SONET
INTRODUCTION
Digital transmission standards for fiber-optic cable
Independently developed in USA & Europe
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) by ANSI
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) by ITU-T
Synchronous network using synchronous TDM multiplexing
All clocks in the system are locked to a master clock
It contains the standards for fiber-optic equipments
SONET was originally designed for the public telephone network.
A bit-way implementation providing end-to-end transport of bit
streams.
Multiplexing done by byte interleaving.
SONET commonly transmits data at speeds between 155
megabits per second (Mbps) and 2.5 gigabits per second (Gbps).
One of SONETs most interesting characteristics is its support
for a ring topology .
Very flexible to carry other transmission systems (DS-0, DS-1,
etc)
SONET LAYERS
SONET defines four layers: path, line, section, and photonic
Path layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its
optical source to its optical destination
Line layers is for the movement of a signal across a physical line
Section layer is for the movement of a signal across a physical
section, handling framing, scrambling, and error control
Photonic layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model
ADM
regenerator
ADM
Path
Line
Section
Line
Path
Termination
Termination
Termination
Termination
Termination
path
line
section
line
section
line
section
section
Architecture of a SONET system: signals, devices, and connections
Signals: SONET(SDH) defines a hierarchy of electrical signaling levels
called STSs (Synchronous Transport Signals,
(STMs)). Corresponding optical signals are called OCs (Optical
Carriers)
Devices: STS Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer, Regenerator, Add/Drop
Multiplexer and Terminals
Connections: SONET devices are connected using sections,
lines, and paths
Section: optical link connecting two neighbor devices: mux
to mux, mux to regenerator, or regenerator to
regenerator
Lines: portion of network between two multiplexers
Paths: end-to-end portion of the network between two
STS multiplexers
SONET FRAMES
Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000
frames.
Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90
n columns.
A SONET STS-n signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per second
Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel
In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data
rate of an STS-1 signal
In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 s
SONET
NETWORKS
1. Point-to-point network :
2. Multipoint network :
Ring Network: UPSR
Unidirectional Path Switching Ring (UPSR)
Ring Network: BLSR
Bidirectional Line Switching Ring (BLSR)
Mesh Network
Ring network has the lack of scalability
Mesh network has better performance
SONET Advantages
Reduced network complexity and cost
Allows transportation of all forms of traffic
Efficient management of bandwidth at physical layer
Standard optical interface
De-multiplexing is easy.
SONET Disadvantages
Strict synchronization schemes required
Complex and costly equipment as compared to cheaper
Ethernet
SYNCHRONOUS
DIGITAL HIERARCHY
(SDh)
INTRODUCTION
Standard for interfacing optical networks
Simple multiplexing process
SDH is basically the international version of SONNET
SONNET is NORTH AMERICAN version of SDH
SDH frame structure
STM-1 frame is the basic transmission format for SDH
Frame lasts for 125 microseconds
It consists of overhead plus a virtual container
capacity
SDH network elements
Regenerator (Reg.)
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
REGENERATOR
STM-N
STM-N
Regenerator
It mainly performs 3R function:
1R Reamplification
2R Retiming
3R Reshaping
It regenerates the clock and amplifies the
incoming distorted and attenuated signal. It derive
the clock signal from the incoming data stream.
Terminal Multiplexer
(TM)
PDH
SDH
Terminal
Multiplexer
STM-N
It combines the Plesionchronous and synchronous
input signals into higher bit rate STM-N Signal.
Add/Drop Multiplexer
(ADM)
STM-N
Add / Drop
Multiplexer
PDH
SDH
STM-N
Digital Cross
Connect
(DXC)
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
Cross - Connect
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH
LAYERGeneral view of Path Section designations
PDH
ATM
IP
SDH
multiplexer
SDH
Regenerator
SDH
SDH
Regenerator
Section
#
Crossconnect
SDH
SDH
multiplexer
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex Section
Multiplex Section
Path
Network Configurations
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint
Mesh Architecture
Ring Architecture
SDH Advantages
Allows multi-network internetworking
SDH is synchronous
Allows single stage multiplexing and de-multiplexing
DENSE WAVELENGTH
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE
DWDM SYSTEM
A
B
C
Wavelength
Division
Multiplexer
Fibre
Wavelength
Division
Demultiplexer
2
3
1
2
1 2 + 3
X
Y
Z
Multiple channels of information carried over the same fibre, each using an individual
wavelength
Dense WDM is WDM utilising closely spaced channels
Channel spacing reduced to 1.6 nm and less
Cost effective way of increasing capacity without replacing fibre
Allows new optical network topologies, for example high speed metropolitian rings
ITU Recommendation is G.692 "Optical interfaces for multichannel systems
with optical amplifiers"
G.692 includes a number of DWDM channel plans
Channel separation set at:
50, 100 and 200 GHz
equivalent to approximate wavelength spacings of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 nm
Channels lie in the range 1530.3 nm to 1567.1 nm (so-called C-Band)
Newer "L-Band" exists from about 1570 nm to 1620 nm
Supervisory channel also specified at 1510 nm to handle alarms and
monitoring
Optical Spectral
Bands
Receivers
DWDM
Multiplexer
Optical
fibre
Power
Amp
Line
Amp
Line
Amp
Transmitters
Receive
Preamp
DWDM
DeMultiplexer
Each wavelength behaves as if it has it own "virtual fibre"
Optical amplifiers needed to overcome losses in mux/demux and long fibre spans
THE ERBIUM DOPED
FIBER
AMPLIFIERS (EDFA)
MULTIPLEXERS
DEMULTIPLEXERS
ADD/DROP
MULTIPLEXER
OPTICAL SWITCH.
DWDM Advantages
Greater fibre capacity
Easier network expansion
No new fibre needed
Just add a new wavelength
Incremental cost for a new channel is low
No need to replace many components such as optical amplifiers
DWDM systems capable of longer span lengths
TDM approach using STM-64 is more costly and more susceptible to chromatic and
polarization mode dispersion
Can move to STM-64 when economics improve
DWDM Disadvantages
Not cost-effective for low channel numbers
Fixed cost of mux/demux, transponder, other system components
Introduces another element, the frequency domain,
to network design and management
SONET/SDH network management systems not well
equipped to handle DWDM topologies
DWDM performance monitoring and protection
methodologies developing
