EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Session I 09:30 - 10:15
Dr Deepak B Phatak,
IIT Bombay
SESSION OVERVIEW
Definition of IT
– Technology That Permits Us To
Capture, Validate, Store, Retrieve,
Analyse, Present, Disseminate, And
Archieve Information
Growth Of Modern IT
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FIVE DECADES OF
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
The Dark Ages
The Early Electronic Era
The Middle Ages
Proliferation of the IT Culture
The Current Scenario
What does the Future hold
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PRE-HISTORIC COMPUTERS
Mechanical Computers
Electro-Mechanical Machines
The Early Electronic Era
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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
Wilhelm Schickhard 1623
Blaise Pascal 1642
Gottfried Liebniz 1671
Charles Babbage
– Difference Engine 1823
– Analytical Engine 1834
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Mechanical/Electro-mechanical
Arithmometre, Charles Thoma 1820
Comptometer, D.E. Felt 1885
Puched-Card Tabulating Machine
– Hervnan Hollerith (Census Data) 1890
– Comparing Tabulating Recording
Company 1911
– Renamed IBM 1924.
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Mechanical/Electro-mechanical
Mechanical Computer Z1
– by Konrad Zuse 1938
Design of General Purpose Computer
– Howard Aiken 1937
Harvard Mark I 1939 - 1944
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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
Information Transmission at Speed of
Light (3,00,000 km/s)
Triode Vacuum Tube
– Lee De Forest 1906
Attempts by Atanasoft in Late 1930’s
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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
ENIAC built
– John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert
30 tons, over 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
Calculation of Ballistics tables
3 ms for one addition
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• STORED PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
John Von Neumann (1903 - 1957)
– Consultant to ENIAC Project
– Proposed EDVAC 1945
EDVAC completed in 1951
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• STORED PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
Manchester MARK I
– Williams & Kilburn 1946
First stored Program
– 21 June 1948 (GC tootill’s diary)
– 3.5 million operations to calculate
highest factor of an integer.
– 1,30,000 numbers tested, 52 Min.
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1945 - 1955
Software in Machine Language
Assembly Languages Evolve
Work Begins on Higher Level
Languages.
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1956 - 1965
FORTRAN Invented in 1956
COBOL Defined & Released in 1960
Algol Developed in Europe
3GL Programming Becomes The
Backbone of Application Software
Operating Systems Begin Maturing
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• 1956 - 1965 (Contd.)
Hardware “Generations” evolve
Transistors Deployed in Second
Generation Machines
Early Integrated Circuits Mark Third
Generation beginning.
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• 1966 - 1975
VLSI, 4th Generation Hardware
Birth of the Microprocessor
– Intel 1972
Main-Frame Centric Computing
Becomes Main Stay
Direct Access Storage Devices.
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• 1966 - 1975 (Contd.)
Software Crisis Recognized
S/W Maintenance Receives Attention
CODASYL Defines First Data Base
Management System
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• 1966 - 1975
Codd’s work on RDBMS released
– IBM System R
Early work on UNIX and C
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• 1976 - 1985
RDBMS gains Acceptance
UNIX Replaces proprietary O.S.
Software Engineering Methodologies
– Mature and get adopted
– Emergence of Standards
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1976 - 1985 (Contd.)
Electronics Goes Sub Micron
Processor Does One Million
Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
Winchester Technology for Disks
Semiconductor Memory Used
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1986 - 1995
Microsoft emerges as the main PC
Software Company
Client - Server Computing matures
Object Technologies Gain acceptance
RDBMS products standardization,
SQL, SQL-2, Draft SQL3
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1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
DSS, Data Warehousing Defined
On Line Analytical Processing
– Notions of Data Mining Emerge
Rapid Growth of Internet
World Wide Web (WWW)
Intranets for Corporate Computing
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1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
Transaction Processing better
understood.
Evoluation of SMP and MPP
architectures
Digital announces one BIPS
processor
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1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
Serious work begins on Embedded
Systems
LAN’s and WAN’s Gain Momentum
Network Computer Emerges
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CURRENT SCENARIO
Broad spectrum of Resources
Very Large (24 x 7) OLTP Servers
Distributed Computing is the Norm
Embedded Systems are Evolving
– Smart Cards
– Intelligent Appliances
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CURRENT SCENARIO
Massive Data Warehouses
Packaged Software Gains Currency
– Make V/s Buy Decision
Media Independent Data Formats
Flexible Delivery Mechanisms
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THE EMERGING FUTURE
Internet Outlets in all Buildings
Information Bonanza
– Anywhere, Anytime, Any form
Intelligent Appliances Everywhere
Software Crisis will Deepen
Change Management ??
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