ELECTRONIC
FOR WIRELESS.
SCS 207.
Number Systems and Codes
By
Mr. Isaac Kuma Yeboah.
1
Chapter Objectives
You should be able to:
Determine the weighting factor of each digit
position in the decimal, binary, octal, and
hexadecimal numbering systems.
Convert any number among the four number
systems, and its equivalent value in any of
the remaining three numbering systems.
Describe binary coded decimal (BCD)
numbers.
Translate alphanumeric data to and from
ASCII using the ASCII code translation table.
Digital versus Analog
Digital
OFF and ON states that can be
represented using
0s and 1s (respectively).
Analog
Continuously varying
Examples: temperature, pressure,
velocity
Discussion Points
Explain the difference between
analog and digital signals.
Describe some applications for
digital technology.
What are the benefits of using
digital systems?
Are there any problems associated
with digital systems?
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Digital vs.
Analog
Digital Representations
of Analog Quantities
Audio Recording
Audio CD and MP3 players/recorders
Video Recording
DVDs store digital representations of
analog video and audio signals
Analog Signal Voltages
and Their Digital
Equivalents
Digital-to-Analog and
Back Again
Why Digital
Systems Are
Immune to Analog
Noise
Digital Representations of
Alternative Energy Sources
Energy technicians must keep track
of the efficiency of their energy
collection systems.
Naturally occurring quantities like
solar, wind, and temperature are
analog quantities and must be
digitized before a computer can
understand them.
A Solar Radiation Datalogger System
Number of Systems.
There are four systems of arithmetic which
are often used in digital circuits. These
systems are:
1. Decimal- it has a base or radix of 10 that is it
uses 10 different symbols to represent
numbers.
2. Binary-it has a base of 2, that is it uses only
two different symbols.
3. Octal-it has a base of 8, that is uses eight
different symbols.
4. Hexadecimal- it has a base of 16, that it uses
sixteen different symbols.
Decimal Numbering System (Base 10)
Decimal numbers are used to represent
quantities which are outside the digital system.
Base or Radix-the number of different digits
which can occur in each position in the number
system.
This system has a base of 10 and is a positionvalue system and decimal system uses power of
10.
10 possible digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
Least-significant position is on the right end
Most-significant position is on the left end
Weighting factor of 10
10
Binary Numbering System
(Base 2)
Binary system is extensively used by
digital systems like digital computers
which operate on binary information.
Radix or base is two because it uses
only two digits 0 and 1.
Only two possible digits: 0 and 1
Weighting factor of 2
Conversion techniques
Digit times weighting factor
Successive division
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Decimal-to-Binary
Conversion
Integers: Such conversion can be achieved
by using the so-called double dabble method
or divide-by-two methods.
Subtracting weighting factors: This is
performed in a manner similar to that used
in decimal subtraction.
Successive division: In this method, we
progressively divide the given decimal
number by 2 and write down the remainders
after each division.
First remainder is the Least-Significant Bit (LSB)
Last remainder is the Most-Significant Bit (MSB)
12
Octal Numbering System
(Base 8)
Radix or Base: It has a base of 8
which means that it has eight
distinct counting digits.
Eight allowable digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, and 7
Weighting factor of 8
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Octal Conversions
Binary to octal
Group binary positions in groups of
three
Write the octal equivalent
Octal to binary
Octal to decimal
Reverse the process
Multiply by weighting factors
Decimal to octal
Successive division
14
Hexadecimal Numbering
System
(Base 16)
16 allowable digits.
Each hex digit represents a 4-bit group
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and
F
See Table 1-3
Two hex digits are used to represent 8
bits
8 bits are called a byte
4 bits are called a nibble
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Hexadecimal Numbering
System
Hexadecimal Conversions
Binary-to-hexadecimal
conversion
Group
the binary in groups of four
Write the equivalent hex digit
Hexadecimal-to-binary
Reverse
conversion
the process
16
Hexadecimal Conversions
Hexadecimal-to-decimal
conversion
Multiply
by weighting factors
Decimal-to-hexadecimal
conversion
Successive
division
17
Binary-Coded-Decimal
System
(BCD)
Each of the 10 decimal digits is
represented by its 4-bit binary
equivalent.
