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 Scattering of light: When sunlight enters the

atmosphere of the earth, the atoms and
molecules of different gasses present in the air
absorb the light. Then these atoms re-emit
light in all directions. This process is known as
Scattering of light.

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Visible Spectrum and Color Temperature

 The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to
the human eye, ranging from approximately 380 to 750 nanometers in wavelength.
Different wavelengths correspond to different colors, from violet at the shortest
wavelengths to red at the longest.

 Visible Spectrum: The visible spectrum is critical in lighting design as it determines

how we perceive color in illuminated spaces. Colors can be warm (reds, oranges,
yellows) or cool (blues, greens), and the choice of color can dramatically affect the
ambiance and functionality of a space.

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Color Temperature:
Color temperature is a measure of the color of light emitted by a light source,
expressed in Kelvins (K). It ranges from warm light (around 2700K to 3000K),
which has a yellowish hue similar to incandescent bulbs, to cool light (5000K to
6500K), which has a bluish-white hue similar to daylight.
o Warm Light: Often used in residential and hospitality settings to create a cozy and
inviting atmosphere.

o Cool Light: Common in offices, hospitals, and retail environments, where higher color
temperatures can enhance visibility.

o Neutral Light: Typically around 4000K, provides a balance between warmth and
coolness, and is suitable for general lighting in a variety of settings.
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• 11. Color temperature of a heated metal

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• 12. The effect of increasing heat on light color

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 Figure 1.1 A schematic diagram

of the electromagnetic
spectrum showing the location
of the visible spectrum.

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Light Sources: Natural vs. Artificial

Light sources can be broadly categorized into natural and artificial, each with distinct
characteristics and implications for design.

Natural Light:
o Sunlight: The most significant source of natural light, providing full-spectrum light that
varies in intensity and color throughout the day. Sunlight is not only essential for vision
but also for human health, as it regulates circadian rhythms and contributes to Vitamin
D synthesis.

o Daylighting Strategies: In architectural design, maximizing the use of natural light

through windows, skylights, and reflective surfaces is a key strategy for reducing
energy consumption and enhancing the quality of indoor environments. Natural light is
preferred for its ability to render colors accurately and create dynamic, inviting spaces.

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 Skylight reflective light

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Artificial Light:
o Incandescent Bulbs: Produce light by heating a filament until it glows. They emit warm
light but are energy-inefficient and have a short lifespan.

o Fluorescent Tubes: Use electricity to excite mercury vapor, producing ultraviolet light
that is then converted to visible light by a phosphor coating. They are more energy-
efficient than incandescent bulbs but have limitations in color rendering.

o LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): Semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric
current passes through them. LEDs are highly energy-efficient, have a long lifespan, and
are available in a wide range of color temperatures, making them the preferred choice
for most modern lighting applications.

o Other Sources: Include halogen lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and more
specialized sources like lasers and neon lights, each with specific applications in
architectural and functional lighting.

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TYPES OF LAMPS

TYPES OF LAMPS
a) Incandescent Lamp (Filament Lamp)

1. It should have high melting point (3500º C).

2. It should have high resistivity.

3. It should have low temperature co-efficient.

4. It should have low vapor pressure.

5. Mechanically Strong, ductile.

6. Material used for filament is Carbon, Osmium tantalum and Tungsten.

7. Gas used inside the lamp ( Nitrogen or Argon )

8. Life: 1000 Hrs working hrs.

9. Lamp efficiency: 10 - 20 lumens/watt

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Working:

• Lamp work on the principal of Incandescence( i.e. when a hot body is heated, radiant energy
is emitted in waveform).

• An incandescent bulb generates light through heat.(95% Heat,5% Light)

• When electrical current passes through the tungsten filament, it heats to the point where it
glows and gives off a yellow-red light.

• To keep the filament from burning up immediately, it's housed in a vacuum. Even so, the
intense heat of the filament ensures a comparatively short and expensive life span.

• Applications: Domestic, Commercial and Industrial. Etc…

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 b. Fluorescent Tube:

• A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low pressure mercury vapor and argon,
xenon, neon, or krypton.

• The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.

