Department of Biomedical Engineering

Digital Electronics / Third stage

Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Lecture Two
Logic gates
The logic gate is the basic building block in digital systems. Logic gates
operate with binary numbers. Gates are therefore referred to as binary logic gates.
All voltages used with logic gates will be either HIGH or LOW. In this lecture, a
HIGH voltage will mean a binary 1, and a LOW voltage will mean a binary 0.
Remember that logic gates are electronic circuits.
All digital systems are constructed by using only three basic logic gates.

These basic gates are:

1- AND gate,
2- OR gate,
3- NOT gate.

1- THE AND GATE

The AND gate is called the “all or nothing” gate. The schematic in Fig. l shows the
idea of the AND gate. The lamp (Y) will light only when both input switches (A and
B) are closed.
Input Output
Switches Light
B A Y
open open no
open close no
close open no
close close yes
Figure 1.
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

The standard logic symbol for the AND gate is drawn in Fig. 2. This symbol shows
the inputs as A and B. The output is shown as Y. This is the symbol for a 2-input
AND gate. The truth table for the 2-input AND gate is shown in Fig. 2. Note that
only when both input A and input B are 1 will the output be 1.
A truth table defines the logical outputs (0 or 1) of a logic gate for all possible
combinations of logical inputs
Input Output
B A Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
(a) truth table (b) AND-gate symbol
Figure 2

Boolean algebra is a form of symbolic logic that shows how logic gates operate. A
Boolean expression is a “shorthand” method of showing what is happening in a logic
circuit.
A.B=Y
The Boolean expression is read as A AND (. means AND) B equals the output Y.
The dot ( . ) means the logic function AND in Boolean algebra, not multiply as in
regular algebra, Sometimes the dot ( . ) is left out of the Boolean expression. The
Boolean expression for the 2-input AND gate is then:
AB=Y
The Boolean expression reads A AND B equals the output Y.
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Example:
1- Write the Boolean expression for a 3-input AND gate

Solution:

A . B . C = Y or A B C = Y

2- Draw the logic symbol for a 3-input AND gate.

Solution:

3- Draw a truth table for a 3-input AND gate.

Solution:
Input Output

C B A y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

2- THE OR GATE

The OR gate is called the “any or all” gate. The schematic in Fig. 3 shows the
idea of the OR gate. The lamp (Y) will glow when either switch A or switch B is
closed. The lamp will also glow when both switches A and B are closed. The lamp
(Y) will not glow when both switches (A and B) are open.
Input Output
Switches Light
B A Y
open open no
open close yes
close open yes
close close yes

Figure 3

The standard logic symbol for an OR gate is drawn in Fig. 4. Note the different
shape of the OR gate. The OR gate has two inputs labeled A and B. The output is
labeled Y. The shorthand Boolean expression for this OR function is given as A + B
= Y. Note that the plus (+) symbol means OR in Boolean algebra. The expression (A
+ B = Y) is read as A OR (+ means OR) B equals output Y.
Input Output
B A Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
(a) truth table (b) OR-gate symbol
Figure 4
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Example:
1- Write the Boolean expression for a 3-input OR gate.
Solution:
A+B+C=Y

2- Draw the logic symbol for a 3-input OR gate.

Solution

3- Draw a truth table for a 3-input OR gate.

Solution
Input Output
C B A y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

3- THE NOT GATE

A NOT gate is also called an inverter. The NOT gate has only one input and one
output. Figure 5 illustrates the logic symbol for the inverter, or NOT gate.

Input Output
A Y
0 1
1 0
(a) truth table (b) NOT-gate symbol
Figure 4
The input is always changed to its opposite. If the input is 0, the NOT gate will give
its complement, or opposite, which is 1. If the input to the NOT gate is a 1, the circuit
will complement it to give a 0. This inverting is also called complementing or
negating.
The Boolean expression for inverting is A =Ā reads as A equals the output not A.
The bar over the A means to complement A.
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Universal Logic Gates

These gates can perform the functions of all other gates:

1- NAND Gate
2- NOR Gate

1- The NAND gate

The NAND gate is the complement of AND gate and the logic symbol of this gate
is shown in fig. 5.

