13.03.

2013 20:31

The secret of the Electron-Positron pair

v7.0
Ioannis Xydous
Electronic Engineer, Greece
Copyright © 2011-2013 by Ioannis Xydous. All Rights Reserved
“Our first endeavors are purely instinctive prompting of an imagination vivid and undisciplined. As we grow older reason asserts
it and we become more and more systematic and designing. However, those early impulses, though not immediately
productive, are of the greatest moment and may shape our very destinies. Indeed, I feel now that had I understood and
cultivated instead of suppressing them, I would have added substantial value to my bequest to the world. But not until I had
attained manhood did I realize that I was an inventor.”- Nikola Tesla

Abstract: It is a fact that a great number of scientific papers and patents have been published
related to Quantum Gravity, Unified Field, Space-Time Engineering, Gravity Control, Propulsion
without the need of a propellant, Instantaneous Telecommunications, Warp Drives, Over Unity devices
est. Most of them have a complicated theory or unclear results, which makes the scientific community
to have doubts if they are feasible. The Author starting from the known Electron-Positron pair creation
phenomenon, will reveal the entire matter creation process which will lead to the discovery of Aether,
Strong Nuclear force, Casimir force, Quantum Newtonian Gravity, Dirac’s Magnetic Monopole, Unified
Field Force and ultimately to Aether Engineering.

Keywords: Pair production, Aether, Dirac’s Magnetic Monopole, Complete Magnetic Force, Complete
Casimir Force, Nuclear Strong Force, Quantum Newtonian Gravity, Unified Field Force, Aether
Control, Antigravity

E-Mail: SEPP@[Link] Web Site: [Link]

E-Mail: xydous.i@[Link]
Contents
1. Introduction
i. Variable E/M wave velocity with distance
ii. Complete Coulomb force Equation
iii. Force and Energy Graphs of the Electron-Positron pair
2. Variable inertial mass
i. Variable inertial mass Equation
ii. Xydous-Einstein new (trapped particle) mass-Energy Equivalence
iii. Charge and Electric Field Screening Equations
iv. Prediction: Relativistic Electrons are suddenly trapped within a standing wave. Electron flux
dropout in the outer Radiation belt (due to inertial mass variance)
v. Archimedes principle on Aether
vi. Aether Control Experiment: Kinetic effects and controlled Inertia on a coil with ferromagnetic
core
vii. All-Important equations for Inertia (Aether) Control: Application on Ferromagnetic, Plasma,
Superconductor and Conductor mediums
3. Derivation of the Strong Nuclear force between two Protons
i. Force and Energy Graphs for the Strong Nuclear force
4. Derivation of the Casimir force based on Electron-Positron pair creation
i. Complete Casimir force Equation
ii. Deduction of the known Casimir force from the complete description
iii. Examples for the resonant cavity (interacting wavelengths) using the complete description
5. Newton’s Universal Gravitational Law on Quantum level
i. Thermodynamic Temperature of the Universe
ii. Age, Acceleration and density of the Universe (without the use of Hubble’s constant)
iii. Quantization of Mass, Length and Time
iv. Disproving the validity of Planck Units and introduction to new Planck Unit values
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6. Aether
i. Aether’s (vacuum) tangential velocity and the meaning of the fine structure constant
ii. New expression for the Planck constant and the proof that the Universe is an absolute rotating
frame, having at any point of its volume the same tangential velocity
iii. Electron’s 2D illustration: Electron’s mass captured inside an Aether Vortex
iv. Example: Frequency shift in rotating interferometers
7. Dirac’s Magnetic Monopole
i. Magnetic Field Strength of the Magnetic Monopole
8. Complete Magnetic force
i. Complete Magnetic force Equation between two Magnetic Monopoles
ii. Charge: Complete Electric and Magnetic Field Intensity Equations
9. Unified Field force
i. Universe force Equation
ii. Universe force and variable Gravitational constant with distance (Graphs)
iii. All forms of the Unified Field force (Electric, Magnetic, Nuclear, Gravitational)
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Introduction Back to Contents

This paper is the result of years of research The formulations below apply on the pair
on different fields of science through creation process where a γ-photon
observations, combination of knowledge approaches a heavy nucleus.
and analysis. It is a very intuitive work with
the aim to suggest an alternative formulated As we know, the creation of an Electron-
solution to the most pressing problems of Positron pair needs a threshold Energy given
Quantum Physics and Cosmology. by:

The research as mentioned above, me ⋅ c 2 + me ⋅ c 2 = hf γ eq.(1)

+ −
originates from the keen interest of the
Author to understand the cause and the
mechanism behind the phenomena without
the need of complex mathematic
Therefore, the γ-photon must have Energy:
abstractions and theories. It was always a
belief that the fundamental laws that
Eγ = hf γ = 1.022 MeV = 1.637 ⋅10 −13 Joule
describe the physical phenomena must be
simple. and f γ = 2.470545 ⋅10 20 Hz

It will be evidently proved that the

influences of the old time (first decades of
the previous century) created an alternative A thought experiment: Let us suppose that
future for Quantum Physics (complex we have a stationary heavy nucleus (Fig. 1)
mathematic formulations) that resulted to where a γ-photon approaches its strong
the loss of a great opportunity. Electrostatic field (E). If the photon has the
threshold Energy as given by Eq. (1), then
The basic idea that initiated the we may have pair production in vacuum.
development of this work is the pair
production phenomenon where a γ-photon
travels near a heavy nucleus and suddenly Nucleus

disappears by giving its position to matter

and Anti-matter (Anderson’s experiment in γ-photon
e
-

QTot
1932 and theoretically the positron was
predicted by Dirac in 1928).
+
e
We re-introduce with simple equations the
idea of a medium existence in empty space,
which is nothing else than the Aether itself
that opens the “doors” for a real Unified
Field Theory and ultimately to Aether’s Figure 1: Pair production process.
engineering.
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Postulate: The velocity of a photon A simpler and more obvious proof comes
decreases when approaches a strong from the replacement of the nucleus with a
Electrostatic field by keeping its wavelength theoretical stationary/immovable Electron
invariant. (as momentum absorber). The classical
Electron radius is given by:
The above assumption can be deduced by
the following observation: From the KQe
2
KQe
2

moment, that the γ-photon vanishes and re = 2

⇒ me c 2 = ⇒
me c re
gives its position to the Electron-Positron
pair then the conclusion is that the wave
The replacement of the rest Energy of the
properties of the γ-photon vanish too. A
Electron and Positron into Eq. (1), gives:
photon with vanished wave properties
me ⋅ c 2 + me ⋅ c 2 = hf γ ⇒
points to inexistence or disappearance. With + −

other words, this will result to a zero KQe KQe

2 2
KQe
2

velocity. This can be expressed as follow: + = hfγ = 2 eq.(4)

re re re

∆Eγ = ∆EField ⇒
Then Eq. (4) is equivalent with the following
expression:
2
c V KQTot
h −h = eq.(2)
λ λ r KQe
2
E γ − Ee = E ⇒ hf γ − = hf ⇒
i f i f
γ γ
For the distance: r
c 2
r → ∞ ⇒ V = c ⇒ Eγ = h h −
KQe
c
=h
V
λ eq.(4.1)
λγ r λγ
This is the Energy of the photon before it
enters the field and is equal to its initial one. Eq. (4.1) gives exactly the same results
Eq. (2) can be also written as: (equivalent) with Eq. (4), when:
c
V = c ⇒ r → ∞ ⇒E γ = h = hf γ
2 f i
KQTot
∆Eγ = ∆E Field ⇒ ∂Eγ = − ⇒ λγ
r
and
2 2
hV KQTot KQTot 2
∂ =− ⇒ h∂V = − ∂λ ⇒ r
V = 0 ⇒ r = e ⇒ E γ = 0 ⇒ hf γ = 2
f i KQe
∂λ r r 2 re
Eq. (4.1) finally becomes:
2
1 KQTot
∫ ∂V = − h ∫ r ∂λ + C ⇒ KQe
2
V =c− λγ eq.(5)
KQTot
2 hr
V =C− λ eq.(3)
hr Moreover, for a nucleus as momentum
For initial conditions where C equals to the absorber, Eq. (5) becomes like Eq. (3.1):
speed of light in the vacuum and λ equals to
2
the γ-photon wavelength, Eq. (3) becomes: KQTot
V =c− λγ eq.(6)
hr
KQTot
2
Eq. (6) tells us that the velocity of the γ-
V =c− λγ eq.(3.1)
hr photon decreases with decreasing distance.
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When the γ-photon vanishes and gives its “frozen/immovable” Electron (instead of a
position to the Electron-Positron pair, we nucleus) at distance (r).
could claim that the Energy of the γ-photon So: QTot = −Qe ⇒ Q 2 Tot = Qe eq.(6.1)
2

becomes equal to the Energy of the

Electrostatic field created by a Back to Contents

Velocity of γ − photon
2
KQe
V =c− λγ eq.(7)
hr Immovable Electron
γ-photon (instead of nucleus)
m V =c V << c
Note (1): Eq. (7) describes the local Note (2): In Fig. 1.11 we have the
propagation velocity of a single sec situation where matter is trapped
photon as seen in Fig. 1.1. The between two photons (standing wave)
Electrostatic field of the Electron acts and the wavelength λγ represents the
as the opposing Energy that ultimately total photon Energy (two photons). The
will create the standing wave where photons travel in opposite directions
λce h
matter and Antimatter will occur, λγ = = and fall upon two diametrically
2 2me c
theoretically. In Fig. 1.11, the velocity opposite points of the Electron surface.
(V) represents the sum of the two- The diametrically opposite points give
photon propagation velocities. m the condition Δφ=π (standing wave).

Figure 1.1: Electron as momentum absorber.

2 2
KQe c c c KQe
V1 = c − λce h +h =h V2 = c − λce
hr λce λce λγ hr

h h
λce = 2λγ = λce = 2λγ =
me c me c

Propagation Velocity Equivalenc e resulting from the Energy conservation (Eq. (1))
2
KQe
V1 + V2 = V = c − λγ
hr
Figure 1.11: Blocking Electron’s deflection. (Electron is trapped between two photons).
For infinite distance (in reality we could use N ⋅ m2
the today’s accepted radius of the K = 8.987551787 ⋅10 9

Cb 2
Universe), the velocity of the E/M wave
c = 3 ⋅108 m / sec
becomes equal to the speed of light in the 2
KQe
vacuum. V =0 ⇒r = λγ ⇒
hc
Eq. (7) shows some very interesting
2
characteristics and the most important is KQe
rc = λγ = 1.4093 ⋅ 10 −15 eq.(8)
the crossing with the X-Axis where the hc
velocity of the E/M wave (γ-photon) goes to
zero:
rc = 1.4093 fm
λγ = 1.214307 ⋅10 −12 m Eq. (8) shows the distance from the “frozen”
Electron as also the initial separation
Qe = 1.602176565 ⋅ 10 −19 Cb
distance of the Electron-Positron. This
m 2 ⋅ Kgr distance is exactly the half of the classical
h = 6.626068 ⋅ 10 −34
sec Electron radius:
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rc KQe
2
λce−h 1 c 2 ⋅ µ0
= and λγ = = ⇒ K= = eq.(9)
λγ hc 2 2me c 4 ⋅π ⋅ε 0 4 ⋅π
V ⋅ µ0
2
2 2 2
KQe KQe h KQe 1
rc = λγ = ⋅ = ⇒ KV = = eq.(10)
hc hc 2me c 2me c 2 4 ⋅π ⋅ε 0 4 ⋅π
2
r V
rc = e , eq.(8.1) e- e+ KV = K eq.(10.1)
2 c2
rc
λce h
λγ = = eq.(10.2)
2 2me c
Figure 1.2: Initial distance between Electron-Positron.
Note: The Author supports that the
Another important observation on Eq. (8) is threshold Energy of the γ-photon is enough
the following: to create and separate the pair itself in
rc KQe α 2
normal conditions.
= = eq.(8.2)
λγ hc 2π
Eq. (8.2) and Eq. (7) tell us when the ratio Combining the above equations the
between the critical distance and the Coulomb force between the Electron and
wavelength is equal to the reduced fine- Positron is given by:
2
structure constant; results to the vanishing KQ 2 e KQ 2 e 1 
Fe − e + ⋅  c −
=− 2 2 ⋅  eq.(10.3)
of the E/M forces. The mystery of the fine rc  2mec r 
structure constant origin is finally solved. It The complete Coulomb force for any kind of
shows that the fine structure constant is charges is concluded by Eq. (10.2) and Eq.
depended by the wavelength and the critical (10.3):
distance. This has a fundamental
consequence in all interactions.
For a Proton and an Antiproton, the critical
λce h h
λγ = = ⇒λ =
distance will be equal to the half of the 2 (me + me ) ⋅ c (mQ + mq )⋅ c ⇒
classical Proton radius: In addition, due to Eq. (6.1), Eq. (7)
becomes:
rp KQ 2 p
rc = = = 0.7665 ⋅ 10 −18 m K Q⋅q
2 2m p c 2 V =c− λ⇒
hr
Another implication of this discovery where
the E/M wave velocity varies with distance,
opposes the second postulation of Einstein’s Complete Coulomb Force
Theory of Relativity, which supports a 2

constant E/M wave velocity from whatever KQq  K Q⋅q 

= 2 2 ⋅c − 
inertial frame is measured.
FCCbF
r c  (mQ + mq )⋅ r ⋅ c  eq.(11)
Under these circumstances, the Electrostatic
field between the pair influences the Back to Contents
created pair itself (at distance) where then
the Coulomb force takes a new form due to It is clear that Eq. (11) turns to Eq. (10.3) for:
the variance of γ-photon velocity with Q = −q = Qe and mQ = mq = me eq.(12)
distance:
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Additionally, Eq. (10.3) reduces to the However, we know from experiments that
known Coulomb force when: finally the pair will be separated.
Therefore, something intervenes in the
KQ 2 e 1 KQ 2 e process to separate the pair by avoiding its
r > 10 −13 m ⇒ c − ⋅ ≈ c ⇒ Fe −e + = − 2
2me c r r collapse.
eq.(13) According to Eq. (10.3):

