LITERATURE STUDY

CAMPUS DESIGN

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 INTRODUCTION

A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional
buildings are situated. Usually a college campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence
halls, student centres or dining halls, and park-like settings.

A modern campus is a collection of buildings and grounds that

belong to a given institution, either academic or non-academic.

The purpose of a campus is to bring together diverse people and

their ideas in an environment that creates potential for intellectual
and social exchange.

Educational centers demand a combination of built forms. The

planning of campus involves the Integration of corridor, nucleated,
cluster & nucleated forms

It focuses on the creation of variety of exterior and interior spaces

It emphasis on the relationship of building& open spaces

It is a large courtyard type consisting of several buildings around a series of courtyard

It generally uses both classical models of organization with a green and formal pathways & also non-
classical arrangements including irregular geometry or a series of courtyards, each having separate
identity

IDEAL CAMPUS
The campus is the physical environment created when building is constructed to
allow the idea to flourish. A campus has been compared to a city on a small scale because it provides
most of the needs for the community. Unlike a city, however, the campus is non-commercial and
primarily a place of study. The campus, therefore, ought to be a closely with unified cluster of buildings
with intimate pedestrian open spaces providing a unique environment for living and studying it should
ideally be a quiet, comfortable oasis apart from the normally Busy, Noisy, Congested spaces

GROWTH AND CHANGE

Campus design must anticipate, as nearly as possible,
the nature of probable growth and change. Providing flexibility and indeterminacy, is perhaps the
greatest challenge to the Architect. There are three major aspects to growth and change.

(i)First is the overall growth or expansion of facilities caused by increasing enrollment.

(ii)Second is the differential growth that occurs in various areas of the campus along with overall
growth.

(iii)The third aspect is the internal flexibility required for changing uses of spaces and services.
 ZONING & SITE PLANNING

In Campus designing, there are different

zones like
ADMIN BLOCK-reception, office, visitor’s
lounge, conference room

ACADEMIC BLOCK-classrooms, labs, library,

staffrooms, toilets, seminar
halls, auditorium, etc.,

RESIDENTIAL ZONE-hostels & faculty housing,

guest house

SERVICE ZONE-dining block, cafeteria,

kitchen, student activity
centre, distributional
facilities

RECREATIONAL ZONE-swimming pool,

playgrounds, parks etc.,
Site layout
a) Clustering of development within the campus core and loop road is encouraged to
promote workability, provide a variety of usable open spaces, and preserve perimeter
lands for future potential opportunities.
b) The campus should look for opportunities to establish vehicular and pedestrian
connections with adjacent properties to encourage convenience, amenities, and positive
synergies for its end user.
c)Develop a comprehensive network of varied open spaces that facilitate both formal
and informal interactions.
d) Design human-scaled spaces with spatial sensibilities that relate to the mass, proportion,
and size of surrounding buildings.

Pedestrain & Public spaces

a) Incorporate more sustainable landscapes Place making —
Interconnectedness — an interconnected hierarchy of green
spaces at a variety of scales including major spaces, courtyards,
walks, corridors, narrow corridors, andand recreational
landscapes that provide users with opportunity for a range of
scales of gathering.
b) Pedestrian-Oriented — provide a pedestrian-friendly campus
that is shaded and easily navigable.
 SITE PLANNING

Major spaces

a) Interdisciplinary Plaza — should locate at the heart of the

campus, over the footprint the Plaza is envisaged as the primary
landscape space on campus .The plaza will be ringed by buildings
and may be ringed by a series of shade structures.

b) Green Weave — The Green Weave ,major cross campus landscape move that
provides shade, seating, and recreational opportunities, and promotes a strong sense
of space and campus way finding.

c) Parking Lots — Parking lots provide a nucleus of activity for the campus
community and reinforce the sense of arrival. When the opportunity arises to
address the existing parking lots, these should be designed to promote clear way
finding from individual parking stalls to the core academic campus, and should be
planted with a minimum of 1 tree per 10 stalls in order to reduce reflective heat,
provide enhanced shade of pedestrian walkways and parking stalls, and promote a
clear path from vehicle to front door. Lighting may be incorporated to promote
safety of pedestrian and vehicular movement.

Proper Orientation

a) Proper orientation of buildings in relation to the sun can have a significant impact
on a building’s energy use. The ideal orientation is on an east-west axis with
rectangular proportion of 1(east-west) to between 1.5 and 2 (north south)

b) Visual connection to the exterior for building occupants should be a core design
element for future projects. On average, south facing glass should be 10-25% of the
floor area of each building.

c) Maximize south-facing glazing with sun screens can reduce solar heat gain and
increase day lighting and glare control.

d) The use of skylights (e.g. adjustable, conventional or tubular), view windows,

clerestories, light shelves and controlled lighting all contribute positively. The
Harvesting of solar energy through photovoltaics can help the campus to achieve
this goal. These can be utilized integrally in shade structures, as glazing screens, or be
self supported on the rooftops of future buildings and parking lots located
throughout the campus.
 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS & IT’S PLANNING

Academic area

Architectural progress of educational campus does not imply quantitative

massificiation. It implies robust, flexible, adaptable buildings for a diversed range of
courses. The success of such a setup depends between the managerial and physical
combinations.

