Chapter 1
Welding Joint Design and
Welding Symbols
Name five basic weld joints that may be found in a weldment.
Butt Joint
Lap Joint
Corner Joint
Tee Joint
Edge Joint
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
Edge preparations used with butt joints.
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
How is the size of a fillet determined and what is used to
measure it?
Convexity
Leg Size2
Actual Throat
Effective Leg Size1
Throat
Theoretical
Throat
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
POROSITY
Causes of Porosity:
1. It occurs when the electrode is not
coated properly.
2. Using a longer arc may also increase its
chances.
3. Increased welding currents.
4. Rust or oil on the welding surface.
INCOMPLETE FUSION
Causes of Incomplete fusion:
1. It occurs because of the low heat input.
2. When the weld pool is very large and
runs ahead of the arc.
3. When the angle of the joint is too low.
4. Incorrect electrode and torch angle may
also lead to incomplete fusion.
5. Unproper bead position.
OVERLAP
Causes of Overlap:
1. Improper welding technique.
2. By using large electrodes this
defect may occur.
3. High welding current
UNDERCUT
Causes of Undercut:
1. If the arc voltage is very high then this
defect may occur.
2. If we use the wrong electrode or if the
angle of the electrode is wrong, then also
the defect may form.
3. Using a large electrode is also not
advisable.
4. High electrode speed is also one of the
reasons for this defect.
SPATTER
Causes Of Spatter:
1. High Welding current can
cause this defect.
2. The longer the arc the
more chances of getting this
defect.
3. Incorrect polarity.
4. Improper gas shielded
may also cause this defect.
EXCESSIVE CONCAVITY
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION
&
EXCESSIVE PENETRATION
UNACCEPTABLE
WELD PROFILES
Weld Position
(Plate)
F = Fillet
G = Groove
1 = Flat
2 = Horizontal
3 = Vertical
4 = Overhead
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
Weld Position
(Pipe)
G = Groove
1 = Horizontal Rolled
2 = Vertical
5 = Horizontal Fixed
6 = 45 Incline
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
Welding Symbols
Weld Location
• Welding symbols
• Applied to reference line at the
base
• Reference lines have an arrow side
(near side) and other side (far
side)
FIGURE 5-17 Designating weld location.
American Welding Society
Complete the welding symbol that specifies the weld shown
including dimension specifications.
1/4
(1/4 x 3/8)
Nothing in the symbol specifies
unequal leg size location.
1/4
1/4 3/8
If there are not obvious reasons to put larger leg on one side of
joint (e.g. thicker metal), then it must be specified on drawing.
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
Sketch the weld required by this symbol including dimensions.
1/2 2-8
1/2 2-8
2 8
1/2
1/2
1/2
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
Complete the welding symbol that specifies the weld shown
including dimension specifications.
3/8 1-3
1 3
1/4 1-3
1/4
3/8
1 3
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
Sketch the weld required by this symbol including dimensions
and notes. NOTE: The “Flag” symbol.
Indicates field weld or on-site welding
1/8
GTAW
1/8
Process: "TIG"
Contour: Flat
Finishing Method: Welding
NOTE: The “Weld All Around”
symbol is not required for
pipe weld connections but
may be included for clarity
In other cases, it is needed
to specify that requirement
Welding Joint Design & Welding Symbols – Chapter #5