2
Finally using the distance given by Eq. (8) KQ 2 e  KQ 2 e 1 
Fe−e+ =− 2 2 ⋅  c − ⋅  ⇒
the Coulomb force between the pair, drops r c  2me c r 
to zero.
2

Eq. (11) incorporates the screening of the

 KQ 2 e 1 
 c − ⋅  = c 2 +
Electrostatic field as also the dependence of  2me c r 
the Coulomb force with the charged mass.
Another conclusion is that at the critical 2
 KQ 2 e 1  KQ 2 e 1
distance appears a shielding effect against  ⋅  − ⋅
 2me c r  me r
the Electrostatic force.
eq.(16)
The last term above is a repulsive force:
Now as we saw above the attractive
KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1  KQ 2 e 1 
2
Coulomb force drops to zero at the critical
Frep = − 2 ⋅ 2  ⋅  − ⋅
distance, it means their own Electrostatic r c   2me c r  me r 
 
field does not influence the particle pair.
eq.(17)
Therefore, the only force that acts upon
This means:
them is the Gravitational force due to their   
mass: Fe − e + = FCb + Frep eq.(18)
me− = me+ = 9.109 ⋅ 10 −31 Kgr The complete Coulomb force is the sum of
rc = 1.4093 fm eq.(14) the known regular Coulomb force plus the
repulsive force.
Then:
Back to Contents
m ⋅m As we see, Eq. (17) is integrated on Eq.
FG = G e− 2 e+
r c (10.3). The repulsive force is an independent
me− ⋅ me+ force, which comes from the pair itself as
FG = G ≈ 2.77 ⋅ 10 −41 N eq.(15)
r 2c also influences the Coulomb force created
by the same pair.
Although Eq. (15) gives an extremely small It is clear that the complete Coulomb force
amount of force, this force is the only one is not the total force that acts upon the pair.
that acts upon the pair resulting to the
attraction between them, according to The total force is given by:
  
Newton’s Gravitational Law (We will FTotal = Fe − e + + Frep eq.(19)
mention later Newton’s Universal
Gravitational Law and how it is involved The Graphs on the next page show the
with these findings). forces and the Work done by them.
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N FTotal ( Max ) = 116.34 N

2

KQ 2 e KQ 2 e 1 
Fe−e+ ⋅  c −
=− 2 2 ⋅ 
r c  2 me c r
KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1  KQ 2 e 1 
2

Frep = − 2 ⋅ 2  ⋅  − ⋅
r c   2me c r  me r 
 

  
FTotal = Fe −e + + Frep
FTotal ( Max ) 1 2π 1
≈ 87.8 ≈ ⋅ ,α =
FTotal ( Min ) 10 α 137.036

FTotal ( Min ) = −1.32 N m

Figure 2: Electron-Positron: New Coulomb, Repulsive and Total force

Joule

Coulomb Barrier
(4.80 ⋅ 10−15 m, 2.25 ⋅ 10−14 Joule)
m
∞
KQ 2 e  K 2Q 4 e 1 KQ 2 e 1 
WFe−e+ = − ∫ Fe−e+ dr = 1 + 4
⋅ 2 − 2
⋅ 
r
r  12 me c r 2 me c r
∞
KQ 2 e  K 2Q 4 e 1 KQ 2 e 1 
WFRep = − ∫ FRep dr =  4
⋅ 2 − 2
⋅ 
r
r  12 me c r 2 me c r
WFTotal = WFe e + WF
− +
Rep

Figure 3: Work of Electron-Positron New Coulomb, Repulsive and Total force

Note: Figure 2 & 3 uses the classical Electron radius and the variation of the E/M wave velocity with distance inside an Electrostatic field.
Repulsive force range: 1.409fm to 4.8fm; attractive force range: 4.8fm to infinity. Today Physics claims that the Electron-Positron pair may
annihilate at any Kinetic Energy. The above Graph proves exactly the opposite that means the Electron as also the Positron must have an
initial velocity of 0.62c (to surpass the Coulomb Barrier) to annihilate each other. Otherwise, they will be repelled back.

Back to Contents
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Variable Inertia Back to Contents

The reduction of the velocity of light with Conclusion: The previous two observations
distance, revealed a new phenomenon, and the possibility where we may not have
which is the screening of the Electric field particle’s scattering (see Fig. 3.1 and Fig.
(through Eq. (11)) for every interacting 1.11), it indicates the involvement of a
charged particle. Eq. (7) was concluded standing wave mechanism.
under the assumption that the Electron will
not be scattered and it will remain Blocked Scattering Process
immovable.

Is there a real mechanism where the re

Photon Photon
scattering process can be blocked? When
two photons travel in diametrically opposite λce
E/M
directions and fall upon the Electron then in Radius
this case Electron’s scattering will not occur.

An indication about the above is concluded

Figure 3.1: Trapped Electron.
indirectly from Eq. (1) as also from the
annihilation process (creation of two γ- Today’s Physics supports the wave-particle
photons travelling in opposite directions and duality of matter as also that the inertial
having Energy equals to the rest Energy of mass (rest mass) is invariable due to the
an Electron): speed of light constancy according to the
hf γ = me+ c 2 + me− c 2 ⇒ 2hf ce = 2me c 2 eq.(20) postulation of Einstein’s Relativity. The wave
The creation or the annihilation process has nature of matter mostly (or only) appears in
a unique solution that means the Energies diffraction and in Quantum Tunneling effects
involved cannot be less than the values where the particle is confined in space for a
presented above. Two obvious but very very short period.
important observations come out of this:
i. The annihilation process requires When a particle travels with a constant
two opposite charges (Electron and velocity by not experiencing obstacles and
Positron). On the other hand, the slits or remains stationary, the wave
creation process requires a γ- property as phenomenon is not evident.
photon and a nucleus as However, as we have already seen, the
momentum absorber or two γ- creation of the Electron’s mass came from
photons with Energy equals to the the half-wave Energy of the γ-photon (see
rest mass of an Electron but Eq. (20)), which can be considered as a half-
travelling in opposite directions. wave (standing wave) during its creation.
ii. Due to the nature of the events, we The discovery of the variable speed of light
note that there is a very short time with distance for a particle confined in space
transformation of Energy and (trapped within a standing wave), it gives us
immobility (created pair). the possibility to control its inertial Energy.
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Eq. (7) shows that an Electron is trapped When we apply Eq. (21) on the previous
within a standing wave created by two expression, we have:
photons travelling in opposite directions. The V hc  E 
h = mi c 2 ⇒ 1 −  = mi c 2 ⇒
velocity (V) represents the local propagation λce λce  2me c 2 
velocity for both photons and not the h  E  h  E 
velocities superposition (interference). On mi c = 1 −
  ⇒ mi =
2 
1 − ⇒
λce  2me c  
λce c  2me c 2 
the other hand, Electron’s Electric Energy at h
a distance is equal to a single photon but = me ⇒
λce c
(multiplied by the fine structure constant).

Variable Inertial Mass

Then:

V = c −
KQe
2
λ
 
 =  c −
KQe λce 
2 ( particle mass → Standing Wave)
 hr
γ   hr 2 
  
h αch  E 
= me c and KQe = ⇒ mi = me 1 −  eq.(23)
2
and
λce 2π 2 

αch KQe
2
αch
 2 me c 
KQe = ⇒ = =E
2

2π r 2πr
eq.(20) Xydous - Einstein
Mass - Energy Equivalence
Then: ( particle mass → Standing Wave)
 KQe λce   αch λce 
2

V = c − = c − ⇒
 2   λr h 2 
 hr
 E 
 αλ   αλ hc  Ei = mec 2 1 −  eq.(24)
2 
V = c1 − ce  = c1 − ce  ⇒  2mec 
 2λr   2λr hc 
 λ E Then for any kind of particle, Eq. (23) and
V = c1 − ce  ⇒
 2hc  Eq. (24) will give:
hc
but = me c 2 ⇒
λce
Back to Contents Variable Inertial Mass

V = c1 −
E 
 eq.(21)
( particle mass → Standing Wave)
2 
 2 me c 
 E 
mi = m1 − 2 
eq.(25)
Eq. (7) and Eq. (21) are valid when we have  2 mc 
a stationary Electron (trapped within a Xydous - Einstein
standing wave).
Mass - Energy Equivalence
Electron’s rest Energy is given by the known ( particle mass → Standing Wave)
equation of Einstein:

Ee = hf ce = me c 2 ⇒ h
c
= me c 2 eq.(22)  E 
λce Ei = mc 2 1 − 2 
eq.(26)
 2 mc 
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When someone reads what suggests Eq. ii) The particle is trapped within a
(26), will think that it is completely standing wave and later it
nonsense! Einstein’s Energy-mass accelerates through E/M means.
equivalence equation as also the relativistic (Phase or frequency shift according
mass expression, after numerous to Rhythmodynamics of Y. N.
experiments never showed significant Ivanov). In this case, the Energy (E)
deviations (more than 5% for particles represents the Kinetic Energy of the
moving near the speed of light). particle.
iii) There is also another scenario when
Moreover, Quantum Physics has already we have a relativistic particle not
proved the particle-wave duality with trapped within a standing wave.
diffraction experiments where an Electron While the relativistic particle travels
beam can be diffracted likewise the X-rays. in free space, it enters a region
An Electron moving at constant speed will where a standing wave exists and
never show its wave properties but only if it entraps it within (as we will see
experiences slits or obstacles compared to later).
its Compton wavelength.

Comment: The diffraction and tunneling Electron' s classical Model

phenomena are similarly proportionally to a
sudden variance of the confinement box
dimensions (from unlimited dimensions to re
Photon Photon
limited/confined). Under these conditions
just for a short moment (interaction time), a
λce
standing wave mechanism takes place. E/M
Radius

Conclusion: The only case where Einstein’s

Relativity will start to deviate significantly, it
Figure 4: Stationary Electron (trapped).
will be when the particle is trapped within a  E 
mi = me 1 − 
2 
standing wave.  2 me c 
c
me c 2 = h
The Energy (E) inside Eq. (25) and Eq. (26) λce
represents the total Energy (Dynamic and
Kinetic Energy) of the particle. Comment: The Compton wavelength is
There are three possibilities to influence the actually the E/M radius (compared with the
inertial mass of a particle: geometric classical radius) of the particle. It
i) The particle is trapped within a is used to define the E/M volume of the
standing wave and remains particle in space (constant speed of light).
stationary by absorbing more Energy The Energy to entrap a particle (confine its
(more photons coming from volume) within a standing wave without
diametrically opposite directions). It practically to vary its inertial mass requires
is the scenario where particle’s two photons to be absorbed exactly at the
Dynamic Energy increases. surface of its E/M volume (E/M radius).
 12

