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Meiosis

Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells in sexually reproducing organisms undergo two cell divisions to produce four haploid daughter cells. This is necessary to produce gametes like sperm and egg that have half the normal number of chromosomes. The key stages are interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II. Crossing over occurs during prophase I when segments of homologous chromosomes break and reattach. The result of meiosis is four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell.

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99 views18 pages

Meiosis

Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells in sexually reproducing organisms undergo two cell divisions to produce four haploid daughter cells. This is necessary to produce gametes like sperm and egg that have half the normal number of chromosomes. The key stages are interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II. Crossing over occurs during prophase I when segments of homologous chromosomes break and reattach. The result of meiosis is four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell.

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Cell Division: Meiosis

Meiosis
• In sexually reproducing organisms, gametes (sperm and egg) must be
produced
• The gametes must have only HALF the normal number of
chromosomes in order to be reproductive cells
• Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes (2N) ie body cell (somatic cells)
-mitosis is diploid cell to diploid cell
• Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes (1N) is sperm and egg (gametes)
-meiosis is diploid cell to haploid cell
Stages of Meiosis
• For meiosis to occur, the DNA must replicate once then divide
twice
• 1 diploid cell divides into 4 haploid
Ex. Diploid human body cell (2N) = 46 chromosomes
Haploid human gamete cell (1N) = 23 chromosomes
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I (cytokinesis)
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

Homologous chromosomes: a pair of chromosomes with same size,


shape, and carrying the same alleles for the same traits
1. Interphase
• The diploid cell (2N) is in a neutral state; cell is growing and DNA is
replicating
2. Prophase I (2N)
Prophase I: (2N) already replicated
chromosomes visible; nuclear membrane
disappears, spindles appear; chromosomes
begin movement
• 2 things occur:
tetrad: the group of 4 like chromosomes move
together to form a tetrad
crossing over: segments of tetrads break and
reattach to the other chromosome
3. Metaphase I
• Metaphase I: tetrads line up on equator (along middle of spindles)
4. Anaphase I
• Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes split and move to opposite
poles along spindles
Disjunction: separation of homologous chromosomes
5. Telophase I (1N)
• Telophase I: (1N) cell divides forming two haploid cells
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm between cells
6. Prophase II
• spindles begin to form and the chromosomes begin to line up
7. Metaphase II
• double stranded chromosomes line up on the equator
8. Anaphase II
• the double stranded chromosome breaks; the single stranded
chromosomes move to poles
9. Telophase II
• both daughter cells divide; 4 haploid (1N) cells are formed
When does crossing over occur?
a) Prophase I
b) Telophase I
c) Metaphase II
d) Telophase II
When does crossing over occur?
a) Prophase I
b) Telophase I
c) Metaphase II
d) Telophase II
What is the result of meiosis?
a) 2 diploid cells
b) 2 haploid cells
c) 4 diploid cells
d) 4 haploid cells
What is the result of meiosis?
a) 2 diploid cells
b) 2 haploid cells
c) 4 diploid cells
d) 4 haploid cells

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