Subject Code : ECE – 101/102
BASIC ELECTRONICS
COURSE MATERIAL
For
1ST & 2ND Semester B.E.
(Revised Credit System)
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Module 5
Operational
Amplifiers
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
The Operational Amplifier : Ideal Op-Amp Model
An op-amp is a “differential-to-single-ended” amplifier, i.e., it
amplifies the voltage difference Vp – Vn = Vi at the input port and
produces a voltage Vo at the output port that is referenced to the
ground node of the circuit in which the op-amp is used.
The term operational amplifier refers to a class of high-gain DC
coupled amplifiers with two inputs and a single output. The modern
integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp .Op
amps are high gain amplifiers, and are used almost invariably with
overall loop-feedback
An op-amp is a very high gain directly coupled negative feedback
amplifier which can amplify signals having wide range of
frequencies.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Op-Amp
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Introduction
Circuit Symbol and IC Pin-outs
– Inverting Input
– Non-Inverting Input
– Output
– +12V and -12V
Operational Amplifiers are integrated
circuits (IC’s) that have a number of
advantages over the standalone
transistors.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
The 741 Op-amp
The most common and most famous op-amp is
the mA741C or just 741, which is packaged in
an 8-pin mini-DIP. Here is the pin-out for a
typical 741 op-amp in a DIP (Dual In-line
Package).
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Block diagram of OPAMP
Block diagram
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Block diagram
The input stage is a differential amplifier. The differential
amplifier used as an input stage provides differential
inputs and a frequency response down to d.c. Special
techniques are used to provide the high input impedance
necessary for the operational amplifier .
The second stage is a high-gain voltage amplifier. This
stage may be made from several transistors to provide
high gain.
The final stage of the OP AMP is an output amplifier. The
output amplifier provides low output impedance.
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
The Ideal Op-amp:
An Ideal Op-Amp has the following characteristics .
An infinite voltage gain
An infinite bandwidth
An infinite input resistance : The resistance b/w V1 and V2
terminals is infinite .
Zero output resistance : Vo remains constant no matter what
resistance is applied across output
Perfect balance : When V1 is equal to V2 the Vo is 0
Zero input offset voltage (i.e., exactly zero out if zero in)
Infinite CMRR
Infinite slew rate
Zero input offset current
The characteristic of an opamp do not change with temperature
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
The input signal of a differential
amplifier consists of a differential
component and a common-mode
component.
vid v1 v 2
1
vicm v1 v2
2
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Transfer curve
Transfer curve
Vout
+Vpower
A>=1
V in
-V p o w e r
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
OPAMP Characteristics
output offset voltage Voo: The actual value of
the output voltage when the inputs of an opamp
are zero is called the output offset voltage.
Output offset voltage is basically due to two
distinct phenomenon. a)input offset voltage b)
input bias current
Input bias current(Ib): it is the average of the
current that flows in to the inverting and
noninverting input terminals of the opamp.
input offset current(Iio): it is the algebraic
difference between the currents flowing in to
noninverting and inverting terminals
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Opamp characteristics
Input resistance(Ri):it is the equivqlent resistance that
can be measured at either the inverting or non inverting
terminal with the other terminal connected to ground.
Slew Rate:it is defined as the maximum rate of change
of output voltage per unit time
SVRR:Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio:the change in
opamp input offset voltage caused by variations in
supply voltage is called svrr.
Output resistance(Ro):it is the equivalent resistance that
can be measured between the output terminal of opamp
and the ground.
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Common Mode Gain:
The common mode gain, Acm, is the ratio of the output voltage, Vo,
to the common mode input signal, Vcm, i.e.
Vo = AcmVcm
For two independent input signals, the common mode signal is often
taken to be the average of the two input signal voltages, i.e.
Vo = Acm ((V1 + V2) / 2)
Recall that the op-amp amplifies the difference between the two
input signals v+ and v-, i.e.