13.03.2013 20:31

Energy to entrap Electron' s mass 4hc

E= = 4me c 2
λce
within a Standing Wave n = number of photons

E = α 2me c 2 = α 2h
c  4me c 2 
eq.(27) mi = me 1 −  = −me
2 
λce  2me c 
1
α=
137.036
Note: We may use photons of lower
m 2 ⋅ Kgr Joule
h = 6.626068 ⋅ 10 −34 or frequency (longer wavelength like photons
sec Hz
λ of the visible spectrum) but it will require a
Two photons of λ = ce = 3.3249 ⋅ 10 −10 m larger number of them to achieve the above
α
c conditions (required Energy).
Two photons of f = = 9.0228 ⋅ 1017 Hz
λ
Two photons of 5.974 ⋅ 10 −15 Joule or 3.728 KeV The possibility to influence the inertial mass
Now from the moment the mass of an of a charged particle, it will have as
Electron is trapped within a standing wave, consequence the variance of its charge. The
it appears at any instance both of its charge of a particle like the Electrons and
properties (particle and wave). Below we Protons is given by the known expression:
are going to distinguish at least three cases
in regards to the state of the inertial mass: Q 2 = 4πε o α ⋅ c ⇒ Q 2 = 4πε o α ⋅V ⇒
 E 
Electron turns to a Standing Wave and V = c1 − 2 
⇒
 2mc 
 E 
mi = me 1 −  and E = α 2me c 2 ⇒
2 
Charge screening
 2me c 
within a Standing Wave
2hc
E = α 2me c 2 = α
λce  E 
Q = ± 4πε o α ⋅ c1 − 2 
eq.(28)
mi = me (1 − α ) ≅ 0.9927me  2mc 
Electron' s mass becomes null ( Invisble) From Eq.(28) we may formulate the
 E  screening of the Electric field for a charged
mi = me 1 −  and E = nα 2me c 2 ⇒
2 
 2me c  particle trapped within a standing wave:
2hc 1
E = nα 2 m e c 2 = nα and for n = ⇒
λce α Back to Contents
2hc
E= = 2me c 2
λce Electric Field screening
n = number of photons within a Standing Wave
 2me c 2  Q
mi = me 1 −  ≅ 0 (quantum mass )
2  E= eq.(29)
 2me c  4πε 0 r 2
Electron' s mass becomes negative
The second possibility where the Electron is
 E 
mi = me 1 −  and E = nα 2me c 2 ⇒
2 
trapped within a standing wave and later it
 2 m e c  accelerates through E/M means (phase or
2hc 2
E = nα 2 m e c 2 = nα and for n = ⇒ frequency shift as Rhythmodynamics
λce α
postulates), it will be shown a little bit later.
 13

13.03.2013 20:31

Now we are going to explore the third This condition, allow us to use the kinetic
possibility using an already existing Energy of the particle (Eq. (30)) into Eq. (25):
phenomenon that occurs in nature (outer  E 
mi = me 1 −  and E = E SW + E kin ⇒
2 
radiation belt) where the relativistic  2me c 
Electrons appear to vanish during the peak
of a geomagnetic storm (when normally one E SW = α 2me c 2 ⇒ E = α 2me c 2 + me c 2 (γ − 1) ⇒
might expect the radiation belt to be filled  E   α 2me c 2 + me c 2 (γ − 1) 
mi = me 1 −  = me 1 − ⇒

with energetic particles). 2  2me c 2
 2 m ec   

The Author suggests a probable solution for

this puzzle, based on the discovery of the Variable Inertial Mass
variable Inertia (reduction of inertial mass). (relativistic Standing Wave particle)

mi = me 1 − α −
(γ − 1)  eq.(31)

Electron' s vanishing act during severe  2 

geomagnetic storms
1) for γ = 1 ⇒ E kin = 0 ⇒ u = 0 (remains stationary ) ⇒
mi = me (1 − α ) ≅ 0.9927 me ≅ me
Einstein’s relativistic mass is given by the
well-known equation:

me 2) for γ = 3 − 2α ≅ 2.9854 ⇒ u = 0.9422c ⇒

mrel = = meγ and E rel = γme c 2
(3 − 2α − 1)  ≅ 0 ( Invisible)
2
u 
1− 2 mi = m e 1 − α − 
c  2 
Ekin = Erel − me c 2 = me c 2 (γ − 1) eq.(30) E kin = me c 2 (γ − 1) ≅ 1.9854me c 2 ≅ 1.014 MeV

Eq. (30) is valid for accelerated particles to a

3) for γ = 5 − 2α ≅ 4.9854 ⇒ u = 0.9797c ⇒
significant fraction of the speed of light
where the rest mass (inertial mass and not 
mi = m e 1 − α −
(5 − 2α − 1)  = −m (negative mass)
 e
 2 
the relativistic mass) is invariable.
E kin = me c 2 (γ − 1) ≅ 4.9854me c 2 ≅ 2.547 MeV

Back to Contents

When a relativistic Electron is suddenly The above results could be a probable

trapped within a standing wave (having explanation of Electron’s flux dropout that
already a kinetic Energy), its inertial mass occurs during geomagnetic storms. The
(rest mass) will very significantly. relativistic Electrons being trapped in a
standing wave are repelled (when their mass
Comment: The calculations that will follow becomes initially zero and then negative or
are based on the hypothesis where the more negative depended by the solar Power
relativistic Electrons are suddenly trapped density during the storm) from the Van Allen
within a standing wave. belt.
 14

13.03.2013 20:31

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle sets the Undecteable Electron Mass

natural limits of measurements and
observations. If we take the Energy-Time
(Sinking into the Aether )
form of the uncertainty principle, then: me m
− < mi < e
2π 2π
− 0.159me < mi < 0.159me

∆E ⋅ ∆t ≥

⇒ ∆t ≥

eq.(32) 3.304 > γ > 2.666
2∆E
2
0.927c < u < 0.9531c
∆E = relativistic Standing Wave particle
0.851MeV < Ekin < 1.177 MeV

Comment: The concept of Aether will be

Eq. (32) gives us the condition to detect a
discussed on a later chapter. The reader may
relativistic standing wave particle (Moving
use the word vacuum instead of Aether for
standing wave according to
his understanding in regards to the
Rhythmodynamics).
vanishing act of Electrons (sinking into the
vacuum medium).
The relativistic standing wave particle (Ex.
Electron) will become undetectable when:
Note: Relativistic Electrons with kinetic
Energy between 0.851MeV and 1.177MeV

∆t < eq.(33) will vanish during a severe geomagnetic
2∆E
storm. Above the value of 2.056MeV, the
Electrons possess a negative mass that
The standing wave particle mass is confined
makes them to be repelled from the outer
within a period:
Van Allen belt. (Gravitational Repulsion)
1 λ
∆t = = ce
2 f ce 2c Back to Contents

In addition, the variance of Energy will be Electrons Gravitational Repulsion

equal to the variance of the standing wave mi < −me
particle Energy (mi is the variance):
5.025 < γ
0.98c < u
∆E = mi c 2
2.056 MeV < Ekin

Then:
λce   2c
mi c 2 ⋅ < ⇒ mi c 2 < ⇒ On the next page, we show the difference
2c 2 2 λce between the relativistic particle mass and
h c hc the standing wave particle mass, as
mi c 2 < ⇒ but me c 2 = ⇒
2π λce λce depended by the relativistic kinetic Energy
me c 2 m c2 prior the confinement (capture by a
mi c 2 < or mi c 2 > − e ⇒ standing wave).
2π 2π
 15

13.03.2013 20:31

1 (MeV )
γ=
2
u
1−
c2

mrel = meγ

mi = me 1 − α −
(γ − 1) 

 2 
E rel = (γ − 1)me c 2
1
α= fine struct. const.
137.036

x ⇒ V = xc
Undetectable Standing Wave Particle
(Sinking into the Aether )
0.851MeV < Ekin < 1.177 MeV

0.927c < u < 0.9531c

Figure 5: Relativistic Electrons are suddenly trapped within a standing wave.

Back to Contents
 16

13.03.2013 20:31

Eq. (25) can be also written in terms of We note from Eq. (35) that the velocity of
frequencies (second possibility): the standing wave particle is given by:
mc 2 = hf and E = E SW + ∆E ⇒ m  ∆f 
2
m
E SW
kin =  c  = V 2 ⇒
2  2f  2
E = E SW + Ein = 2αmc 2 + ∆mc 2 = 2αhf + h∆f ⇒
Velocity
 2αhf + h∆f   
mi = m1 −
 2hf
 = m1 − a −
 
∆f
2 f
 ⇒

(Standing Wave particle )

∆f
Variable Inertial Mass V =c eq.(37)
2f
(Standing Wave particle )
Eq. (37) agrees with the findings of Y. N.
 ∆f  Ivanov in Rhythmodynamics where the
mi = m1 − a −  eq.(34)
 2f  standing wave is actually a half wave (π
Eq. (34) has actually two terms. The first phase):
term is for the standing wave condition and ∆f ∆φ ∆f ∆φ
= ⇒V = c =c
the second one expresses the Dynamic or 2f π 2f π
Kinetic Energy of the standing wave:
Back to Contents

 ∆f   ∆f 
mi = m1 − α −  ⇒ mi c = mc(1 − α ) − m c  ⇒ For velocities up to 0.01c, the inertial mass
 2 f   2f 
∆f remains practically invariant and the
The term mc =p represents the frequency shift of the standing wave will be:
2f
∆f m
momentum of the standing wave: V =c = 0.01c = 3 ⋅ 105 ⇒ ∆f = 0.02 f ⇒
2f sec
mi c 2 = mc 2 (1 − α ) − E ⇒
SW
kin
 ∆f   0.02 f 
mi ≅ m1 − α −  ≅ m1 −
  ≅ 0.99m
1 p 1 
2
∆f
2
  2f   2 f 
E SW kin = =  mc  ⇒
2 2m 2m  2f 

Conclusion: All of the previous formulations

Kinetic Energy
are in agreement with Rhythmodynamics.
(Standing Wave particle ) Although Rhythmodynamics is a simple and
2 brilliant work, it will work fine for velocities
m  ∆f 
E SW
kin =  c  eq.(35) up to 0.01c, since Y. N. Ivanov does not take
2  2f  into account the variance of the inertial
mass with increasing Kinetic or Dynamic
New Energy Expression Energy.
(Standing Wave particle )
On the next page follows the mechanism of
Ei = E 0 − E ⇒
SW
kin
the inertial mass variance that will help to
1−α =1−
1
≈1 create the right formulations for an
137.036
experiment that took place back in the year
Ei = mc 2 − E
SW
Dyn / Kin eq.(36) 2009. (Conducted by the Author)
 17

13.03.2013 20:31

Inertial Mass Variance Back to Contents

Mechanism
Let us consider again Electron’s classical On the other hand by discarding the classical
model: radius and E/M radius in regards to the
Electron' s classical Model volume definition of a particle in space,
contradicts with the nature of the pair
production phenomenon. The nature of the
re pair production in the vacuum actually
Photon Photon
indicates that the mass of a charged particle
is Electromagnetic in nature.
λce

The definition of the rest density is the

corresponding E/M Energy of the particle
possessing a specified E/M Volume (speed
Figure 6: Stationary Electron (trapped). of light is constant at a distance equal to
 E  Compton’s wavelength):
mi = me 1 − 2

 2me c  Electron' s rest Density
c
E 0 = me c = h
2
E
λce
me c 2

A very critical observation is that the ρ EM = = eq.(38)

Ve 4π 3
λ ce
geometric volume, which consist all the 3
material mass (see geometric classical radius We replace the rest mass of Eq. (38) with
re) of the Electron, is much smaller than the Eq. (23) (inertial mass):
E/M volume (see E/M radius equals to λce).  E 
1 − 
Moreover, the E/M volume is mostly void me  2 E 0 
ρ EM = = me ⇒
and filled with the Electric Field lines. 4π 3 4π 3
λ ce λ ce
3 3

Quantum Mechanics considers the particles Electron' s variable Density

as point-like without to define the
dimensions or volume of the particle in me  E  1
ρ EM = = me 1 −  eq.(39)
4π 3  2 E0  4π λ3 ce
space. This is very confusing and rather λ ce
3 3
awkward because it may become more
Eq. (39) tells us that the E/M volume of the
complex if we would like to define the
particle remains invariable for any amount
necessary Energy density to create a
of the absorbed Energy (we speak always for
charged particle. Since the charge particle is
a standing wave particle).
point-like without defined volume, the
required Energy density to create this When the absorbed Energy is two times the
particle in the vacuum is infinite leading to a rest Energy of the Electron, then particle’s
paradox in regards to the definition of mass E/M density becomes null (locally not
and volume on Quantum level. This is a detected). The absorbed photons at the
fundamental reason why Quantum Physics surface of the E/M volume will block the
became so complex. local transmission of Electron’s Electric field.
 18

