Introduction to Power System Course (PCE-3202 )
Lecture - 2: Representation of Power System Components
By: Adisu Teshale (MSc.)
Department of Electrical Power and Control Engineering
Adama Science and Technology university
Adama, Ethiopia
E-mail:
[email protected] Updated on March, 2018
PCE-3202 Lecture - 1 1
Outline
2. REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
2.1 Symbolic Representation of Elements of a Power System
2.2 Single-phase solution of balanced three-phase networks
2.3 One-line diagram and impedance or reactance diagram
2.4 Per unit (p.u.) system
PCE-3202 Lecture - 1 2
2.1 Symbolic Representation of Elements of a Power System
The basic components of a power system are generator, transformer, transmission lines, and
loads. Represented as follows.
Balanced Three phase System
• Balanced three phase system is a power system in which:
All three phase voltage are equal in magnitude and 120o phase shift. [V1 =V2 = V3]
The Summation of all phase currents are zero. (I1 + I2 + I3 = IN = 0)
2.2 Single-phase solution of balanced three-phase networks
• The solution of a three-phase network under balanced conditions is easily
carried out by solving the single-phase network corresponding to the
reference phase.
• One phase represents all three phases of the balanced system
Balanced Three phase network representation
Ea
Ia =
(ZG + ZL)
(b) Single phase representation of a
a) Balanced three phase network
balanced three phase network
2.3 One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram
• One line diagram is a representation of three phase system (three lines) by
a one line (single line) diagram.
• A one-line diagram of a power system shows the main connections and
arrangements of components.
• Any particular component may or may not be shown depending on the
information required in a system
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
Impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of the power system.
Thus, single line reactance diagrams can be drawn for calculation.
i. A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an inductive
reactance. The internal resistance of the generator is negligible compared to the
reactance.
ii. The motor load is inductive.
iii. A transformer is represented by a series impedance on a per phase basis.
iv. The transmission line is of medium length and can be represented by a T section
Single line diagram & Impedance diagram
2.4 Per Unit (PU) System
• The per-unit (pu) system is used extensively in power system calculations.
• The representation simplifies the vast super-large generation and transmission
networks to a small scale system.
• It is usual to express voltage, current, volt-amperes and impedance of an electrical
circuit in per unit (or percentage) of base or reference values of these quantities.
• The per unit* value of any quantity is defined as:
Per Unit (PU) System
Base value
• If any two of these quantities are chosen arbitrarily, the other two become
fixed. For example, selecting base values for voltage and power fixes the
base values for current and impedance.
• Therefore, on a per phase basis the following relationships hold:
Example 1: Consider the network given below and draw the reactance and Impedance
diagram.
Answer: Arbitrarily choosing 50kVA as a base kVA,
The p.u values can be obtained.
At Generator 1:
At Generator 2:
At Transformer 2:
At Transmission line:
At Transformer 2:
At Motor:
Hence the reactance diagram will be