Vo = Ad(V1 – V2)
So by this equation, if both input signals are the same then the
output will be zero. However this is not the case in real op-amps.
Any signal common to both inputs will also be amplified by a
common mode gain.
So the final gain equation is:
Vo = Ad(V1 – v2) + Acm((v1 + v2) / 2)
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ELECTRONICS
CMRR
The common-mode rejection ratio
(CMRR) of an amplifier (or other device)
measures the tendency of the device to
reject input signals common to both input
leads.
where AdDepartment
is the differential gain and As is the common-mode gain.
of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Applications of OPAMP:
Operational amplifiers can be used to perform
mathematical operations on voltage signals such
as
Inversion
Addition
Subtraction
Integration
Differentiation
Multiplication by a constant
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Inverting amplifier:
Inverts and amplifies a voltage (multiplies
by a negative constant)
Zin = Rin (because V − is a virtual ground)
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Expression for gain:
Assuming that the input difference is small,
we can write KCL at
the inverting node
I1 + I0 = 0--------(1)
( V1 - V- )/ R1 + ( Vout
= - V- )/ R0 = 0----(2)
V1 / R1 + Vout / R0 = 0 -----(3) since V-=0
V+ ~= 0 concept of virtual ground
Vout = - V1 R0 / R1---------(4)
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Non-inverting amplifier:
Amplifies a voltage (multiplies by a
constant greater than 1)
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Expression for gain
By virtual ground concept
Vin = Vout(R1/R2 + R1) -----(1)
Vin/vout = R1/R2 + R1 -----(2)
Vout/vin = R2/R1 + R1/R1 -----(3)
Vout /vin= R2/R1 + 1 -----(4)
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Subtractor
The aim of the subtractor is to
provide an output which is equal to
the difference of the two input signals
or proportional to their difference .
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Voltage follower
Used as a buffer amplifier, to eliminate
loading effects or to interface impedances
Output follows input.
gain unity
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Summing amplifier
Sums several (weighted) voltages
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Integrator
A circuit in which output voltage is directly proportional to the integral of the input is
known as an integrator or the integration amplifier.
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Expression
Applying KCL the expression for output voltage is
obtained as follows.
Since IB is negligibly small
The current through the capacitor is related to voltage by the relation
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Output Expression
because A is very large. Therefore
The output voltage can be obtained by integrating both sides with respect to time
where C is the integration constant. Equation 4 indicates that the output
voltage is directly proportional to the negative integral of the input voltage
and inversely proportional to the time
constant R1CF
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Output waveform
Equation 4 indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional
to the negative integral of the input voltage and inversely
proportional to the time constant R1CF
For example if the input is a sine wave, the output will be a cosine
wave; or if the input is a square wave output is a triangular wave
•
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Differentiator
Differentiates the (inverted) signal over
time.
(where Vin and Vout are functions of time)
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Output expression
The input voltage VS across C1
is proportional to the rate of
change of the input voltage
i = C1 ∙ dVS / dt ------------------(1)
Because no current flows into the opamp it must flow through R2
creating the output voltage.
Vo = - i ∙ R2 --------------------(2)
Substituting for i we get
Vo = - C1 ∙ R2 ∙ dVS / dt --------------------(3)
Equation 4 indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional
to the negative integral of the input voltage and inversely
proportional to the time constant R1CF
V0 is directly proportional to the differentiation of input voltage.
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comparator
Compares two voltages and outputs one
of two states depending on which is
greater
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Q1 determine the gain of the amplifier shown in fig
below given
R0=100Ώ R1=4.7k Ώ
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Q2. For the circuit of noninverting amplifier with
R1=10 k Ώ and
R0=100k Ώ determine
i)closed loop gain Af
ii)output voltage Vo
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Q3. In this circuit, you have it set up for a gain of
-10.
The input voltage is .24v. What is the output
voltage?
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Q4 For the same conditions as in Problem 2, the I
nput is changed to -.35 volts. What is the output
voltage now?
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