13.03.2013 20:31

Conclusion: A charged particle with entirely Eq. (8.2) for a particle and a photon, gives:
screened Electric Field will show no 2π ⋅ rp V λc
= α = A ⇒ c = VA ⇒
detectable electric charge where according λc c 2π ⋅ rp
to the definition of charge (Eq. (28)) there
∆f ∆fλc π ⋅ rp ∆f
will be no mass presence. Actually, Eq. (25) mi = m − m =m−m =m−m ⇒
2f 2c VA
is the quantum analogy of Archimedes
Comment: The concept of Aether will be
principle, where the fluid corresponds to the
discussed on a later chapter. The constant VA
Aether fluid.
corresponds to Aether’s (vacuum) tangential
velocity.
Comment: The concept of Aether will be
Archimedes principle on Aether
discussed on a later chapter. The reader may
use the word vacuum instead of Aether for π ⋅ rp ∆f
mi = m − m eq.(41)
his understanding in regards to Archimedes VA
principle, where the fluid corresponds to the rp = particle' s radius
Aether (vacuum). Km ⋅ rad
V A = 2189.2 (Aether ' s [Link] )
sec
Then: π ⋅ rp ∆f
m = weight of displaced Aether
VA
 E  E
mi = m1 −  ⇒ mi = m − m ⇒ for ∆f = 0, particle floats on Aether fluid
 2 E0  2 E0
VA
Back to Contents for ∆f = particle sinks entirely on Aether fluid
π ⋅ rp
Archimedes principle on Aether for ∆f =
2V A
, particle floats on Aether fluid having neg. mass
π ⋅ rp
E
mi = m − m eq.(40) As we saw on the previous page, the volume
2 E0 of the Electron remains invariant and the
mi = Apparent immersed weight in Aether density for any kind of particle will be given
proportionally to Eq. (38) in the vacuum
m = Weight
medium as follow:
E
= weight of displaced Aether
E E
m mp E
2 E0 ρ EM = = c2 = c 2
= eq.(42)
Vp 4π 3 Vp Vpc2
λc
for E = 0, particle floats on Aether fluid 3
for E = 2 E 0 , particle sinks entirely on Aether fluid Now the definition of the mass density for a
for E = 4 E0 , particle floats on Aether fluid different medium than the vacuum where
having negative mass there we want to keep the mass density
Eq. (40) can be written in another form (Eq. equal (the same as in the vacuum), it will
(34)) depended by the frequency, where result the following Energy expression:
c2
there it will be evident the presence of ρ EM = ρ ' EM ⇒
E
=
EM
⇒ E = 2 EM ⇒
V p c 2 V p vM 2 vM
Aether:
 ∆f  ∆f
mi = m1 − a −  = m(1 − α ) − m ⇒ Particle' s rest Energy equivalence
 2 f  2 f
1 for two different propagation mediums
1−α =1− ≈1⇒
137.036
∆f ∆fλc E = n 2 r E M eq.(43)
mi = m − m = m−m ⇒
2f 2c
nr = refraction index
 19

13.03.2013 20:31

Aether Control Experiment Back to Contents

Experimental setup We may divide the Energies inside the

bracket with the volume (E/M volume) of
the particle resulting to an expression with
Energy densities:
 EM 
 
Figure 7: Ferrite Ring with closed loop magnetic flux.  Vp   Eρ ( M ) 
mi = m1 − =  − 
2  m 2 ρv 2  ⇒
1
Parameters of the ferrite Ring  2 M  mv  M 
 V 
 p 
T87/56/13 3E6 Grade ρ = particle' s density
Kgr
ρ ≈ 4900 Joule
m3 E ρ ( M ) = Energy density in
VR ( eff .) = 42.133 ⋅ 10 −6 m 3 m3
V p = particle' s volume
LR ( eff .) = 217.5 ⋅ 10 −3 m
AR ( eff .) = 1.94 ⋅ 10 −4 m 2  E 
mi = m1 − ρ ( M2 )  eq.(45)
mR ≈ 0.206 Kgr  2 ρv M 
µ r ≈ 11000 (Initial Permeability ) Note: The above Energy density is for the
σ ≈ 10
S particle as also valid for the entire volume of
m the material (proportional). This means that
L = 1mH the rest of the calculations may apply
f = 5694.3 Hz directly to the bulk material (due to the
definition of Energy density). The same
The general expression of the inertial mass applies proportionally for Eq. (44) due to Eq.
for a particle is given by Eq. (25): (43).
 E 
 = m1 −
E 
mi = m1 − 2 
 2 E0   2mc  The propagation velocity of an E/M wave is
given by the known general expression:
1
When the particle is being found in a vM = eq.(46)
ε r ⋅ ε 0 ⋅ µr ⋅ µ0  σ  
2
medium different from the vacuum, then  1 +   − 1
2  ω ⋅ε  
Eq. (25) with the help of Eq. (43) becomes:  

ε r = relative dielectric constant

 E   n r EM 2
 µ r = relative permeability constant
mi = m1 − 2 
⇒ m1 −  ⇒
 2mc   2mc 2  σ = special conductivity
 c 2 EM   EM 
mi = m1 − 2  = m1 −
2  ⇒
 2mv M  For mediums like ferromagnetic, plasma,
2
 v M 2mc 
Superconductor and conductors, where the
 EM  special conductivity is several orders larger
mi = m1 −  eq.(44) than the product of cyclic frequency with
 2mv M 
2
dielectric constant, Eq. (46) turns to:
 20

13.03.2013 20:31

The power density of the incident radiation

 σ  σ
2

for σ >> ωε ⇒ 1 +   −1 ≅ ⇒ propagating in a medium is given by the

 ω ⋅ε  ω ⋅ε
expression of Antenna theory:
1 1
vM = = ⇒ P I 2 RM
ε r ⋅ ε 0 ⋅ µr ⋅ µ0 σ µr ⋅ µ0 σ D= = = H 2 M RM
2 ω ⋅ε 2 ω AR ( eff .) AR ( eff .)
and ω = 2πf ⇒ but RM = µ r µ 0 vM ( propagation resistance )
4πf
vM = eq.(47)
µ r µ 0σ Back to Contents

Moreover, by replacing Eq. (47) into Eq. When a construction creates a propagation
(44): resistance (on the same propagation
 E µµσ  medium) larger than that of the medium, it
mi = m1 − M r 0  eq.(48) will require less magnetic field intensity and
 2m 4πf 
consequently less Energy with the aim to
The standing wave condition for a particle in influence the inertial mass of the material.
a medium is: In this case, it is obvious that the Power
E = α 2 E0 = α 2mvM
2
Density must be the same for the different
Ferrite ring Standing Wave condition propagation resistances using the same
medium:
4πf
E M = α 2m eq.(49) P I 2 RM
µ r µ 0σ DM =
AR ( eff .)
=
AR ( eff .)
= H 2 M RM and Dr = H 2 r Rr ⇒

Ferrite mass becomes null (Invisble)

4πf Power density equivalence
E M = 2m eq.(50)
µ r µ 0σ DM = Dr ⇒ H 2 M RM = H 2 r Rr eq.(52)
Ferrite mass becomes negative
Note: The propagation velocity in the
4πf construction environment is the same with
E M = 4m eq.(51)
µ r µ 0σ that of the propagation medium since the
Let us now test Eq. (48) with the parameters construction uses the medium itself.
of the experiment:
In our experiment, we use a construction
m
for f = 5694.3Hz ⇒ vM ≅ 720 ⇒ that increases the propagation resistance
sec
enormously. The construction is nothing
mR ≈ 0.206 Kgr else than the wire wound around the ferrite
EM = 2αmv 2 M = 1.56 ⋅ 103 Joule !!! ring. The radiation resistance (propagation
resistance) for this construction is given by
Note: The required calculated Energy to the equation for loop Antennas:
make the entire ferrite mass behaving as a Closed core loop
standing wave is huge, but it is true when 2
8  A 
there is not a wire wound around the ferrite R Ant = RM π 3  N ⋅ µ r  eq.(53)
ring (not a coil). This kind of anomaly will be
3  λM 2 
solved below. RM = µ r µ 0 v
 21

13.03.2013 20:31

Now with the use of Eq. (52), Eq. (53), we Aether' s [Link]
receive: m ⋅ rad
v AM ≈ 5.25
sec
H 2 M RM = H 2 r Rr ⇒
But: Note: It is possible to analyze all the aspects
I 2 Rr I 2 Rr
DM =
P
= H 2 r Rr = ⇒ = EM ⇒ of the experiment, as for example, what kind
AR ( eff .) AR ( eff .) f
of role the Aether plays (related to the
rotation of the ring and other) and when the
Then Eq. (44):
kinetic effects start to occur. However, due
Practical Equation to the complex behavior of the
ferromagnetic medium (permeability varies
 I 2 Rr  with increasing current) we will let this for a

mi = m1 − 2
 eq.(54)
 2 mv M f  later version of this work.
AR ( eff .) = 1.94 ⋅10 −4 m 2
The kinetic Energy of the ferrite ring
Rr = R Ant = 1.19 ⋅ 109 Ohm
(standing wave) is given by Eq. (35):
m
for f = 5694.3Hz ⇒ vM = 720 ⇒ m  ∆f 
2

sec E SW kin = c 
2  2 f 
mR ≈ 0.206 Kgr
Since the propagation medium is
Standing Wave Condition ferromagnetic then:
(Current )
Kinetic Energy of the ferrite ring
2αmf
I = vM ≅ 86.3mArms 2
Rr m ∆f 
E SW kin =  vM  eq.(55)
2  2 f 

Ferrite ring mass becomes null Eq. (43) gives us the Energy equivalence
between two different mediums. From this
(Current )
expression, we may derive proportionally
2mf the value of the Planck constant for the bulk
I = vM ≅ 1.01Arms
Rr ferromagnetic medium:
fp
hf p = m p c 2 ⇒ hf p = m p v 2 M n 2 r ⇒ h = mpv2M ⇒
Ferrite ring mass becomes negative n2r
(Current ) f =
fp
⇒ hf = m p v 2 M and m = m p
n2r
4mf
I = vM ≅ 1.43 Arms but vM =
4πf
⇒
Rr µ r µ0σ

The ratio of Aether’s tangential velocity (in Back to Contents

the medium) to the propagation velocity of Planck constant for
the E/M waves is given by: the ferromagnetic medium
v AM
= α and for vM ≈ 720
m
⇒ 4πm
hM = eq.(56)
vM sec µ r µ0σ
 22

13.03.2013 20:31

All - Important equations for Inertia (Aether) Control

Archimedes was right!
“..ðáí óùìá åìâáðôéæïìåíïí åíôïó õãñïõ, ÷áíåé ôïóïí âáñïó, ïóïí åéíáé ôï âáñïó ôïõ õãñïõ, ôï
ïðïéïí åêôïðéæåé..” áñ÷éìçäçó 287-212 ð.×

“.. Any object immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object..” Archimedes 287-212 B.C
Archimedes principle on Aether
E
mi = m − m
2E0
Back to Contents
π ⋅ rp ∆f
mi = m − m
VA
mi = Apparent immersed mass in Aether
m = Weight
E π ⋅ rp ∆f
m or m = mass of displaced Aether
2 E0 VA
rp = particle' s radius
Km ⋅ rad
V A = 2189.2
sec
(Aether' s [Link] )
for E = 0 ⇒ ∆f = 0 particle floats on Aether fluid
VA
for E = 2 E0 ⇒ ∆f = particle sinks entirely on Aether fluid
π ⋅ rp
2VA
for E = 4 E0 ⇒ ∆f = particle floats on Aether fluid having negative mass
π ⋅ rp

Variable Inertial Mass

( particle or bulk material )
 E   EM 
mi = m1 − M 2 n 2 r  or mi = m1 − 
2 
 2 mc   2 mv M 

 E   E 
mi = m1 − ρ ( M2) n 2 r  or mi = m1 − ρ ( M )2 
 2 ρc   2 ρvM 
EM = propagating Energy in a medium
Eρ ( M ) = Energy density in a medium
nr = refraction index and ρ = material density
vM = propagation velocity of the E / M wave in a medium
 23

13.03.2013 20:31

Variable Inertial Mass

( ferromagnetic materials, plasma, Superconductors and conductors )
for σ >> ωε
 I 2 Rr 
mi = m1 − 2

 2mv M f 
Rr = radiation resistance of costruction

5δ ≈
5
(99.3% absorption )
πfµ0 µσ
1
f ≈
δ 2πµ0 µσ
5δ = total penetration(absorption ) thickness
f = frequency of the propagating Energy

 µ0 µ r H 2 r 
mi = m1 − 

 2 ρv M
2

H r = magnetic field intensity
I = Current
Planck constant for the propagation medium
4πm
hM =
µ r µ0σ
Back to Contents
Standing Wave Condition
I 2 Rr = α 2mv 2 M f or µ 0 µ r H 2 r = α 2 ρvM
2

α=
1
( fine structure constant )
137.036

Null Mass Condition (Invisibility / Aether )

I 2 Rr = 2mv 2 M f or µ 0 µ r H 2 r = 2 ρvM
2

Negative Mass Condition ( Antigravity )

I 2 Rr = 4mv 2 M f or µ 0 µ r H 2 r = 4 ρvM
2
 24

13.03.2013 20:31

Strong Nuclear Force Back to Contents

From Eq. (18) and Eq. (19), we have: Then:

FStrongForce = FTotal ⇒
  
Fe−e+ = FNormalCb + Frep FStrongForce =

KQ 2 p 1   KQ 2 p  c 2 
2
KQ 2 p
2 ⋅  λ  − 2 c λ +
r 2 c 2   hr 
 hr 2
And  
  
FTotal = Fe−e+ + Frep Q p = Qe
Then:
   Finally:
FTotal = 2 Frep + FNormalCb eq.(57)
FStrongForce =

KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 h 
2
KQ 2 e c 2 
For the force between two Protons, the 2 2 ⋅ 2  e
⋅ − 2 c ⋅
h
+
r c   hr 2m p c  hr 2m p c 2 
known Coulomb force is repulsive due to  
the positive sign of the charges. This means eq.(58)
that the Total force equation will have a Eq. (8.2) can replace the Coulomb constant
positive sign in front of it (opposite to and the Electron charge. Then Eq. (58)
Electron-Positron Total force). becomes:

For Protons, the repulsive force in Eq. (19.1) hcα 1

KQe = ,α =
2
( fine [Link].)
becomes attractive and the known Coulomb 2π 137.036
force is repulsive. So Eq. (57) becomes FStrongForce =
according to Eq. (10.1), Eq. (10.2), and Eq.
hcα 1   hcα h 
2
hcα c 2 
(17): ⋅  h
2
2πr 2 c 2   2πhr 2m c  − 2c 2πhr ⋅ 2m c + 2 
⋅
 p  p


KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 p 1  KQ 2 p 1 
2

Fattr = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ − ⋅ Then:
r c  2m p c r  mp r 
 
hα   hα 2 
2

   FStrongForce =  − hcα + c 
FTotal = 2 Fattr + FNormalCb ⇒ c ⋅ πr 2   4πrm p  2πrm 2
  p

Finally:
1   KQ 2 p 1  KQ 2 p 1 c 2 
2
2
KQ h
FTotal = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ − ⋅ +
p

r2 c  2m p c r  mp r 2 
=
  2π

λcp
Strong Nuclear Force
h
λ= =
2 2m p c Proton - Proton

2α   α  2 cα c 2 
= 2   
KQ 2 p 1   KQ 2 p  c2 
FStrongForce   2m r  − m r + 2 
2
KQ 2 p
λ  − 2c λ+  cr
 p 
FTotal =2 2 ⋅ 2   
r c   hr  hr 2
p

 
eq.(59)
 25

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N CF (4.01 ⋅10 −18 m, 4.43 ⋅106 N )

m
(7.69 ⋅ 10 −19
m,621MeV )
2α   α  α
2
2 
FStrongForce = 2   − c
+ 
c
cr   2m r  mpr 2 
 p 

StrongForce max − 3.89 ⋅ 108 N 1 2π
Ratio = = ≈ 87 . 8 ≈
CoulombForcemax 4.43 ⋅ 106 N 10 α
α   2α 2 1 α 1 
∞
WStrongForce = − ∫ FStrongForce dr = − ⋅ − ⋅ +c
r  6cm 2 p r 2 m r 
r  p 
SF (7.69 ⋅ 10 −19 m, −3.89 ⋅ 108 N ) Coulomb Barrier
(2.64 ⋅ 10 −18
m,−259MeV )
Joule
Figure 8: Proton-Proton Strong Nuclear force (variable Speed of Light)

Note: Figure 8 uses the classical Proton radius and the variation of the E/M wave velocity with distance inside an Electrostatic field. The
next diagram (Figure 9) is an estimation of the today accepted values, which uses the 1.32fm Proton radius, and constant E/M wave
velocity. The Strong Nuclear Force in both diagrams was formulated under the assumption that both Proton momentums are in line and
opposing each other. Figure 9: Attractive Nuclear force range: 0.668fm to 2.27fm; Repulsive Coulomb force range: 2.27fm to infinity.

2.27fm
N 3.45fm
m
(0.662 fm,621MeV )
2h   h  hc c 2 
2

FStrongForce = 2 − +
cr   2m p r  mpr 2 
 
StrongForce max − 4.51 ⋅ 105 N 1 2π
Ratio = = ≈ 87.8 ≈
CoulombForcemax 5.14 ⋅ 10 N
3
10 α
h  h 2 
∞
1 h 1
WStrongForce = − ∫ FStrongForce dr = − ⋅ − ⋅ + c
r  6cm 2 p r 2 m p r 

α
r
r
= p =1⇒V = c
2π λcp Coulomb Barrier
(2.27 fm,−259MeV )
Joule
Figure 9: Proton-Proton Strong Nuclear force (constant Speed of Light)

Back to Contents
 26

13.03.2013 20:31

Casimir Force Back to Contents

Eq. (17) gives us the repulsive force However, due to Eq. (60):
(Between the Electron-Positron pair):
2
r  cλγ  rc λγ 
Frep = −2π  c   ⋅ − 2 ⇒
KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1 
2
KQ 2 e 1  λ  r3 λ r 
Frep = − ⋅  ⋅  − 2 c ⋅  γ   γ 
r 2 c 2   2me c r  2me c r 
  2  r
2
 cλγ  re 
= −2 π  e  − 2 ⇒
λce  r 3  2r
Frep
and λγ = =
h
⇒ 2  2λγ  
2 2me c
Ae = 4πr 2 e ( Electron' s Geometric Surface)
KQ e 1   KQ e  KQ e 
2 2 2 2
Frep = − ⋅ 2  λγ  − 2c λγ Comment: On the final equation, we are
r 2
c   hr  hr 
  going to use the geometric radius of Electron
KQ 2 e 1 KQ 2 e  KQ 2 e  and not its E/M radius (Compton’s
⇒− 2
⋅ 2⋅ λγ  λγ − 2c  ⇒ wavelength) because as we will see on the
r c hr  hr 
next Chapter the repulsive force (opposing
From Eq. (8.2), we have:
the Coulomb force) is actually
rc KQe
2
α hα c
= = ⇒ KQe =
2
Gravitational/Anti-gravitational in nature
λγ hc 2π 2π
located on the surface of the Electron and
the Positron, which diminishes rapidly with
Then the repulsive force becomes: distance  G = 2.78933 ⋅10 32 N m 2  .
 Kgr 2 
hα c
1 hα c λγ  hα c λγ
re
 
− ⋅ 2 2⋅ ⋅  ⋅ − 2c  ⇒
2π r c 2π hr  2π hr  c  re 
Frep = − Ae 3 
− 2  eq.(61)
cα 2λγ  αλ  8λγ r  2r 
Frep = −  γ − 2 
2πr 3  2πr  The interpretation of Eq. (61) is when the
Electron and the Positron are found at a
From Eq. (8.2), we have again: distance (geometric distance) equals to their
r λ r α r critical distance (the Electrostatic Field will
rc = e and λγ = ce ⇒ c = = e eq.(60)
2 2 λγ 2π λce be zero), the repulsive force will be
maximum (pair separation during creation).
Then: On the other hand the wavelength on the
cα 2λγ  αλγ  above equation shows that when the γ-
Frep =−  − 2  = photon is confined in space (2L=λγ standing
2πr 3  2πr 
wave condition) the result will be pair
2π cα λγ  αλγ 
2

− ⋅  − 2  = creation and repulsion for the created pair.

2π 2πr 3  2πr 
 α  cλγ  α λγ  When the critical distance rc has a larger
2

− 2π    ⋅ − 2  =
 2π  r
3
 2π r  value than half the Electron’s classical
radius, then the wavelength and the
affected surface will be larger too. Under
 α  cλγ
2
 rc λγ 
− 2π    ⋅ − 2 ⇒ these circumstances, Eq. (61) will take the
 2π  r
3 λ r 
 γ  following form, which is actually the
complete Casimir force.
 27

13.03.2013 20:31

For: Eq. (65) deviates negligible (0.013%) from

re the original Casimir Equation. On the other
rbc >> rc = ⇒ λ >> λγ ⇒ A >> Ae
2 hand, Eq. (64) shows that wavelengths with
c  rbc  λ>πr will contribute less to the total force
Frep = − A  − 2  eq.(62) and with λ<πr, the force value will be
8λr 3  2r  amplified.
When the distance between the charged
surfaces (opposite charges but equal value) Let us choose a distance between two
is equal to the critical distance, then for Eq. parallel plates equals to r=100 nm. Then the
(62) takes a maximum value: interacting wavelengths are:
r = 100nm
rbc r 
r= ⇒  bc − 2  = −1 ⇒ λ ≤ π ⋅ r ⇒ λ ≤ π ⋅ 100nm = 314nm
2  2r 
c c
Back to Contents λ ≤ 314nm ⇒ ≥ ⇒ f ≥ 9.5 ⋅ 1014 Hz
Complete Casimir Force λ 314nm

c Another example:
Frep = A eq.(63)
8λr 3 r = 3µm

c λ ≤ π ⋅ r ⇒ λ ≤ π ⋅ 3µm = 9.42 µm
Fattr = −A eq.(64) λ ≤ 9.42 µm
8λr 3
The above equations can be applied
On the bandwidth of 8μm to 14μm,
practically for any surface than the spherical
dominates the room thermal radiation
surface (the equation was derived from Eq.
(Infrared Radiation).
(61) where we used the spherical geometric
surface of the Electron), since the forces
A third example shows of special interest:
besides the distance are wavelength
depended.
r = 0.5mm
λ ≤ π ⋅ r ⇒ λ ≤ π ⋅ 0.5mm = 1.57mm
Now from the complete Attractive force (Eq.
c c
(64), we may deduce the know Casimir λ ≤ 1.57 mm ⇒ ≥ ⇒ f ≥ 191 GHz
λ 1.57 mm
force:
c π 2
Fattr = −A and λ = π ⋅ r ⇒
8λr 3 π 2 On the bandwidth of 100 GHz to 500 GHz
dominates the Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation (CMBR), if there are
π 2 c π 2 c not present other human made radiation
Fattr = −A 3 4 = −A eq.(65)
8π r 248.05r 4 sources.
and
π 2 c
FCasimir = − A eq.(66) Back to Contents
240r 4
 28

13.03.2013 20:31

Quantum-Newtonian Gravity Back to Contents

Newton’s Universal Gravitational Law has Setting the Repulsive force equal to Eq. (68),
proved its validity through the centuries for we have:
the large and small bodies of the Universe, Frep = FG ⇒
but it found a great obstacle to be applied
c  re  h2
on atomic and subatomic level. The Author − Ae  − 2  = G
8λγ r 3  2r  λ2 ce ⋅ c 2 r 2
presents a solution that is related to the
and Ae = 4π (re )
2
variance of the Gravitational Law on
Quantum Level by several orders of Then the above is equal to:
magnitude. c  re  h2
− 4π (re )  −  =
2
2 G
8λγ r 3  2r  λ2 ce ⋅ c 2 r 2
Eq. (15) uses Newton’s Gravitational Law to
 re  h2
− 4π (re ) ⋅
calculate the attraction at the critical hc
 −  = ⇒
2
2 G
distance between the Electron and Positron. 2π ⋅ 8λγ r 3  2r  λ2 ce ⋅ c 2 r 2
As we saw, it gives an extremely small value hc  re  h2
− (re ) ⋅  −  = ⇒
2
2 G
of attraction force and the pair is repelled 4λγ r 3  2r  λ2 ce ⋅ c 2 r 2
from each other although having opposite But:
signs but not due to the Coulomb force λce
(which is zero at that distance). Therefore, λγ =
2
we miss definitely something about
Then:
Newton’s Gravitational Law.
c  re 
− (re ) ⋅
h
 − 2 = G 2 ⇒
2

2λce r  2r  λ ce ⋅ c 2
The Gravitational force between the pair for
c  re 
− (re ) ⋅
any distance is given by: h
 − 2 = G ⇒
2

2r  2r  λce ⋅ c 2
me− ⋅ me+
FG = G eq.(67)
 re  λce ⋅ c
3
r2
Gre = −(re )  − 2  ⋅
2
eq.(69)
Now we replace the masses with the  2r  2h ⋅ r
corresponding Compton wavelength: re
For r = rc = , Eq. (30) gives:
h 2
me− = me+ =
λce c 2λce ⋅ c 3
Gre = −(re ) (1 − 2) ⋅ ⇒
2
Eq. (67) then becomes: 2h ⋅ re
h2
FG = G eq.(68) re ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3
λ2 ce ⋅ c 2 r 2 Gre = eq.(70)
h
The pair at the critical distance will be re = 2.8179 ⋅ 10 −15 m
repelled from each other according to Eq. λce = 2.42861⋅10 −12 m
(61):
c  re 
Frep = − Ae 3 
8λγ r  2r
− 2 2.8179 ⋅10 −15 ⋅ 2.42861 ⋅10 −12 ⋅ 3 ⋅108 ( )
3

