At the end of this lecture, the student should be
able to:
a) Check the classification of the section (CO1)
b) Design the section for shear and
bending(CO2)
c) Check the section web bearing and web
buckling (CO1, Co2)
Introduction
The failure mode of an axially loaded
member (or
columns) are:
Local buckling
(controlled by section classification)
Yield Load
Overall buckling
Effective Length
Different end restraints affect the buckling
lengths of the column
The end restraints could be [Table 22]:
End rotational restraint or moment restrained, also
called restrained in direction in Table 22.
End translational restraint or pinned restrained, also
called restrained in position in Table 22.
PE
PE
PE
LE =
L 0.85L
LE
L LE =
0.85L
Held in position at both
ends
Held in position at both
ends
Not restrained in direction
at either end
Restrained in direction at
one end
Held in position at both
Non-Sway Modes
ends
Partially restrained in
direction at both ends
PE
PE
L
LE
=
2.0
L
LE
=
2.0
L
One end held in position and
restrained in direction
One end held in position and
restrained in direction
Other end not held in position,
and partially restrained in
direction
Other end not held in
position, and not restrained
in direction
Sway Modes
The design of columns is largely covered
within chapter 6 of EC 3.
The following sub-sections will consider EC 3
requirements in respect of the design of
(i) compression members;
(ii) members resisting combined axial load and
bending;
(iii) columns in simple construction;
(iv) simple column baseplates.
Compression members (i.e. struts) should be
checked for
(1) resistance to compression
(2) resistance to buckling
For members in axial compression, the design
valueof the compression force NEd at each
cross section should satisfy
Eq 1
where Nc,Rd is the design compression
resistance of the cross-section, taken as
(a)the design plastic resistance of the gross
cross-section
Eq 2
(for class 1, 2, and 3 cross-sections);
(b) the design local buckling resistance of the
effective cross-section
Eq 3
where Aeff is the effective area of section.
A compression member should be verified
against buckling as follows:
Eq 4
The design buckling resistance of a
compression member should be taken as:
Eq 5
The equivalent equation in BS 5950 is Pc = pcA
Eq 6
Where is the reduction factor for the
relevant buckling mode, given by
Eq 7
Where is an imperfection factor from Table
9.11. Table 9.12 indicates which of the
buckling curves is to be used.
is the non-dimensional slenderness,
generally given by
Eq 8
Eq 9
Eq 10
where
Ncr is the elastic critical buckling load for the
relevant buckling mode based on the gross
cross-sectional properties
Eq 11
In equations (9) and (10) Lcr is the buckling length of
the member in the plane under consideration
and i is the radius of gyration about the relevant axis.
Values of radius of gyration for UB and UC sections
can be obtained from steel tables
However, EC 3 provides little information on how to
determine Lcr, which is in factequivalent to effective
length, LE, in BS 5950. The guidance provided in the
prestandard yielded values of buckling length which
were identical to BS 5950 effective lengths, and
therefore it would seem reasonable to use either the
guidance in Annex E of the prestandard or Table 22
of BS 5950 (Table 4.15) to determine Lcr.
Determination of design axial forces, Fc
Selection of section (if size is not given)
Classification of section, fy
Determination of iz , iy and Ag
Determination of major & minor axes effective length, LEX and LEY
Calculation of major & minor axes slenderness ratio, EX and EY
Selection of appropriate strut tables
Determination of critical compressive strength
Determination of compression resistance
Check the suitability of the 203 x 203 x 60 kg/m UC
section in S275 steel to resist a design axial
compression force of 1400kN. Assume the column is
pinned at both ends
and that its height is 6m.
1400k
N
Pin connection
Z
Z
Pin connection
Table B2 Appendix B
1.