The department is a unit for administering a defined block of courses. The yearly
intake and timetabling determines the building program i.e. the nature and number
of rooms needed for each activity. The building provides and limits the activities that
are to be performed

Planning Flow Chart

Classroom
- For an unobstructed teaching method, the classroom has to an envelope ready
to serve, be customized as needed and can’t be laid out formally.
- The light in the classrooms effects of mental alertness and should allow for all
kinds of permutations and combinations

Studio
- A customizable den/nest for every student creates a sense of belonging and
encourages students to work
- Visual connectivity to the landscaped/ relaxed environment is indicative of
freedom of thought
 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS & IT’S PLANNING

Planning

Corridor

Doubly loaded corridor

It will force students to hangout in undefined spaces-conversation

will rarely be about work

Singly loaded corridor

When it is connected with formal display space- will

encourage individual students and adds the sense of looking
down upon something that has been encased & conversation
will tend to opinionated

Access:-
Entrance area and foyer with central facilities used as circulation space connecting
horizontal and vertical movement as in general school centers or comprehensive
schools. Teaching areas are divided according to the type of teaching and their space
requirements. General purpose teaching areas occupy 10-20% of the space.

Central space of the campus should be more interactive , with general

information to students .

Connections between the different parts of campus are critical to establishing a

continuous [Link] Movement can be restricted till Administrative Block and
parking should be placed at the entrance only , so as to avoid disturbance in
Academic areas.
The campus palate of landscape materials, walkways, lighting, signage and street
furniture must be used on all public spaces that are part of building projects.
These elements should be used to create both active gathering and contemplative
spaces, and to reinforce linkages and gateways within the campus and at its edge

The clean, litter free public spaces add to the pleasant built environment.
Thus the design , location and maintenance of public amenities such as public toilets,
garbage bins, bus stops, etc. determine the quality of public spaces.
 NORMS & STANDARDS

Norms

These are the norms for space and buildings a technical institution offering degree or
equivalent programme has to perform. Unit norms have been evolved taking the
absolute minimum needs, which are indicated as norms.

Around the administrative building, classrooms and drawing halls there is considerable
movement of students and, therefore, there must be adequate veranda space in this part
of the college building so that the classes do not get disturbed. For this reason, the ratio
of plinth to carpet area for the normal building may be taken as 1.4, while that for
Workshop type of space this ratio will be 1.25.

Classification of Building Area

The building area required for an engineering institution can be classified as

instructional area, administrative area, amenities area and residential area

Instructional Area

The course structure of any technical

institution degree program will include
lectures, tutorials, drawing and design
work, laboratory work and
seminars/colloquium. The college must
have adequate building areas for all these
instructional activities
 NORMS & STANDARDS

Norms

Rooms Size for Theory Classes,Tutorial Work and Drawing Halls

The carpet area requirement of the class rooms and tutorial rooms depends upon the
number and type of seating arrangement for the students and provisions for a platform,
a table and a chair for the teacher.
Considering the above requirements and the sizes of class room furniture and drawing
tables normally used in the institution, the following carpet area norms per student are
prescribed for class rooms of different sizes and drawing halls.

Classification of size Minimum Desirable

Type of Rooms Carpet Area Requirement in Sqm / student
Class rooms for 15-20 students 1.3 -1.5
Class rooms for 30-40 students 1.2 -1.4
Class rooms for 60 students 1.1-1.3
Drawing / examination halls for 60 students 2.5 2.5

Laboratories

The requirements of the laboratories depend upon the programmes that are being
offered by the institution and the curricula adopted for these programmes irrespective
of the students population. The norms for the carpet area of the different laboratories
are given in the Table below.

A. Core Courses
[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)
1. Physics 20 200
2. Chemistry 20 175
3. Mechanics and
Kinematics 20 100
4. Materials Testing
Strength of Material 20 200
5. Electrical Science. 20 200
6. Computer Centre 200 300

.
 NORMS & STANDARDS

Norms

B. Civil Engineering Courses

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)
1. Structural Engg. 15 250
2. Fluid Mechanics 15 300
3. Engineering Geology 15 100
4. Geo-technical Engg. 15 200
5. Transportation Engg. 15 100
6. Environmental Engg. 15 100
7. Surveying Stores 100

C. Electrical Engineering Courses

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)
1. Electrical Machines 20 350
2. Power system Protection 20 150
3. Measurement & Inst. 20 150
4. Drives & Power Electronics 20 150
5. Control Systems 20 100
6. Microprocessor 20 100
[Link] Electronics/Project 20 100

D. Mechanical Engineering Courses

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)
1. Thermal Science 20 500
2. Fluid Machines 20 200
3. Measurements 20 100
4. Dynamics of Machines 20 100
5. Metrology 20 100
6. Machine Tools 20 100

E. Electronics and Communications Engg. Courses

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)
1. Electronic Circuit 15 75
2. Switching and Digital Circuit 15 75
3. Control System 15 75
4. Microwave Devices 15 75
5. Communication System 15 75
 NORMS & STANDARDS