⇒

6.626068 ⋅10 −34
 29

13.03.2013 20:31

m2 m2
Gre = 2.78933 ⋅ 10 N 32
eq.(71) h = 6.626068 ⋅10 −34 kgr
Kgr 2 sec
m2
Note: The above value of the Gravitational G = 6.67384 ⋅ 10 −11 N
constant is due to the Gravitation field
Kgr 2
created by the Electron or Positron (2.8179 ⋅10 ) ⋅ 2.42861⋅10 ⋅ (3 ⋅10 )
−15 2 −12 8 3
⇒
(Repulsive Gravity) at a distance from their 6.626068 ⋅10 −34 ⋅ 6.67384 ⋅10 −11
mass center, which is equal to the Electron
or Positron classical radius. Universe Radius
Let us now solve Eq. (69) to find which ru =
(re ) ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3
2
= 1.1767 ⋅ 10 28 m eq.(75)
distance corresponds to the today measured hG
Gravitational constant:
(Newtonian constant of gravitation/NIST Reference) Universe Diameter
dU = 2ru = 2.354 ⋅ 1028 m eq.(76)
2
m
G = 6.67384 ⋅ 10 −11 N eq.(72)
Kgr 2
or
As we may understand, the difference
between Eq. (71) and Eq. (72) is huge and dU = 2ru = 2.488 ⋅ 1012 ly eq.(77)
this indicates that Eq. (72) corresponds to
very large distances according to Eq. (69):
Conclusively the initial radius of the
2 r  λ ⋅c
3
Gr = −(re )  e − 2  ⋅ ce ⇒ Universe will be equal to the radius of an
 2r  2h ⋅ r Electron:
 re  Back to Contents
 − 2  ≈ −2, for r >> re
 2r 
Universe Initial Diameter
Then Eq. (69) becomes: d iU = 2 ⋅ re = 5.6358 ⋅ 10−15 m eq.(78)

Gr =
(re ) ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3
2
eq.(73) ⇒
hr The age of the Universe is given by dividing
m 2 the radius with the expansion velocity of
for Gr = G = 6.67384 ⋅10 −11 N radiation, which is the speed of light
Kgr 2
(maximum possible):
r=
(re ) ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3
2
eq.(74) c = 3 ⋅108 m / sec
hG rU 1.1767 ⋅ 10 28 m
The distance (r) as revealed by Eq. (74) will TAge = = ⇒
c 3 ⋅ 108 m ⋅ sec −1
be the actual radius of the Universe where
the Gravitational constant value is equal to
Universe Expansion Time
the Universal Gravitational constant (Eq.
(72)): TAge = 3.923 ⋅ 1019 sec eq.(79)
c = 3 ⋅108 m / sec or
re = 2.8179 ⋅ 10 −15 m
TAge = 1.2439 ⋅1012 years
λce = 2.42861⋅10 −12 m
 30

13.03.2013 20:31

The deceleration (will be proved later) of Eu Eu

the Universe: Duniv = = σT 4 ⇒ Tuniv = 4
tu ⋅ S u σ ⋅ tu ⋅ S u
c 3 ⋅ 108 m ⋅ sec −1
− au (r ) = = ⇒ σ = 5.6704 ⋅10 −8
Joule
TAge 3.923 ⋅ 1019 sec sec ⋅ m 2 ⋅ K 4
2

Universe Deceleration It shows that the Power density of the

(Due to Antimatter at the center of the Universe ) Energy is proportional to the fourth Power
of the Temperature. The calculation of the
m
au (ru ) = −7.6472 ⋅ 10 −12 eq.(82) Power density requires knowledge of the
sec 2
surface of the Universe:
Then the mass of the Universe that
S u = S Sphere = 4π ⋅ (r ) = 4π ⋅ (c ⋅ t ) eq.(87)
2 2
corresponds to the above acceleration is:
m2 Eq. (87) gives a surface:
G = 6.67384 ⋅10 −11 N
S u = 4π ⋅ (c ⋅ t )
2
Kgr 2
ru = 1.1767 ⋅10 28 m Then for:

GM u r 2u Eu = 1.4283 ⋅10 72 Joule

= au ( ru ) ⇒ M u = au ( rz ) eq.(83)
r 2u G Joule
σ = 5.6704 ⋅10 −8
sec ⋅ m 2 ⋅ K 4
2

Universe Mass Eu
Du = = σT 4 ⇒
(Matter + Antimatter ) tu ⋅ S u
From Eq. (8.2), we conclude also for the
M u = 1.5871 ⋅ 1055 Kgr eq.(84)
lower frequencies:
The density of the Universe (matter and λr = 2π ⋅ r ⇒ ctu = c ⋅ 2π ⋅ t ⇒ tu = 2π ⋅ t
antimatter) will be in case the Universe is
spherical: Eu
Temp.U = 4 eq.(88)
Universe Density 8π σ ⋅ c 2t 3
2

Mu Mu −30 Kgr
ρu = = = 2.3243 ⋅ 10 Eq. (88) gives:
4πru
3
Vu m3
3
Today Universe Temperature
The equivalent Energy that corresponds to
the mass of the entire Universe is: t = 3.923 ⋅1019 sec ⇒ d u = 2ru = 2.354 ⋅10 28
Eu = M u c 2 eq.(85) Temp.U = 2.768 Kelvin
Back to Contents eq.(89)
Universe Total Energy
(
TCOBE = 2.725 Kelvin Satellite COBE )
Eu = 1.4283 ⋅ 10 72 Joule eq.(86)
Today Cosmological theories calculate the Big Bang Temperature
Big Bang temperature as also the Cosmic
t = 9.393 ⋅ 10 −24 sec ⇒ d iU = 2re = 5.6358 ⋅ 10 −15 m
Background Radiation (what is left from the
Big Bang) according to Stefan-Boltzmann Temp. B− B = 2.557 ⋅1032 Kelvin
formula: eq.(90)
 31

13.03.2013 20:31

Note: Hubble’s constant is not used in our Eq. (8.2) gives the condition of such kind of
calculations. collapse (by replacing the critical distance
We are going now to calculate the with the half of the quantum length):
maximum photon frequency that took place l
rc = quantum
at the Big Bang event. This requires 2
knowledge of the quantum length
α
2
lquantum KQe
(quantization of space) which will give us = = ⇒ eq.(92.1)
2λ B − B hc 2π
the opportunity to find the maximum
possible frequency for a photon to collapse. π
λB− B = lquantum ⇒
α
Eq. (70) is one of the remarkable discoveries λB − B = 2.9025 ⋅ 10−55 m eq.(93)
of this work:
re ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3 Then the maximum photon frequency of the
Gre =
h Big Bang is:
Setting the classical Electron radius equal to c 3 ⋅ 108 m ⋅ sec −1
f B − B max = = ⇒
the radius (r) and the Gravitational constant λB − B 2.9025 ⋅ 10 −55 m
(Gre) is replaced with Newton’s Gravitational
constant (G) then we may find the minimum
f B − B max = 1.033 ⋅ 1063 Hz eq.(94)
possible distance in the entire Universe:
Some photons with maximum frequency will
re → r ⇒ minimum possible distance ⇒ never reach us from the Big Bang event due
to their instant collapse and most probably,
m2
Gre → G = 6.67384 ⋅ 10 −11 N ⇒ this Energy will be transformed to a Black
Kgr 2 hole mass:
hG f B − B max = 1.033 ⋅ 10 63 Hz
lquantum =r= eq.(91)
λce ⋅ c3 m2
h = 6.626068 ⋅ 10 −34 kgr eq.(95)
Then for: sec
m2 E γ creation = hf B− B max eq.(96)
−11
G = 6.67384 ⋅10 N
Kgr 2 E γ creation = 6.846 ⋅ 10 29 J = 4.2728 ⋅ 1039 GeV
m2 The corresponding possible created mass
h = 6.626068 ⋅10 −34 kgr
sec according to mass-Energy equation is:
λce = 2.42861⋅10 −12 m E γ creation
mPBH = = 3.804 ⋅1012 Kgr eq.(97)
c = 3 ⋅ 108 m ⋅ sec −1 2c 2

The above value is near the predicted value

lquantum = 6.7438 ⋅ 10 −58
m eq.(92) for the primordial Black holes created short
after the Big Bang (Antimatter was captured
by the Aether (rotating vacuum) and
Knowing the quantum length, we may
became a White hole at the center of the
calculate the maximum photon frequency of
Universe).
the Big Bang, which collapsed almost
instantly. Back to Contents
 32

13.03.2013 20:31

After the above, we are allowed to calculate The known Planck length is given by:
the quantum frequency, time, length and G G
mass. From Eq. (92.1) proportionally: lp = 3
⇒ l 2 p = 3 eq.(98)
c c
λmax = 2π ⋅ ru ⇒ ctu = c ⋅ 2π ⋅ t ⇒ tu = 2π ⋅ t ⇒
1 1 Moreover, Eq. (91) gives:
f B − B min = = and for t = 3.923 ⋅1019 sec
t u 2π ⋅ t hG hG
l quantum = ⇒ l quantum ⋅ λce = 3
f B − B min =
1
⇒ λce ⋅ c 3
c
2π ⋅ 3.923 ⋅1019
Minimum Photon Frequency
Eq. (98) and Eq. (91) could become equal if
f B− B min = 4.057 ⋅10 −21 Hz
and only if:
λce = 2π ⋅ lquantum
Maximum Photon Frequency
f B − B max = 1.033 ⋅ 1063 Hz However, this is impossible since the
Compton wavelength of the Electron cannot
Quantum Length
be 2π times the quantum length and so:
lquantum = 6.7438 ⋅ 10 −58 m λce ≠ 2π ⋅ lquantum
Quantum Graininess (Science Daily Link)
This fundamental mistake of the
Quantum Time dimensional analysis originates from the
acceptance that the velocity of the E/M
lquantum wave does not vary with distance. The result
tquantum = = 2.2479 ⋅10 −66 sec
c of the above makes all Planck units invalid
(initiated by Max Planck himself).
Quantum Mass
The Planck momentum can give the Planck
hf mass according to dimensional Analysis:
mquantum = B− B2min = 2.988 ⋅ 10 −71 Kgr
2c
Comparing the above quantum units with l p = 1.616 ⋅10 −35 m
the Planck units, we see a huge difference  h
m pk c = ⇒ m pk = = 2.176 ⋅ 10 −8 Kgr eq.(98.1)
due to the acceptance by the scientific lp 2π ⋅ l p c
community that the velocity of the E/M
wave does not vary with distance. According to Author’s interpretation and
findings the real value of the Planck mass is:
Back to Contents lquantum α
= ⇒
2λB − B 2π
The Planck units as we know are given by
dimensional analysis and in our case, we hc α
E pk = 2m pk c 2 = ⇒ m pk = ⇒
discovered Eq. (70) by making equal the λB− B lquantum ⋅ c
complete Casimir repulsive force with the α
Newtonian Gravitational force, which are m pk = eq.(98.2)
lquantum ⋅ c
both a reality.
 33

13.03.2013 20:31

Let us compare Eq. (98.1) and Eq. (98.2): New Planck Energy and Temperature

m pk =
lp ⋅ c E p = m pk c 2 = 3.4236 ⋅ 10 29 Joule
and m pk c 2
α Tp = = 2.4798 ⋅ 1052 Kelvin
m pk = KB
lquantum ⋅ c
The differences between these two
m 2 Kgr
equations are obvious although their K B = 1.3806 ⋅10 −23
K ⋅ sec 2
formulation is almost the same. Now Eq.
(98.2) gives:
The new Planck charge is:
New Planck Mass
α Kq p
2
hc α ⋅ c
m pk = = 3.804 ⋅ 1012 Kgr eq.(98.3) Eq = = = ⇒
lquantum ⋅ c lquantum 2λB − B lquantum
The conclusion is that Eq. (97) and Eq. (98.3) Kq p
2
α ⋅ c
= ⇒ Kq p = α ⋅ c ⇒
2
give the same result that is the mass of the l quantum l quantum
primordial Black hole with radius equal to
the Quantum Length.
1
q p = α ⋅ c ⇒
2
Back to Contents
4πε o
The interpretation of the new value for the
Planck mass is that its value is associated
q p = ± 4πε o α ⋅ c eq.(98.4)
with the collapse of a photon with the
maximum allowed frequency in the
Universe, which results to a probable Black The known Planck charge created by
hole mass at Quantum scale. This mass is dimensional Analysis is the Eq. (98.4)
the densest created mass in the entire without the fine structure constant.
Universe.

