QIP LECTURE ON
Smart Grid Technologies
&
Renewable Integration
23 April 2019
1
Topics
►Introduction
►Why smart grids? Smart Grid Drivers
►Explaining Smart Grids
►Making the Case for Smart Grids
►The Anatomy of a Smart Grid
►Renewable Energy in Smart Grids
►Integration Issues
►Conclusion
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Introduction
‘Smart' is the new 'e'. A decade ago, a
small ‘e' in front of something showed that
it was new and exciting - email,
eCommerce, eHealth, eVoting ....
Now, you read about smart - smart
phones, smart cities, smart
transport ... even smart water!
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Introduction
If you believe the newspapers, smart grids are
the solution to our future energy problems
and, possibly, the panacea to global warming.
But what is a smart grid and what makes it so
much cleverer than what we've got now?
Are all smart grids equally smart? How do you
recognise one and what does it mean to the
average consumer?
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Electricity consumption vs. GDP
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Energy Scenario
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All India Installed Gen Capacity
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Looking at the 'Uneducated' Grid
Transmission systems have always been relatively smart but, on leaving the
transmission network, things dumb down rapidly.
Conventional distribution grids are built on a build and connect principle.
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Looking at the 'Uneducated' Grid
The global warming-induced pressure for countries to
move towards low-carbon economies is now challenging
this traditional 'build and connect' culture.
Electricity distributors are now being forced to move from
a 'build and connect’ to a 'connect and manage'
culture.
Distribution networks can no longer be left to their own
devices but need to be actively managed, along with the
consumers they serve, to cope with rapidly changing
demands on the network.
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Google Search - Smart Grids
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What is Smart Grid?
Many Definitions
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps
track of all electricity flowing in the system.
It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines
for less power loss, as well as the capability of integrating
alternative sources of electricity such as solar and wind.
“An automated, widely distributed energy delivery network
characterized by a two-way flow of electricity and information,
capable of monitoring and responding to changes in everything from
power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances”
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What is Smart Grid?
Many Definitions..
A smart grid is an
electricity
It does this by
distribution
automatically
network that can
reconfiguring the
monitor electricity
network and/or
flowing within
exerting a level of
itself and, based on
control over
this self
connected demand
awareness, adjust
and generation
to changing
conditions.
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Why Smart Grid? Drivers for SG.
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Traditional & Smart Grid
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Getting to a Smarter System
Smart grids don't usually start out smart.
The vast majority of the electricity
distribution network has been around for
some time now and pre-dates the 'smart' era
by several decades.
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How a smart Grid Develops?
Majority of grids need to become smart by
adding Information and Communications
Technologies (lCT) to the existing 'dumb'
network.
A massive cultural change in the way
distribution grids are planned, operated
and managed is also required.
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Comparison of smart grid with traditional grid
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Smart Grid A Bird’s Eye View
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What a smart Grid can do?
A smart grid helps deliver electricity more efficiently and reliably by:
Automatically re-routing power, shifting loads and/or controlling
embedded generation to manage constraints and outages on the network.
Monitoring the condition of network assets and predicting failures, thus
reducing maintenance costs.
Intelligently managing the network to maximise the electricity distributed.
Enhanced Reliability
Multiple Decentralized Energy Sources
Lower Energy Consumption
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Why Smart Grid? Drivers for SG
Aging infrastructure and workforce
Continuing national security concerns
Need for and viability of energy efficiency
caused by the expansion of the global economy
Increasing awareness of environmental issues,
including global warming
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Reducing Carbon Emissions: Shifting from Non Renewable to Renewable
Power generation
Living with sustainable generation: Moving to low-carbon energy sources
will require a fundamental shift in the way we use and store power.
Managing Growth in electricity consumption: If new electricity demand is
to be met, it must be flexible enough to adapt to the increasingly inflexible
and unpredictable sources of sustainable generation.
Decentralise Energy Generation
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Offering Better Consumer Service
Better network management via smart grids also offers
the prospect of better quality of supply:
►Fewer brown outs.
►Less flickering.
►Less interference with communication systems and
other electronics.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Optimising Distribution
Distributors can move towards condition based maintenance in which
assets are maintained when required rather than according to fixed
schedules.
This form of maintenance can reduce both operating expenditure
(OPEX) through less unnecessary maintenance, and capital expenditure
(CAPEX) by extending the life of assets.
Smart grids also enable smart investment strategies.
Better visibility of power flows on the network gives distributors a
better understanding of where losses occur, allowing them to target
investment accordingly.
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The Anatomy of a Smart Grid
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Smart grid technology areas
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The Anatomy of a Smart Grid
Active Network Management (ANM)
Optimising the network through ANM also offers a smart grid
distributor the ability to connect more distributed generation
(DG), potentially a relatively inexpensive way to reinforce the
network.
