Chapter 8 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Solutions
Solutions defined as a homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent is the substance present in greatest abundance.
All other substances are solutes.
Solution Examples gas air 78% N2, 20% O2, 1% Ar and some trace compounds liquid salt water (NaCl + H2O), beer (C2H5OH + H2O + CO2) soda (sugar + H2O) solid Al) solidbrass brass(Cu (Cu++Zn), Zn),bronze bronze(Cu (Cu++ Al)or or(Cu (Cu++Ni), Ni), pewter (Cu + Sn) or (Cu + Pb)
Solutions
Solutions defined as a homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent is the substance present in greatest abundance.
All other substances are solutes.
Solution Examples
gas air 78% N2, 20% O2, 1% Ar and some trace compounds liquid salt water (NaCl + H2O), beer (C2H5OH + H2O + CO2) soda (sugar + H2O) solid brass an alloy of (Cu + Zn) or (Cu + Pb) pewter ~90% Sn + (Sb,Cu, Pb)
bronze alloyancient (Cu+As), ~88% Cu +(Sn,Al,Mn,Si,Ni,Pb,Fe)
Dissociation
An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate into ions when it does so.
Dissociation
An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate into ions when it does so.
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Soluble ionic compounds tend to be electrolytes. Molecular compounds tend to be nonelectrolytes, except for acids and bases.
Electrolytes
A strong electrolyte dissociates completely when dissolved in water.
A weak electrolyte only dissociates partially when dissolved in water.
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
A strong electrolyte dissociates completely into ions when dissolved in water. ionic substance soluble salts, NH4+, or a group 1 metal and any anion NaCl, LiClO4, NH4NO3, KBr NaCl (s) + H2O (l) Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O (l) NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq) strong acids - HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4 HCl (g) H+ (aq) + Cl (aq) strong bases group 1 or 2 with OH
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, MgOH, CaOH etc.
NaOH (s) a+ (aq) + OH (aq)
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
A weak electrolyte does not dissociate completely into ions when dissolved in water. some weak acids - CH3COOH, HCOOH, HF, HClO carboxcylic acids HCOOH (l) H+ (aq) + COOH (aq) dynamic equilibrium some weak bases - NH3, N(CH3), C5H5N, weak acids anions amines NH3 (g) + H2O (l) H4+ (aq) + OH (aq)
Some Strong Electrolytes
Strong acids Strong bases
Solubility
Solubility the amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent at a specific temperature. For this class water (H2O) at 25o C.
soluble compounds > 0.01 mol/L 1. group 1 metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+), NH4+, NO3, HCO3, ClO3, ClO4, C2H3O2, Cl, Br, I, SO42
exceptions Cl, Br, I SO42 with Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ with Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+, Ca2+,Sr2+, Ba2+
insoluble compounds < 0.01 mol/L 2. CO32,PO43, CrO42, S2, OH Soluble with group 1 metals
OH with Ba2+, Ba(OH)2
Precipitation Reactions
When solutions containing soluble ions are mixed it is possible that the new solution contains ions that form compounds that are insoluble. In this case an insoluble precipitate will be formed.
Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions
Metathesis comes from a Greek word that means to transpose. These are double exchange reactions
AX + BY AY + BX
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq) The molecular equation lists the reactants and products in their molecular form: AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
Ionic Equation
In ionic equations all strong electrolytes are dissociated into their ions.
This more accurately reflects the species that are found in the reaction mixture: molecular equation AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq) ionic equation
Ag+(aq) + NO3(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3(aq)
net ionic equation remove aqueous specious not involved
spectators ions Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)
Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. Write a balanced molecular equation.
2. Dissociate all strong electrolytes.
3 Cross out species that remains unchanged from the left side to the right side of the equation. 4. Write the net ionic equation with the species that remain.
Acids
The Swedish physicist and chemist S. A. Arrhenius defined acids as substances that increase the concentration of H+ when dissolved in water. Both the Danish chemist J. N. Brnsted and the British chemist T. M. Lowry defined them as proton donors.
Bases
Arrhenius defined bases as substances that increase the concentration of OH when dissolved in water.
Brnsted and Lowry defined them as proton acceptors.
Acid-Base Reactions
Brnsted-Lowry an acid is a proton donors. Brnsted-Lowry a base is a proton acceptors. In an acidbase reaction, the acid donates a proton (H+) to the base.
Neutralization Reactions
When solutions of an acid and a base are combined, the products are a salt and water:
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
When a strong acid reacts with a strong base,
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
the ionic equation is H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
the net ionic equation is
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l)
Gas-Forming Reactions
Some metathesis reactions do not give the product expected. In this reaction, the expected product (H2CO3) decomposes to give a gaseous product (CO2): CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Gas-Forming Reactions
When a carbonate or bicarbonate reacts with an acid, the products are a salt, carbon dioxide, and water:
CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) NaHCO3(aq) + HBr(aq) NaBr(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Gas-Forming Reactions
Similarly, when a sulfite reacts with an acid, the products are a salt, sulfur dioxide, and water: SrSO3(s) + 2HI(aq) SrI2(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
Gas-Forming Reactions
This reaction gives the predicted product, but you had better carry it out in the hood, or you will be very unpopular! But just as in the previous examples, a gas is formed as a product of this reaction:
Na2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2S(g)