The density of the new Planck mass

New Planck Charge
supposing that has a spherical topology is: q p = ± 4πε o α ⋅ c = ±1.602176 ⋅10 −19 Cb eq.(98.5)
Q = ±1.602176 ⋅ 10 −19 Cb
New Planck Density qp = Q
m pk Kgr
d pk = = 2.9604 ⋅ 10183
The new Planck charge is the charge that
3
l m3
4π
quantum

3 has the new Planck mass with radius equal

to Quantum length. With other words is the
From the moment that the new Planck mass Coulomb charge of the primordial Black
and length are different from the results of hole, which was created short after the Big
the dimensional Analysis, then the Planck Bang and probably, completes its
Energy and Temperature have also new evaporation in our time, or it is already
values. evaporated.
 34

13.03.2013 20:31

Aether Back to Contents

Let us use the propagation velocity of a In the initial assumption where the entire
single photon coming from the left or the theory is based, we did not use angular
right side of the Electron (entrapment momentum, angular velocity or spin
situation), with the aim to analyze the definitions in our formulations, but just a
opposing velocities that influence the final stationary non-rotating Electron.
velocity:
re KQe
2
α 2πre 2πKQe
2 Note: Eq. (102.1) describes the local
= = ⇒α = = eq.(99)
λce hc 2π λce hc propagation velocity of the left or right
propagating photon (Fig. 1.11).
For the left or right photon, the velocity is:
2π KQe
2
2π ⋅ KQe λce
2 Then for Eq. (102.2) results:
V =c− λce = c − ⋅ eq.(100)
2π hr 2πr V
h
ωr = A
λce r
V = c −α ⋅c eq.(101)
2πr ωr
V =c− λγ eq.(102.4)
2π
2π ⋅ KQe
2 The fact that we used a stationary non-
The term = αc has dimensions of rotating Electron in our formulations
h
a constant velocity. We will name it V A . Now justifies the following two conclusions
where they can be verified additionally
Eq. (101) and Eq. (7) become:
VA V
through the new Planck constant expression
V =c− λce eq.(102.1) and V = c − A λγ eq.(102.2)
2π ⋅ r 2π ⋅ r that we will show a little bit later:
The value of V A is (due to Eq. (101.8)):
2π ⋅ KQe
2
Km ⋅ rad i. The association of the charge with
VA = = α ⋅ c = 2189.2 eq.(102.3)
h sec the Planck constant and the
tangential velocity, results that the
Back to Contents created charges in the vacuum (pair
production process) are rotating.
Consequently, all charged particles
We note that this unusual constant velocity possess an intrinsic spin related to
is part of the velocity of the E/M wave or is the value of the tangential velocity
something out of it that influences its final as given by Eq. (102.3).
velocity. Is V A alone a propagation velocity? ii. When we take the case where the
The answer is certainly, NO. The product of particle is not rotating, the Eq.
V A with the ratio between the wavelength (102.2) results that Electron’s mass is
and distance, constitute an opposing trapped within a massless Vortex
propagation velocity. With decreasing with constant tangential velocity
distance, the product value increases that where Vortex’s angular velocity
makes us suspect, an angular velocity increases with decreasing distance.
increment takes place. Consequently, the V A The topology of this Vortex is an
Archimedean spiral (constant
could be only a tangential velocity
tangential velocity).
associated with the charge presence.
 35

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The superposition of the above conclusions Now Electron’s Compton wavelength is

gives the following picture for an Electron: given by the known expression:
h h h
λce = ⇒ = me c ⇒ c = me c 2 eq.(104)
Electron' s 2 D Illustration me c λce λce
We rearrange Eq. (103) and Eq. (104) with
aim to compare them:
re V c
h A = me c 2 eq.(104.1) and h = me c 2
2πre λce
The term on the right part of both equations
is the rest Energy of the Electron. The
Figure 10: Electron’s mass trapped in the Aether Vortex.
definition of constants will give us the ability
The created pair from the vanished photon through the law of the excluded middle to
will have opposing Vortices due to the E/M conclude about the nature of V A :
wave itself, which means Eq. (102.2) reveals VA c V c
that also the E/M wave itself is constituted h = mec 2 = h = mec 2 ⇒ A = eq.(105)
2πre λce 2πre λce
by two opposing Vortices (Positive half- Back to Contents
wave and Negative half-wave): The ultimate proof about the nature of VA

Eq. (105) is frequency equivalence. The

definition of frequency is the number of
times a specified periodic phenomenon
Positron Electron
occurs within a specified interval. The
or Or constant propagation velocity of light (c)
Positive ½ wave Negative ½ wave
alone, does not point to an oscillation.
Figure 11: A Vortex and an Anti-Vortex.

Another way to prove that we speak about The wavelength (Electron’s Compton
tangential velocity and not something else, wavelength) constant is the key for the
it comes through the new expression of the definition of frequency, which points to an
Planck constant. For an elementary charge: oscillation. The wavelength is the distance
Q 2 = 4πε o α ⋅ c eq.(102.5) measured in the direction of propagation,
Then due to Eq. (102.3) and Eq. (8.1) between two points of the same phase in
(classical Electron radius): consecutive cycles of a wave. The left term
KQ 2 e Q 2e of Eq. (105) uses instead of a wavelength
re = = ⇒
me c 2 4πε 0 me c 2 the classical radius (2πre), which alone does
Q 2e not indicate an oscillation. Conclusively, V A
Q 2 e = 4πε o V A ⇒ = V A ⇒ eq.(102.6)
4πε o cannot be a propagation velocity where
Q 2
V A ω ⋅ re together with the classical radius to define a
= = = me c 2 ⇒
e

4πε o re re re frequency. The only outcome for the V A

constant is its definition as tangential
New Planck Constant expression velocity (indicates a circular motion) where
me c 2 m c2 together with the classical radius (2πre) may
 = re or h = 2πre e eq.(103) give as result an oscillation frequency.
VA VA
 36

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The above conclusion is of major importance The physical meaning of the

and its proof was unexpectedly simple. The Fine Structure Constant
new expression of Planck constant (Eq. 2π ⋅ KQe
2
V 1
α= = Aether = eq.(105.1)
(103)), actually tells us that the propagating hc c 137.036
photons and the created charges in the The indirect detection of Aether (vacuum’s
vacuum are associated with the tangential rotation) which results to the reduction of
velocity as given by Eq. (102.3). the speed of light with distance can be
achieved only by the use of rotating frames.
Eq. (102.2) can be used for any wavelength
The cosmological consequence is that since
of the E/M spectrum in a standing wave
the Planck constant is associated with all the
configuration:
previous, the conclusion is that the Universe
VA V
has the same tangential velocity at any V = c− λγ ⇒ V = c − A λ ⇒
2πr 2πr
point of its volume. With other words, the VA ∆V VA λ∆f VA
∆V = λ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒
existence of particle spin is caused by the 2πr λ 2πr λ 2πr
rotation of the Universe itself (Archimedean VA V
∆f = or ∆f = − A eq.(106)
spiral topology). Moreover, the empty space 2πr 2πr
(vacuum) can be considered filled with A rotating frame with radius equals to 0.5 m
massless Vortices that their presence is and angular velocity 0.5 rad/sec will have a
indirectly detected through the rotational tangential velocity Vf equals to 1 m/sec.
Energy they give to the charged particles. Proportionally to Eq. (106), we receive:
The elementary (quantum) Vortex of the Vf ωf ωf
vacuum we will call it from now and on, as ∆f f = = or ∆f f = − eq.(107)
2πr 2π 2π
Aether.
Indirect detection of the Aether using rotating
Interferometers
Non Propagating but Rotating Vortex (Frequency shift depended by the direction of rotation)
Aether Vortex → Vacuum Rotation ∆f will be superimposed to ∆f f since ∆f >> ∆f f
Aether' s (Vacuum) Tangential Velocity
2π ⋅ KQe
2
Km ⋅ rad Eq. (106) is more relevant when the
VAether = = α ⋅ c = 2189.2 wavelength is very large that will create a
h sec
V Aether ≈ 2π ×1000 × Speed of Sound measurable frequency shift. Let us say that
we use a rotating interferometer where the
Back to Contents interference pattern is located at a distance
0.5 m rotating with constant angular
The reduced fine structure constant is equal velocity 0.5 rad/sec, from the center of the
to the ratio between the classical radius and rotating platform:
Compton’s wavelength. On the other hand Laser Interferometer
the fine structure constant is equal to the i ) for r = 0.5m and f = 5.45 ⋅ 1014 Hz (Green Light )
ratio between Aether’s tangential velocity ∆f ≈ 696 KHz
and the propagation velocity of light. The for r = 0.5m and ω f = 0.5rad / sec ⇒ ∆f f ≈ 79mHz
physical meaning of the fine structure RF Standing Wave on a Copper Waveguide
constant is that at the critical distance the ii ) for r = 0.5m and f = 20MHz (RF )
E/M forces vanish (zero propagation Vc =
2 2 2
c ⇒ VA(Copper ) = αc = VA ⇒ ∆f ≈ 464 KHz
3 3 3
velocity) due to Aether’s presence.
 37

13.03.2013 20:31

Dirac’s Magnetic Monopole Back to Contents

Paul Dirac in one of his Paper named π q

Or H r = = 2m
Field
“Quantized singularities in the
Er
VA µo cr µ o
Electromagnetic field” back in the year
1931, predicts theoretically the existence of
the Magnetic Monopole: Magnetic Monopole Field
hc (caused by the tangential velocity)
qm = eq.(108)
2qe π q
Hr = = 2m eq.(111)
Field
Er
The Author of this document will give simple VA µo cr µ o
evidences regarded the Magnetic charge, 2
π KQ  
2
KQ
which its discovery was initiated first by the Hr = c −  eq.(111.1)
intuitive approach of Paul Dirac: VA µo r 2c 2  2mQ ⋅ r ⋅ c 
 
Q α ⋅ c At this point we have to mention the words
Q 2 e = 4πε o α ⋅ c ⇒ e = ⇒
4πε o Qe of Paul Dirac found at the end of his paper:
VA
α= and Qe = qe ⇒ “…There remains to be discussed the
c
qe V h VA q ⋅ c hc
question of why isolated Magnetic poles are
= A = ⇒ e = VA ⇒
4πε o qe 2π qe 4ε o 2qe not observed. The experimental result shows
q ⋅c q ⋅c that there must be some cause of
qmVA = e ⇒ qmωr ⋅ r = e ⇒
4ε o 4ε o dissimilarity between electricity and
π qe ⋅ c E
Pot
magnetism…”.
qm = ⇒ qm = π r c ⇒
ωr 4πε o r ωr
Magnetic Monople Now we are able to answer this :
(Rotating Potential)
qe ⋅ c
Pot
Er hc The Magnetic charge is directly connected
qm = π c= = eq.(109)
ωr 4V Aε o 2qe with the elementary charge which the latter
The above equation reveals that the is strictly connected with the spinning
Magnetic Monopole or Magnetic charge is a Aether. Eq. (109) and Eq. (110) prove directly
rotation of a Potential at distance (r) due to this claim. Another consequence of this
the spinning charge (tangential velocity) discovery is that the Magnetic field is a
which ultimately creates a Magnetic field secondary effect which needs the presence
around the charge. of a rotating Potential or Electric field to
come in existence. Conclusively the isolation
Eq. (109) can be further developed as of a Magnetic Pole is impossible as also
follow: impossible is to control directly the Aether of
Pot Pot
Er qm Er free space. But this does not forbid us from
qm = π c⇒ 2 =π c⇒
ωr r ωr r ⋅ r creating a device which can produce
Pot
Er absolute controllable Macroscopic Magnetic
V A = V Aether and Er = ⇒
Field

r Monopoles.
qm π Er π Field
Pot
Technically the Magnetic Monopole is
= c= Er ⋅c ⇒
r 2
ωr r r VA nothing else than the manipulation of a
π qm standing wave (Aether’s nature) created in a
But Br = =
Field
Er eq.(110)
VA cr 2 ferromagnetic medium, at least.
 38

13.03.2013 20:31

Complete Magnetic Force Back to Contents

The complete Electric force between two Complete Electric Field

charges is given by Eq. (11): 2

KQq  K Q⋅q 
2
KQ  K Q2 
 eq.(114)
FCCbF = ⋅ c−  Ec = 2 2 c −
2 2 
r c  (mQ + mq )⋅ r ⋅ c  r c 

2mQ ⋅ r ⋅ c 

The proof that the Magnetic charge exists
(due to charge existence) and is associated The complete Magnetic field created by just
with a rotating Potential or Electric field, it one Charge will be twice that of the
gives us the ability to construct the Magnetic Monopole (Eq. (111.1)):
complete Magnetic force between two
Magnetic charges (Monopoles). Complete Magnetic Field
Eq. (109) gave us: 2π
Hc =
Field
Er
1 qe ⋅ c VA µo
Pot
Er
qm = π c= ⇒
ωr V A 4ε o 2
2π KQ  K Q2 
Hc = −  eq.(115)
qmε o c
qe = 4V A eq.(112)
2 2 
VA µo r c 2mQ ⋅ r ⋅ c 
c  
Then Eq. (112) for two different charges
gives: Propagating E/M Waves
Qε
Q = 4VA m o based on Light Speed
c
E E
and K =
1
, V A = V Aether = c and = µ o c ≈ 377 Ohm
4πε 0 B H
qε
q = 4VA m o Back to Contents
c

Then Eq. (11) takes the following form: Static Fields or Standing Waves
2 based on Aether’s tangential velocity
KQq  K Q⋅q 
Km ⋅ rad ⋅ sec−1
= 2 2 ⋅c − 
(mQ + mq )⋅ r ⋅ c  ⇒
FCCbF Ec VAether
r c  = ≈ 2189.2
Bc 2π cycle
1
and ε 0 = ⇒ and
c µo2