Decimal-to-BCD conversion
Convert each decimal digit to its 4-bit
binary code
BCD-to-Decimal conversion
Reverse the process
18
The ASCII Code
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII)
Represents alphanumeric data
Uses 7 bits
128 different code combinations
(see Table 1-5)
3-bit group is most significant
4-bit group is least significant
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21
Numbering System
Applications
Because digital systems must work
with 1s and 0s, learning the different
numbering systems is important.
Which system is used is determined
by how the data were developed and
how they are to be used.
Several numbering system
applications follow.
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Application 1-1
The four chemical storage tanks
shown are monitored for
temperature (T) and pressure (P).
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Application 1-1 (continued)
Using the table shown below,
interpret the following:
If the computer reads a binary
string of 0010 1000 what problems
exist?
This indicates that the pressure in
tanks C and B are too high.
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Application 1-1 (continued)
Using the table shown below,
interpret the following:
If the computer reads a hex value of
55H what problems exist?
Since 55H =0101 0101 This
indicates that all tank temperatures
are too high.
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Application 1-1 (continued)
Using the table shown below,
interpret the following:
If the temperature and pressure in
tanks B and D are too high, what
hex value is read by the computer?
computer
This condition would produce a
digital output of 1100 1100 = CCH.
22
Application 1-1 (continued)
Using the table shown below, interpret
the following:
Assume that tanks A and B are shut
down and all sensors are tied high (1s).
What is the lowest decimal value that
indicates a problem in the other two
tanks?
With the four low-order bits tied high,
the lowest value that indicates a
problem is 0001 111 or 3110.
22
Application 1-1 (continued)
Using the table shown below,
interpret the following:
If only tanks A, B, and C are monitored,
what octal value indicates tank B has
both temperature and pressure
problems?
The binary output would be 001 1002 =
148.
22
Application 1-2
A CD player converts 12-bit signals
from a CD into equivalent analog
values.
What are the largest and smallest hex
values that can be used in this system?
The largest is FFF16 and the smallest is
00016.
How many different analog values can
be represented?
FFF16 = 409510, so including 0 the total is
4096 unique values.
22
Application 1-3
Typically, digital thermometers
use BCD to drive their displays.
displays
How many BCD bits are
required to drive a 3-digit
display?
12 bits are required; four for each
digit.
What 12 bits represent 147F?
0001 (1), 0100 (4), and 0111 (7).
22
Application 1-4
Most PC-compatible computer
systems use a 20-bit address code
to identify each of over 1 million
memory locations.
locations
How many hex characters are
required to identify the address of
each memory location?
Five
hex characters are required since
each hex character represents 4 bits.
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Application 1-4 (continued)
What is the hex address of the 200 th
memory location?
000C8H = 20010, but 00000H is the
first memory location, so we must
subtract 1. The answer is C8 1 = C7.
If 50 memory locations are used for data
storage starting at location 000C8H,
what is the location of the last data
item?
C8H gets the first data item, so the answer
is 24910 = F9H.
22
Application 1-5
The part number 651-M is stored in ASCII in a
computer memory. List the binary contents of its
memory locations?
6 = 011 0110
5 = 011 0101
1 = 011 0001
- = 010 1101
M = 100 1101
Grouping the binary bits in eights, this string
represents 5 hex memory locations:
011 0110 011 0101 011 0001 010 1101 100 1101
36
35
31
2D
4D
22
Application 1-6
A programmer uses a debugging
utility to find an error in a BASIC
program. The utility shows the ASCII
code as hex 474F5430203930.
Assume that the leftmost bit of each
ASCII string is padded with a zero.
The program segment is translated as
GOT0 90.
The error is that a zero (0) was
typed instead of the letter O.
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Summary
Numerical quantities occur naturally
in analog form but must be
converted to digital form to be used
by computers or digital circuitry.
The binary numbering system is
used in digital systems because the
1s and 0s are easily represented by
ON or OFF transistors, which output
0 V for 0 and +5 V for 1.
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Summary
Any number system can be converted to
decimal by multiplying each digit by its
weighting factor.
The weighting factor for the least
significant digit in any number system is
always 1.
Binary numbers can be converted to
octal by forming groups of 3 bits and to
hexadecimal by forming groups of 4 bits.
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Summary
The successive division procedure can
be used to convert from decimal to
binary, octal, or hexadecimal
The binary-coded-decimal system
uses groups of 4 bits to drive decimal
displays such as those in a calculator.
ASCII is used by computers to
represent all letters, numbers and
symbols in digital form.
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