Section properties
From table of properties
Area of section, A = 7580 mm2
Thickness of flange, t = 14.2 mm
Radius of gyration about major axis (y-y), iy =
89.6 mm (use x x axis from table B2)
Radius of gyration about the minor axis (z-z), iz
= 51.9 mm (use y-y axis from table B2)
f
2. Strength classification (Table 3.1)
Flange thickness = 14.2 mm
Steel grade S275
From table 9.4, fy = 275 N/mm
3. Section classification (Table 9.5)
= (235/fy)^0.5 = (235/275)^0.5 = 0.92
Outstand flange;
c = (b -2r-tw)/2 = (205.2 2(10.2) 9.3)/2 = 87.75mm
c/tf = 87.75/14.2 = 6.18 < 9 (9 x 0.92 = 8.28)
Web subject to compression;
d/tw = 160.9/9.3 = 17.3 < 33 (33 x 0.92 = 30.36)
Hence from Table 5.2 , 203 x 203 x 60 UC section is
class 1 plastic
3. Resistance of cross section
Design resistance for uniform compression, Nc,Rd for
Equation 9.47
class 1 section is given by;
Nc,Rd = Afy/mo = 7580 x 275/1.00
= 2048.5 kN > Ned = 1400 kN ok
4. Buckling resistance of member
Effective length of member about both axis;
Lcr = Lcry = Lcrz = 1.0L = 1.0 x 6000 = 6000mm
Pin connection Le = 1.0L
Slenderness ratio;
The column will buckle about the weakEquation
axis (z-z
9.56 axis)
= (E/fy)^0.5 = (210 x 103/275)^0.5 = 86.8
z = Lcr/iz = 6000/51.9x86.8 = 1.33
Equation 9.54
5. Buckling curve;
h/b = 209.6/205.2 = 1.02 < 1.2 and tf =
14.2 < 100mm
Therefore from Table 6.2 buckling curve c is
appropriate.
Equation 9.53
From Table 6.1 , = 0.49
= 0.5 (1 + (-0.2) + )
= 0.5 (1+0.49 (1.33 -0.2) + 1.33) =1.66
Equation 9.52
= 1/[1.66 + (1.66^2 1.33^2)^0.5] =0.377
6. Design buckling resistance, Nb,Rd
Equation 9.50
Nb,Rd = Afy/m1
= 0.377 x 7580 x 275/1.00
= 785.8 kN < 1400 kN .. Not
ok
Calculate the axial compression resistance
of the column as example 1 if a tie beam
is introduced at mid height such that inplane buckling about the z-z axis is
1400k
prevented
N
1. Buckling resistance of member about y-y
axis
L = 1.0L = 1.0 x 6000 = 6000mm
eff
relative Slenderness ratio;
1 = (E/f ) = (210 x 103/275) = 86.8
Slenderness ratio about y-y axis (y )
y = Lcr/i 1 = 6000/89.6x86.8 = 0.77
y
2. Buckling curve;
h/b = 209.6/205.2 = 1.02 < 1.2 and tf = 14.2 <
100mm
Therefore from Table 6.2 Buckling curve b is
appropriate.
From Table 6.1 , = 0.34
= 0.5 (1 + (-0.2) + 2 )
= 0.5 (1+0.34 (0.77 -0.2) + 0.77^2) = 0.893
= 1/[0.893 + (0.893^2 0.77^2)^0.5] =
0.743
3. Design buckling resistance, Nb,Rd
Nb,Rd = Afy/m1
= 0.743 x 7580 x 275/1.00
= 1548.8 kN > 1400 kN .. Ok
4. Buckling resistance of member about z-z
axis
Leff = 1.0L = 1.0 x 3000 = 3000mm
Slenderness ratio;
= (E/fy)^0.5 = (210 x 103/275)^0.5 =
86.8
z = Lcr/iz = 3000/51.9x86.8 = 0.666
5. Buckling curve;
h/b = 209.6/205.2 = 1.02 < 1.2 and tf = 14.2 <
100mm
Therefore from table . Buckling curve c is
appropriate.
From table ., = 0.49
= 0.5 (1 + (-0.2) + ^2 )
= 0.5 (1+0.49 (0.666 -0.2) + 0.666^2) =0.836
= 1/[0.836 + (0.836^2 0.66^2)^0.5] = 0.745
6. Design buckling resistance, Nb,Rd
Nb,Rd = Afy/m1
= 0.745 x 7580 x 275/1.00
= 1553 kN > 1400 kN .. Ok