Ec V
= µo Aether ≈ 0.438 Ohm
Hc 2π
Complete Magnetic Force
2
4V 2 A Qm ⋅ qm  4V 2 A Qm ⋅ qm  “…Throughout space there is Energy..it is a
= 
⋅ c− 
 πµ (m + m )rc 5 
FCMF
πµo r 2 c 6  o Q q 
mere question of time when men will succeed
in attaching their machinery to the very
eq.(113) wheelwork of nature…” – Nikola Tesla

The Electric field created by just one charge, Note: Eq. (114) and Eq. (115) apply for a
is given by: stationary particle or a particle trapped
mq = mQ and K Q ⋅ q → K Q 2 within a standing wave.
 39

13.03.2013 20:31

Unified Field Force Back to Contents

At the beginning of this work we discovered Below we are going to attempt to find the
the repulsive and the total force which acts force equation that created the Universe
upon the Electron-Positron pair. The using the Total force which acts upon the
repulsive force is given by: Electron-Positron pair:
  
KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1  KQ 2 e 1  Fe−e+ = FNormalCb + Frep
2

Frep =− 2 ⋅ 2   ⋅  − 2c ⋅   
r c   2me c r  2me c r  FTotal = Fe−e+ + Frep ⇒
 
  
Due to the below equation: FTotal = 2 Frep + FNormalCb
λ h h
λγ = ce = ⇒λ = KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1  KQ 2 e 1 
2
⇒
2 (me + me ) ⋅ c mQ + mq ⋅ c ( ) Frep = − 2 ⋅ 2 
r
⋅  − 2c
c   2me c r 
⋅
2me c r 
 
This force is described generally by:
KQ 2 e
FNormalCb = −
KQq 1   KQq 1
2
1 
⋅  r2
KQq
= 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ − 2c
c  (mQ + mq )c r  2(mQ + mq )c r
Frep
r
  Then the Total force is:
KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1  KQ 2 e 1 
2
The complete Coulomb force is given with
FTotal = −2 2 ⋅ 2  ⋅  − 2c ⋅
the same way by Eq. (11): r c   2me c r  2me c r 
 
2
KQq  K Q⋅q 
−
KQ 2 e
⇒
= 2 2 ⋅c − 
FCCbF
r c   (mQ + mq )⋅ r ⋅ c  r2

Eq. (19) as we proved gives the total force: KQ 2 e 1   KQ 2 e 1 

2
KQ 2 e 1 c 2 
   FTotal = −2 ⋅  ⋅  − 2 c ⋅ +
FTotal = FCCbF + Frep r 2 c 2   2me c r  2m e c r 2 
 
Then for any kind of interacting charges the
total force is the Unified Field force: We know that:
2πrc 2πKQe
2
Unified Field Force =α =
V
= A and  =
h
λγ hc c 2π
2 KQ ⋅ q 1   c2 
2
K Q⋅q  2K Q ⋅ q
= ⋅ 2  − + 
FUFF 2
c  (mQ + mq )⋅ c ⋅ r  (mQ + mq )⋅ r 2 λce h
r
  and λγ = =
2 2me c
eq.(116)
Back to Contents
We will set:
c
The term Unified field force is justified since λ = λγ and f =
the total force gives a complete description
λ
Then the Total force becomes:
of the interaction in case of the Electron-
Positron pair, Strong Nuclear force, Casimir hKQ 2 e 1   hKQ 2 e 1 
2
hKQ 2 e 1 c 2 
FTotal = −2 ⋅ 2  ⋅  − 2c ⋅ + ⇒
force (repulsive/attractive part of the total hr 2
c   2me ch r 

2me ch r 2 

force, below the Coulomb Barrier), Magnetic hKQ 2 e 1   λKQ 2 e 1 
2
λKQ 2 e 1 c 2 
FTotal = −2 ⋅ 2  ⋅  − 2c ⋅ + ⇒
force and finally the Universe force (Total hr 2
c  h

r h r 2

Gravitational force), as it will be introduced FTotal = −2
h 2πKQ 2 e 1   λ 2πKQ 2 e 1 
⋅ 2 
2

⋅  − 2c
λ 2πKQ 2 e 1 c 2 
⋅ + ⇒
2πhr c   2πh 2πh r 2
later on this chapter.
2
r
 
 40

13.03.2013 20:31

h V A 1   λV A 1 
2
λV 1 c 2  Eq. (118) has application on quantum level
FTotal = −2 ⋅ 2  ⋅  − 2c A ⋅ +  ⇒

2π r c   2π r  2π r 2  and to make it work on the scale of the
2

VA   cVA 1  c 2VA 1 c 2 
2
Universe, it needs to adapt the Planck
FTotal = −2  ⋅  − ⋅ + eq.(117)
r 2 c 2   f 2πr  f πr 2  constant in relation with the dimensions of
 
Eq. (117) as is, gives the force for just one the todays Universe. From Eq. (70):
photon. The test to see if the above hG r ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3 r ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3
r= ⇒h= ⇒=
equation created the Universe, must predict λce ⋅ c 3 G 2πG
the acceleration at the todays radius of the FTotal = Fu
Universe.
r = rcritical =
ru
2
(Matter − Antimatter Universe)
Back to Contents
Then Eq. (118) becomes:
The maximum possible frequency in the Universe Force
Universe, is:
λ ⋅ c V A   cV A 1  c 2V A 1 c 2 
2

f = 1.033 ⋅ 10 Hz 63 FTotal = − ce np  ⋅  − ⋅ +
G πr   f 2πr  f πr 2 
 
The required amount of photon Energy
must be equal to the rest Energy of the eq.(119)
Universe:
The previous equation incorporates
Eu = 1.4283 ⋅10 Joule 72
Newton’s Gravitational constant and it can
m2 work at any scale from the Quantum length
h = 6.626068 ⋅10 −34 kgr to the radius of the Universe.
sec
E 1.4283 ⋅ 10 72
np = u = ⇒ Back to Contents
hf T 6.626068 ⋅ 10 −34 ⋅ 1.033 ⋅ 10 63 Hz

n p = 2.0859 ⋅ 10 42 photons The Universe seems to accelerate due to

proportionality and scaling in calculations
Then Eq. (117) takes the following form: but actually according to Figure (2) and
 2 2  Figure (3) the total force becomes negative
  cV A ⋅ 1  − c V A ⋅ 1 + c 
2
VA
FTotal = −2 n p  
2 2
r c   f 2πr  f πr 2  and drops with distance which indicates a
 
deceleration and not an acceleration as
eq.(118) today research supports.
The above equation is now ready to give us
the calculated acceleration found on page
30 when we divide the force with the mass
of the Universe. However, it does not work!
At this point, the Author after some
attempts made a very crucial discovery.
We have seen in Eq. (70) that the Planck
constant varies with distance and is equal to
its today value when the distance takes a
critical value, the quantum length.
 41

13.03.2013 20:31

λ ⋅ c V A   cVA 1  c 2V A 1 c 2 
2

FTotal = − ce np  ⋅  − ⋅ +
G πr   f 2πr  f πr 2 
 

M u = 1.5871 ⋅10 55 Kgr

f = 1.033 ⋅ 1063 Hz

r = rcritical =
ru
2
(
Matter − Antimatter Universe )
Quantum Length Universe decelerates
(6.7438 ⋅10 −58
m, 1.059 ⋅ 10 129
N ) ( 1.1767 ⋅ 10 28
m, −1.2137 ⋅ 10 44 N )

GM u Fu −12 m
au = − = = −7 .6472 ⋅ 10
r 2u Mu sec2
m
N
Figure 12: Universe force from the Quantum level to the radius of the Universe.

Back to Contents

m2
N
Kgr 2
Gr =
(re ) ⋅ λce ⋅ c 3
2

hr

Today Universe Radius

 m2 
 ru = 1.1767 ⋅10 28 m, Gu = 6.67384 ⋅10 −11 N 
2 
 Kgr 
Initial Universe Radius
 m2 
 riu = re = 2.8179 ⋅10 −15 m, Giu = 2.78933 ⋅1032 N 
 Kgr 2 

m
Figure 13: Variance of Gravitational constant from the initial Universe radius to the today Universe radius.
 42

13.03.2013 20:31

Unified Field Force

( for real masses with real charge)

2 KQ ⋅ q 1   c 2 
2
K Q⋅q  2K Q ⋅ q
= ⋅ 2  − +
c   (mQ + mq )⋅ c ⋅ r  (mQ + mq )⋅ r 2 
FUFF
r2
 
c h 2π ⋅  V 2πK Q ⋅ q
λc = = = and α = A =
f (mQ + mq ) ⋅ c (mQ + mq ) ⋅ c c h⋅c
hG −11 m2
lquantum = r = and G = 6 . 67384 ⋅ 10 N
λce ⋅ c 3 Kgr 2
λce ⋅ c 3 ⋅ lquantum m2
h= = 6.626068 ⋅ 10 −34 kgr
G sec
Gravitational Form
(Quantum Level )

λce ⋅ lquantum cVA   V A λce ⋅ c 2 ⋅ lquantum  V A λce ⋅ c 3 ⋅ lquantum c 2 

2

=±   − +
πr 2   2πr (mQ + mq )G  πr (mQ + mq )G
FUFF
G 2
 
for Q = −q FUFF → − and for Q = q FUFF → +
Back to Contents

Nuclear Strong Form (Proton - Proton)

for mQ = mq = m p and Q = Qe = q

 
2α   α  
2
cα c 2 
FUFF = 2 − +
cr   2m p ⋅ r  m p ⋅ r 2 
 
Magnetic Form (Magnetic Monopoles)
VA V
for q = 4qmε o and Q = 4Qmε o A
c c
2 
8V 2 A Qm qm   4V A Qm ⋅ qm
2
2
 8V 2 A Qm ⋅ qm
+ 
 − c
=±
πµ0 r c  πµ0 (mQ + mq ) ⋅ r ⋅ c  πµ0 (mQ + mq ) ⋅ r ⋅ c
FUFF 2 6  5  4
2
 
1 1
ε0 = and K =
c µo
2
4πε 0
c = 3 ⋅ 108 m ⋅ sec −1 and λce = 2.42861 ⋅ 10−12 m
2πKQe Km ⋅ rad
2
V A = V Aether = = α ⋅ c = 2189.2
h sec
 43

13.03.2013 20:31

Conclusion
The Author using only one equation for the force, which acts upon the Electron-Positron pair, the
Strong Nuclear force, the Magnetic force and finally the force which created the Universe,
concludes that there is only the Electric force in nature. With other words, all the expressions of
these forces can be found on the properties of an Elementary charge, where the cause of these
properties is the existence of the rotating Aether.

ÐÕÈÁÃÏÑÁÓ
“..ÐÁÍÔÁ ÊÁÔ’ÁÑÉÈÌÏÍ ÃÉÃÍÏÍÔÁÉ…” 579-490 ð.×

ÐËÁÔÙÍ
“..ØÕ×Ç ÐÁÓÁ ÁÈÁÍÁÔÏÓ ÔÏ ÃÁÑ ÁÅÉÊÉÍÇÔÏÍ ÁÈÁÍÁÔÏÍ…” 428-348 ð.×

ÁÍÁ×ÁÑÓÉÓ
“..ØÕ×ÇÓ ÌÅÍ ÏÑÃÁÍÏÍ ÓÙÌÁ, ÈÅÏÕ Ä’Ç ØÕ×Ç…” 589 ð.×

ÈÁËÇÓ
“..ÓÏÖÙÔÁÔÏÍ ×ÑÏÍÏÓ˙ ÁÍÅÕÑÉÓÊÅÉ ÃÁÑ ÐÁÍÔÁ…” 600 ð.×

I would like to thank my beloved Svetlana from my heart, for her understanding, patience and support. Otherwise,
it would be impossible the initiation and completion of the work “The secret of the Electron-Positron pair”.

References Back to Contents

[1] ΓΡΑΜΜΕΣ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑΣ (Transmission Lines)

1995 Lamia/Greece, [Link]
[2] Quantized Singularities in the Electromagnetic field
1931, P.A.M Dirac
[3] Rhythmodynamics
2007 Moscow, Ivanov [Link]
[Link] (Ритмодинамика доктора Ю.Н.Иванов)
[4] Dropouts of the outer Electron radiation belt in response to solar wind stream interfaces:
Global positioning system observations
Steven [Link], Reiner H., W. Friedel, Emma L. Spanswick, Geoffrey D. Reeves, John T.
Steinberg, Josef Koller, Thomas Cayton and Evan Noveroske
[5] Planck Units
[Link]
[6] Nikola Tesla Quotes
[Link]
[7] Information about the Nuclear force, Electron-Positron pair creation, Casimir force, Physics
[Link]
[8] ÔÏ ÖÙÓ ÔÙÍ ÓÏÖÙÍ ÔÇÓ ÅËËÁÄÏÓ
2002 ΕΛΛΑΣ, ΔΗΜΟΣΘΕΝΗΣ ΛΙΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ
[9] ΛΕΞΙΚΟ ΤΗΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΑΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ (Ancient Greek Dictionary)
ΠΑΝ.Ε.ΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