• The inner surface of the lamp is coated with a fluorescent (and often slightly phosphorescent)
coating made of varying blends of metallic and rare-earth phosphor salts.

• The lamp's electrodes are typically made of coiled tungsten and usually referred to as cathodes
because of their prime function of emitting electrons. For this, they are coated with a mixture of
barium, strontium and calcium oxides chosen to have a low thermionic emission temperature.

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 Working: Cathode filament emitting electrons after getting heated due to supply of current .
These electrons while accelerating collide with Argon and Mercury vapour atoms. The
excited atoms of Mercury give a radiation.

 Applications:

 [Link] residences, fluorescent lamps are mostly found in kitchens, basements, and garages.

 2. In countries, like India…

 i) Residential.

 ii) Commercial.

 iii) Small scale industries

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tungsten halogen lamp

The tungsten halogen lamp is similar to an inert
gas-filled lamp, except it contains a small
quantity of an active halogen gas such as
Bromine. The inert gas suppresses the
evaporation of the tungsten filament, while the
halogen gas acts to reduce the amount of
tungsten that plates the interior wall of the
lamp.

Wattage: 20-50W (12 V) 300-500W (230 V)

Efficiency: 15-25 Lumen/Watt

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Types of Halogen Lamps

 Applications:

Indoor [Link]

2. Outdoor lighting.

3. Flood lighting.

4. For vehicle head lights.

5. TV studios

6. Photo film.

7. Signaling.

8. Large gardens.

[Link].

10. Airport runways.

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CFL

1) Life Span: 6000-15,000

2) Energy consumption: Less Discharge path

3) Cost :More

4) Starting time: Take time to give full illumination

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 It is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp. The lamps

have a tube which is curved or folded and a compact electronic ballast in the
base of the lamp.

 • The tube is filled with organ and mercury vapour. A fluorescent coating
painted on, inside the tube.

 • The ballast produces an electric current to pass through the vapourised

mixture for exciting the gas molecules.

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[Link] Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp.

• This lamp start with a small arc between the starting electrode and the main electrode.

• This arc goes through argon gas which easily strikes, even in cold weather.

• This little arc heats the tube, and over Several minutes the tube gets hot enough to vaporize the
solid mercury stuck to the sides.

• The mercury vaporized creates a strong light between the two main electrodes.

• The mercury vapor lamp is a negative resistance device.

• This means its resistance decreases as the current through the tube increases.

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Mercury vapor Lamp

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6. LED ( Light Emitting Diode) Lamps:

 LEDs are semiconductor devices that produces Light when an electrical current applied to
them. Latest Lighting Technology.

 Invented in 1962.

 Lower energy consumption.

 Longer life : 50,000 – 100,000 Hrs.

 Smaller size , Faster switching. Dimming.

 Efficiency: 75-110 lumens/watt.

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75-110

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1 $ ,

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LED applications for Illumination

 •Architectural Lighting

 •Signage (Channel Letters)

 •Machine Vision

 •Retail Displays

 •Emergency Lighting

 •Neon Replacement

 •Bulb Replacements

 •Flashlights

 •Outdoor Accent Lighting

 Marker Lights
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LED’s ADVANTAGES
 Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. The efficiency of LED
lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

 Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as traditional
lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

 Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2)and are easily attached to printed circuit
boards.

 Warmup time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full
brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster
response times.

 Energy savings (up to 85% less power than incandescent)

 Reduction in maintenance costs

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LED’s ADVANTAGES
 Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike
incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-
intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time before restarting.

 Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed.

 Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure
of incandescent bulbs.

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LED’s ADVANTAGES
 Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to
50,000 hours of useful life.

 Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with
external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.

 Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent
and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct
it in a usable manner. For larger LED packages total internal reflection lenses are
often used to the same effect. However, when large quantities of light are needed
many light sources are usually deployed, which are difficult to focus or collimate
towards the same target.

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LED’s DISADVANTAGES
 High initial price: LEDs were too expensive previously, price per lumen. But now is
less than 0.84$

 Light Quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significant from the sun
light.

 Temperature dependence: Driving the LED hard in high ambient temperatures may
result to overheating of the led package, eventually leading to device failure.

 Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold
voltage and a current below their rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with a
small change in applied voltage.

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