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Economic Dispatch Control

This document discusses economic dispatch without transmission losses. It defines economic dispatch as the most cost-effective generation dispatch to meet load while minimizing total fuel costs. Several solution techniques are described, including Lagrange multipliers, which establish that the incremental cost of each generator must be equal at optimal dispatch. The incremental cost curve is defined as the derivative of the generator cost curve, showing increasing marginal costs with higher output. Optimal dispatch is found by equalizing incremental costs between generators subject to power balance and unit constraints.

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Tirumalesh Reddy
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406 views31 pages

Economic Dispatch Control

This document discusses economic dispatch without transmission losses. It defines economic dispatch as the most cost-effective generation dispatch to meet load while minimizing total fuel costs. Several solution techniques are described, including Lagrange multipliers, which establish that the incremental cost of each generator must be equal at optimal dispatch. The incremental cost curve is defined as the derivative of the generator cost curve, showing increasing marginal costs with higher output. Optimal dispatch is found by equalizing incremental costs between generators subject to power balance and unit constraints.

Uploaded by

Tirumalesh Reddy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Economic Dispatch without loss

INTRODUCTION
Refers to the most economic loading of the
generators which are connected to the system
and running.
Fuel cost is the principal factor in fossil fuel
plants and is given as a function of generation.
ED problem is to define the production level
of each plant so that the total generation and
transmission cost is minimum for a prescribed
schedule of loads.
Solution Techniques
Lagrange Multiplier method
Lambda Iteration method
Gradient method
Dynamic programming
Evolutionary Computation Techniques
Incremental Cost curve for thermal Power
plants
A plot of the input in kilocalories per hour versus
power output in megawatts is called input-output
curve.
The ordinates of the curve may be converted to
Rs/hr by multiplying the fuel in Rs/kilocalories.
The empirical equation of the this curve is given by


Where a, b and c are constants depending upon a
particular plant.
c bP aP C
i i i
+ + =
2
Incremental fuel cost
The incremental cost is equal to the slope of the cost
curve. A plot of incremental cost versus power
output is called the incremental cost curve. It is
shown in Fig.3. Equation (2) is of the form

=

The incremental cost is equal to the slope of the cost
curve.

i
i
i
dP
dC
IC = ) (
=
b aP
i
+ 2
;
Rs/ MWh
Input-Output Cost Curve
Used to describe the efficiency of the plants.
Graphical Representation of input in Rs/hr
versus power output in megawatts is called
input-output curve.
Incremental cost curve for Hydro Power
Plants
Economic Dispatch Problem
It consists of N generating units connected to
a single bus bar serving a receiving electrical
load

let

N T
F F F F F + + + + = ...
3 2 1
( )

=
=
N
i
i i
P F
1

=
= =
N
i
i load
P P
1
0 |
subject to (1) energy balance equation and (11)
inequality constraints
Lagrange Function
This is a constrained optimization problem that may
be attacked formally using advanced calculus
methods that involve the Lagrange function.
In order to establish the necessary conditions for an
extreme value of the objective function, add the
constraint function to the objective function after
the constraint function has been multiplied by an
undetermined multiplier. This is known as the
Lagrange function.
Lagrange function with respect to the power
output values one at a time give the set of
equations shown

Where is the Lagrangian multiplier.
The necessary condition for this optimization
problem is taking the first derivative of the Lagrange
unction with respect to the each of the independent
variables and set the derivatives equal to zero i.e

L = FT + u
( )
0 =
c
c
=
c
c

i
i i
i
P
P F
P
L


c
c
=
i
i
P
F
0

c
c
=
i
i
P
F
0
This is called as coordination equation. i.e. the necessary
condition for the existence of a minimum operating cost is that the
incremental cost rates of all the units be equal to the some in
determined value .
This is the necessary condition for the existence of a
minimum cost operating condition for the thermal
power system is that the incremental cost rates of all
the units be equal to some undetermined value, .

Of course, to this necessary condition we must add
the constraint equation that the sum of the power
outputs must be equal to the power demanded by the
load. In addition, there are two inequalities that must
be satisfied for each of the units.

That is, the power output of each unit must be greater
than or equal to the minimum power permitted and
must also be less than or equal to the maximum
power permitted on that particular unit.
These conditions and inequalities may be
summarized as shown in the set of equations
N equations
=
c
c
i
i
P
F
max , min , i i i
P P P s s

=
=
N
i
Load i
P P
1
Economic dispatch with loss
19

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