Figure 5

̅̅̅̅̅
The Boolean expression for the entire circuit is 𝑨. 𝑩= Y. It is said that this is a not-
AND or NAND circuit. The bubble is sometimes called an invert bubble. The invert
bubble provides a simplified method of representing the NOT gate. The unique
output from the NAND gate is a LOW when all inputs are HIGH.
The NAND gate is widely used in most digital systems.

Input Output
B A AND NAND
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

The AND- and NAND-gate truth tables

 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Examples:
1- Write the Boolean expression for a 3-input NAND gate.
Solution:
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨. 𝑩. 𝑪 = 𝑌 or ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩𝑪=𝑌

2- Draw the logic symbol for a 3-input NAND gate

Solution:

3- Draw the truth table for a 3-input NAND gate.

Solution:

Input Output

C B A y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

2- The NOR gate

The NOR gate represents the complement of the OR operation. An inverter has been
connected to the output of an OR gate. Adding the overbar produces the Boolean
expression ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑌 . The not-OR function can be drawn as a single logic symbol
called a NOR gate. The standard symbol for the NOR gate is illustrated in Fig. 6.
Note that a small invert bubble has been added to the OR symbol to form the NOR
symbol.

Fig. 6 The NOR gate

The truth table of the NOR gate is show below. Note that the output column of
the NOR gate is the complement (has been inverted) of the shaded OR column.

Input Output
B A OR NOR
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0

The unique output from the NOR gate is a HIGH when all inputs are LOW.
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Examples:
1- Write the Boolean expression for a 3-input NOR gate.
Solution:
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪=𝑌

2- Draw the logic symbol for a 3-input NOR gate

Solution:

3- What is the truth table for a 3-input NOR gate?

Solution:

Input Output
C B A y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Derived Logic Gates

1- The Exclusive-OR gate
2- The Exclusive-NOR gate

1- The Exclusive-OR gate

The exclusive-OR gate is referred to as the “any but not all” gate. The exclusive-
OR term is often shortened to read as XOR. A truth table for the XOR function is
shown in Fig. 7. Careful examination shows that this truth table is similar to the OR
truth table except that when both inputs are 1, the XOR gate generates a 0. The XOR
gate is enabled only when an odd number of 1s appears at the inputs.
Lines 1 and 4 of the truth table contain even numbers (0,2) of 1s, and therefore the
XOR gate is disabled and a 0 appears at the output. The XOR gate could be referred
to as an odd-bit check circuit.
The Boolean expression of XOR is

(a) Logic circuit that performs (b) Standard logic symbol for the
the XOR function XOR gate

Figure 7
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Examples:
1- Write the Boolean expression for a 3-input XOR gate.
Solution:

2- Draw the logic symbol for a 3-input XOR gate.

Solution:

3- What is the truth table for a 3-input XOR gate? Remember that an odd
number of 1s generates a 1 output.
Solution:

Input Output

C B A y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

2- The Exclusive-NOR gate

X- NOR gate represent the complement of X-OR gate, logic symbol is shown in
Fig. 8. The XOR gate produces the expression . When this is inverted, it forms
the Boolean expression for the XNOR gate, =Y

Figure 8

Note that all outputs of the XNOR gate are the complements of the XOR-gate
outputs. While the XOR gate is an odd-number-of-1s detector, the XNOR gate
detects even numbers of 1s. The XNOR gate will produce a 1 output when an even
number of 1s appear at the inputs.

Input Output
B A XOR XNOR
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1

The XOR and XNOR gate truth tables

 Department of Biomedical Engineering
Digital Electronics / Third stage
Lecturer: Dr. Hussam Jawad Kadhim AL_Janabi
Email: [Link]@[Link]

Example: For two input bits draw a logic circuit that finds the odd and even
parity cheek for them.

Input Output
B A Odd Even
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1