water closets

are to be installed according to the number of users, and

proper/regular flushing should be carried out at least twice daily when

not in use.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The installation of water closet is truly an interesting

experience for everyone to know. It is easy to install and

economically maintained with little or less public Health

Hazards.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

After carrying out a research study of the installation of water

closet, the following are recommended.

(1) Flushing cisterns with discharge capacity of 10 liters,

discharging at an average rate of 5 liters in 3 seconds are good

for water closet. The cistern is supported on cast iron or mild

steel bracket.

(2) Overflow pipe of 20mm nominal bore is used while flush pipe is

32mm for high level and 400mm for low level cisterns are used.

(3) The chain of flushing Cistern is sustained at a load of 50kg with

fracture of deformation.
 REFERENCES

Arora S.P. and Bmndra S.P. (2008) Building constrgctign 5th edition
DhanpatRaiPublications(p) Ltd Daryaganj New Delhi
Gurcharansingh and Jagdishsingh
(2007)_s_t_a_ggaLdmaadbo_ok_gf W 9th edition A.K Jam
Naisarak, Delhi.
Jam V.K. and Sharma H.R (2007) Dictionary of civil Engineering 1st
edition Academic (Indian) Publishers New Delhi.
Jha. J and S.K Sinha (2008) Construction and Foundation
Engineering 7th edition Khanna Publishers Nehru Nagar, New
Delhi.
John H. Innes (1971) Principles and Practice, teach yourself book on
plumbing, Printed and bound in England Hodder and %
Stoughton, London by Hazell Watson and Vinley Ltd,
Aylesbury. 57
Ledogo A.L (2010) Research, Reporting and
presentation,.1Stedition, victor press communications, Port
Harcourt Nigeria.
Malik R.S. and 6.5 Meo (2008) D,I-a_ughts Man civil 3rd edition
Asian publishers Darya Ganj, New Delhi
Oduwole O.S.V. and Arimawa MC (2003) Engineering Construction
Technolo 15t edition Vintage publishers Owerri.
Punmia B.C (2007) Building construction 5th edition Laxmi
Publication (p) Ltd Daryaganj, New Delhi.
Ray Tricker and R022 Algar (2006) Building Regulations in Brief 41
edition Elsevier Jordan Hill Burlington.
Roy Chudley and Roger Greene (2005) constrgiction Technology 3rd
edition Edinburgh Gate Harlow England.
Varghese P.C (2007) Building Construction 1st edition prentice Hall
of India, New Delhi.
Vazirani V.N. and chandola SP (2008) concise hand book of civil
Engineering 1St edition S. chand and company Ltd, Ram Nagar
New Delhi.