Norms

G. Metallurgical Engineering Courses

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)

1. Metallography 15 50
2. Mineral Dressing 15 50
3. Extractive Metallurgy 15 50
4. Metal Forming 15 75
5. Heat Treatment 15 100
6. Corrosion 15 50

H. Computer Engineering Courses

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)

1. Computer Software 15 50
2. Computer Hardware &
Microprocessor 15 75
3. Computer Graphics 15 50
4. Computer Design 15 50

I. Production/Manufacturing Engineering

[Link]. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)

1. CAD/CAM system 15 75
2. Robotics and Automation 15 50
3. Non-Traditional Machine 15 50
4. Production Management 15 50

ADMINISTRATIVE AREA

AMENITIES AREA
 NORMS & STANDARDS

Norms
Central Library

The central library for an admission of 240 students per year will have a carpet area
of 400 Sqm.

Student's Activity Centre

This will consist of provisions for the indoor games, gymnasium, dramatics and alumni
center [Link] norms for building are 0.25 sq.m per student

Open Air Theatre

The college building and the hostels will be provided with adequate number of toilet
blocks with urinals, lavatories and washbasins. It will also be necessary to provide
separately one toilet block for women in the college building.

12.5.3 Toilet Blocks

The college building and the hostels will be provided with adequate number of toilet
blocks with urinals, lavatories and washbasins. It will also be necessary to provide
separately one toilet block for women in the college building.
Education10 Sq.m for each 100 student population
Hostel 75 sq.m. for each unit of 120 student

Cycle and Scooter Stand

This will be provided as open or covered area at the rate of 15 percent of the plinth
area of the college building.

Play Fields

The institution must be provided with play fields so that the students can have
adequate participation in games and sports for healthy and constructive activities
within the campus. The facilities anticipated are athletics-track, cricket field, a football
field a hockey field, a volleyball court, a basket ball court, four badminton courts and a
tennis court. The norms for the above space will be a total of 25,000 sq.m.
 NORMS & STANDARDS

Norms

Other Amenities

The norms of space (Carpet area in Sq.m.) or other miscellaneous amenities are as
given below :
Canteen 100
Cooperative Stores 100
NCC Office cum Stores 100

Building Space for Residential Area

The hostel requirements depend on the variety of factors like the location of the
institution, the region from which students are admitted, local availability of
accommodation and that of transport. Though, the requirement for residences for
teachers and other employees of the institution also depend upon these factors but at
the same time it is necessary to provide an attraction to the new teachers from far of
places by providing suitable accommodation at the campus.

Hostels

The norms for the room areas will be as below :

Carpet Area (Sq.m.)
Single room 9
Triple seated room 20

The other building space needed in a hostel unit will be as per norm given below :

Carpet Area (Sq.m.)

Kitchen and Dining Hall 200 sqm
Indoor games cum Common hall 150 sqm
Medical room 50 sqm(for all hostels)
Canteen 15sqm
Warden Office 18*sqm
Guest Room (2 nos.) 18* sqm

(* Four addition rooms of 9 sq.m. each within the hostel blocks)

 NORMS & PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

Norms
Staff Residences

The minimum residential accommodation that should exist in the campus should be for
the Principal, all Heads of Departments, all Warden and the essential staff including a
Caretaker, an electrician, a driver, a water supply operator and chowkidars.
The building space for residences will be as per norms given below :

Principal 140 Sq.m.

Professor 100 Sq.m.
Asst. Professor/Lecturer 80 Sq.m.
Class III staff 30 Sq.m.
Class IV staff 20 Sq.m.

Teachers Hostel

It will be desirable to have a hostel type accommodation for 25% strength of the
teachers with the norms of 30 sqm. carpet area per teacher inclusive of an attached
toiled room.

Guest Houses

To meet the needs of the guests visiting the institution for official work and the parents
visiting the students it will be necessary to have a guest house.

Planning considerations

-Buildings required to be barrier –free must comply with all requirements designed to
assist person with physical , sensory and development disabilities. Access from the
exterior to the buildings and movement throughout the interior of the building shall be
by a barrier –free path of travel

-Spaces between the buildings can be used as landscape

courtyards which will add vibrancy to the [Link]
piping need to be concealed with landscaping elements ,
to give a nicer view . Piping should be concealed rather
than on the façade.
 PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

Open spaces, in the form of courtyards and landscaped green areas, should be the
building blocks of the campus, and they should be the focus of the campus
neighborhoods

The campus palate of landscape materials, walkways, lighting, signage and street furniture
must be used on all public spaces that are part of building projects.
These elements should be used to create both active gathering and contemplative
spaces, and to reinforce linkages and gateways within the campus and at its edge

Street lighting enhances the landscape and make those

spaces usable in evenings as [Link], sign boards,
directional boards, bill boards, neon sign bards, banners etc.
have become symbols of present day urban scape and
important instruments of outdoor publicity and public

While the physical character and quality

of a campus is defined by both its buildings
and its open space, it is the open space
which has the greatest potential for
unifying and equalizing the shared space of
the campus

References
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