An essential part of ANM is a fast and reliable communication
infrastructure between substations on the network and the central
distribution management system (DMS), a suite of application software
that supports the operation of electric systems.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Automatic Voltage Control
AVCs are going to have to get smarter as
not all cope well with the reverse power
flow conditions that can arise when
distributed generation is connected to
the network.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Dynamic Line Rating (DLR)
Dynamic line rating (DLR) is about squeezing
more capacity out of existing network
infrastructure through real-time monitoring.
For example, strong winds provide cooling that
increases line capacity.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Intelligent Electronic Device (lED)
Smart grids need smart tools, and an
intelligent electronic device (lED)
combines substation protection, control,
power quality recording and
measurement capability in a single
device.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Referred to as a power system's 'health meter', a
phasor measurement unit (PMU) samples voltage and
current many times a second at a given location on the
network, giving the distributor a near real time view of
the power system's behaviour.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Reactive Power Compensation
Reactive power compensation is the injection or
absorption of this reactive power to control voltage and
increase available capacity.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Peripheral Smart Grid Technologies:
☻Distributed Generation (DG) Distributed
Generation(DG)
☻Dynamic Demand (DD)
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Dynamic Demand (DD)
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Grid Energy Storage
“Batteries”, which are expensive to produce, costly to maintain and have a limited
lifespan.
“Compressed air”, which requires similar large scale facilities as pump storage.
“Flywheels”, only good for small scale storage.
“Hydrogen”, manufactured using off-peak electricity and then combined with oxygen to
produce electricity at peak time but with lower efficiency than pumped storage or batteries.
“Superconducting magnetic energy storage” (SMFS), a means of storing energy in the
magnetic field created by a direct current flow in a cryogenically cooled superconducting coil. It
works only for small amounts of energy and is expensive to boot.
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Micro Generation
Benefits of a Microgrid
Increases power reliability and
self-sufficiency
Reduces utility costs and improves
economic competitiveness
Reduces greenhouse gas
emissions and other pollutants
Lower transmission and
distribution efficiency losses
Capable of operating on renewable
or nonrenewable resources
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Smart appliances
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Smart homes
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Smart meters
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Making the Case for Smart Grids
Virtual power plants (VPP’s)
A virtual power plant is a
cluster of decentralized
generation installations, that
are controlled from one
central point or one control
centre.
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Renewable Energy in Smart Grid
Energy, Environment & Sustainable Development – interlinked.
Coal (fossil) fuel – limited period
Reduce green house emissions & mitigate climate change.
Peak load management
Distributed Generation Systems connected to LT Distribution system
(11kV)
Renewable energy sources –
Wind
Solar – Rooftop Photovoltaic
Other Distributed Generation systems based on Mini Hydro, & Bio mass
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Renewable – Grid Connectivity
Micro Grid
Inv/ Conv
Synch Switch
Inv/ Conv U
Inv/ Conv
Local Loads
Optional Storage / Fuel Cell Backup
Info Flow
Inv/ Con - Inverter /Converter With Controls Control
U – Utility Grid
Centre
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Distributed Energy Resources &
Grid Integration Issues
1. Intermittent and unpredictable operation can destabilize grid.
2. Back feeding power to distribution system can cause accidents.
3. Back fed power must be measured and accounted for.
4. Multiple generation sources increase complexity and risk.
5. Rotating machinery generators must be synced to grid
6. Energy recording, tariff and billing – to be reworked.
7. Real time monitoring and Control.
8. Smart Grid addresses above- convergence of Information and
communication Technology
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What India need to do?
Sensitise all stake holder about global developments.
Insist and mandate to procure equipment based on open standards
Work with National & International bodies driving SG concepts
Standardise software / Hardware devices based on International
standards ( Meter to Control Room) - No proprietary.
Implement Security standards
Software standarisation in distribution sector
based on IEC 61968 / 61970 (EMS)
Go for few pilot projects covering large area as in other countries
Replace equipments not suitable for integration
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CONCLUSION
Smart Grids and Culture Change Go Hand-in-Hand
Technology is the Least of Your Worries
Capital Investment -Incentives are Key
Smart Meters don’t make a Smart Grid... But Smart Meters
are an Essential Component of Smart Grids
Get Ready for Data - and Lots of It!
Start with what you have got !
Fix Existing Hot Spots
Start Forecasting more than just New Connections
Don't For get the Consumers!
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Reference:
[1] Government of India Executive Summary Power Sector January-15 Ministry
of power Central Electricity Authority New Delhi
[2] Smart Grid for Dummies
[3] Smart Home Technologies George Wang (Presentation)
[4] Smart Grid Smart City Presentation, Australian Govt, Dept of the
Environment, Water, Heritage & the Arts.
[5] White Paper: Integrating Distributed Energy Resources into the Smart Grid
Written by: Gary Frederich & Patric Dove, Advantech Corporation, Industrial
Automation Group
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Thanks…
Any Questions?
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