Module no.
7
Contents:
Resistors in Parallel Connection
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Topic Objectives:
To explain the meaning of parallel connection
To show different ways resistors can be
connected in
parallel
To introduce the Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
To apply KCL in dealing with parallel
connections of
circuit
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
a
a
E
R1
R2
R3
R1
R2
R3
Resistor can be connected such that they branch out from
single point (known as a node), and join up again somew
else in the circuit. This is known as a parallel connection
DC PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Two elements, branches, or circuits are in parallel if they
have two, and only two points in common.
R1
R2
Parallel branch = current path
If there is more than one current path (branch) between
separate points (nodes) and if the voltage between those
points also appears across each of those branches, then t
is a parallel circuit between those two points.
Circuit forms of parallel connection
A
+
A
+
A
+
A
+
A
+
Assemble to form a parallel circuit
R2
A
+
R1
R5
R3
R4
Schematic Diagram for three parallel resistors
VOLTAGE IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS
dc voltage source
http://images.google.com.ph/images?q=school+laboratory+dc+voltage+source
Circuit Analysis for Parallel Connection
+
VS _
I1
IT
R1
+
V 1 R2
-
I2
+
V2 R3
-
I3
+
V3
-
IN
RN
+
VN
-
Vs = V1 = V2 = V3 = . Parallel
= VN characteristic fo
voltage
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + Using
+ IN Ohms Law ( ex. Three
resistor)
VS
V1
V3
V2
=
+
+
RT
R1
R3
R2
1
1
1
1
=
RT
R1 + R2 + R3
Therefore,
RT
1
= 1
1
1
R1 + R2 + R3
General Equation
(for 3 or more resistors
in parallel)
Special case: (2 resistors in parallel)
1
RT = 1
1
+
R1
R2
R1 R2
=
R1 + R 2
Product over Sum
Sample Exercises:
Ex.1 Determine the Equivalent Resistance of the circuit
RT
R1
3 R2
6 R3
12
4
R4
R5
Ex.2
+
27V _
IT
R1
I1
9 V1 R2
-
I2
18 V2
-
Determine:
a) RT
b) IT (current source)
c) current through each
parallel branch
d) show that IT = I1+ I2
Ex.3
If a 12-V battery is applied across the circuit of example
Determine
a) IT
b)current through each parallel branch
c) show that IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
d)Derive the power equation for parallel circuit
KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)
- The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node or
junction is equal to zero.
In equation form:
I = 4A
I = 2A
1
node, system,
Complex network
Iin = Iout
I3 = 10A
I4 = 8A
where: Iin = input currents
Iout = output currents
- The sum of the currents entering a junction must eq
the sum of the currents leaving the same junction.
I1 + I 4 = I 2 + I 3
Iin = Iout
4 + 8 = 2 + 10
12A = 12A
Node = commonly used to refer junction of two or more
Ex.4 Determine I3 and I4 using KCL
I1 = 2A
I3
I4
I2 = 3A
Ex.5
I5 = 1A
Determine I1, I3, I4 and I5 using KCL
b
I1
I3
R1
R3
R4
R2
I = 5A
I2 =
4A
R5
I4
I5
I2=3A
Ex.6
Determine I3 and I5
I4=1A
a
b
I1=4A
I3
I5
Ex.7
2mA
IT
I1
R1
I2
6 R2
I3
3 R3
Determine :
a) I1 and I3
b) Current source IT
CURRENT DIVISION PRINCIPLE (CDP)
(For Parallel Circuit Application)
RT
I1
I2
I3
R1
R2
R3
IT
From Ohms Law:
IN
IT =
RN
V
RT
since
V = I1R1 = I2R2 == IxRx
Therefore,
IR
IT = x x
RT
Solving for the current
of any branch
Ix = (IT)RT
Rx
any number of
current and
resistance
General Equation
Special Case: Two Parallel Resistor
RT
I1
R1
R1 R2
I1 = (IT)R1 + R2
R1
I2
R2
using product over sum
RT = R1 R2
R1 + R2
Solving for I1 using CDPLet:
Ix = (IT)RT
Rx
Ix = I 1
Rx = R1
Therefore,
I1 = (IT) R2
R1+R2
I2 = (IT) R1
R1+R2
Ex.8 Determine I1 using Current Divider Principle
R1 1k
IT = 12mA
I1
R2
R3
Ex.9
10k
12mA
22k
Determine resistor R1 using KCL or CDP
R1
I = 27mA
I1 = 21mA
R2
7
Ex.9
Additional exercise
The resistance of the wire used for telephone is 35
per km when the weight of the wire is 5kg/km. If the
specific resistance of the material is 1.95x10-8 -m,
what is the cross-sectional area (in m2) of the wire?
What will be the resistance of a loop to a subscriber
8km from the exchange if the wire of the same
material but weighing 20kg per km is used?
