Construction of High Voltage Transmission

lines, type of towers, type of insulators

M.SELVARAJ
Engineering Officer
Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore
E-mail : [email protected]

10-Jan-20 1
 TOWER DESIGN

1. TOWER TYPES
2. CLASSIFICATION OF TOWER
3. TOWER CONFIGURATION
4. LOADING OF TOWER
5. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

10-Jan-20 2
 COST COMPARISION OF TRANSMISSION LINE

10% Tow ers

10% Conductors
40%
Foundations

15%
Insulators& Fittings

Land Rentals &

20% Compensations

10-Jan-20 3
 Type of Towers

a). Tangent towers with suspension string (0° to 2 °)

b). Small angle towers with tension strings (2° to 15 °)

c). Medium angle towers with tension strings (15 ° to 30 °)

d). Large angle (30 ° to 60 °) and dead end towers with

tension strings.

10-Jan-20 4
 CLASSIFICATION OF TOWERS

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE:

- Self Supporting Towers.
- Conventional Guyed Towers.

ACCORDING TO NO OF CIRCUITS THEY

CARRY:
- Single Circuit Towers.
- Double Circuit Towers.
- Multi Circuit Towers.

ACCORDING TO TOWER SHAPES:

- Horizontal Towers.
- Vertical towers.
10-Jan-20 5
 WIND LOADS

Conductors and insulators

) AD
OR LO
UCT R
ND TO
(CO UC
S O ND
O AD ENC
ITYL OK
AV BR
GR T)
EIGH
/W
IND
(W
AN
SP

Towers
Foundations

Transmission line system

10-Jan-20 6
 DESIGN OF MECHANICAL SUPPORTS

i) POLE - SINGLE MAIN MEMBER

STEEL, R.C.C, P.S.C, WOOD

ii) TOWER - LATTICE STRUCTURE

Mild Steel, H.T.S
ROLLED STEEL ANGLES

10-Jan-20 7
 SELF SUPPORTING TOWER

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION

10-Jan-20 8
 COMPACT TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES

GUY TOWER 132 kV D/C 132 kV S/C -POLE 132 kV D/C - POLE

10-Jan-20 9
 TOWER CONFIGURATION

A TOWER IS CONSTITUTED OF FOLLOWING:

- PEAK
- CROSS ARM
- BOOM
- CAGE
- TOWER BODY
- BODY EXTENSION
- LEG EXTENSION
- STUB/ANCHOR BOLT & BASE PLATE
ASSEMBLY.

10-Jan-20 10
 DESIGN PARAMETERS

- VOLTAGE LEVEL
- SPAN
- CONDUCTOR DETAILS ( ACSR/AAAC)
- EARTHWIRE DETAILS ( GSS/OPGW)
- WIND SPEED
- MAX & MIN TEMPERATURE ( Climatic condition )
- INSULATOR DETAILS ( Porcelain / Polymeric )
- MIN. GROUND CLEARANCE
- PHASE TO PHASE CLEARANCE ( horizontal & vertical)

10-Jan-20 11
 Right of Way ( ROW) Requirement

Conventional Lattice Towers

Occupy large space, acute
right of way ( ROW)
problems, tower members
theft etc.

Voltage level ROW

33 kV 15 m
66 kV 18 m
110 kV 22 m
132 kV 27 m
220 kV 35 m
400 kV 50 m
800 kV 85 m
10-Jan-20 12
 WIND LOADS

Basic wind speed (Vb)

10 m above ground level

averaged over 3 seconds

Reference wind speed (VR)

averaged over 10 minutes

VR = Vb / 1.375

10-Jan-20 13
 SAG-TENSION

Conductor and Ground wire

As per IS:5613 (Part 2/Sec 1) : 1985 for the following
combinations

- 100 % design wind pressure at every day

temperature
- 36 % design wind pressure at minimum
temperature

PSTI-CPRI
10-Jan-20 14
 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Temperature variations

Maximum temperature

ACSR conductor - 75° C

AAAC conductor - 85° C
Ground wire - 53° C

Average temperature - 32° C 15° C

Minimum temperature - -5° C

10-Jan-20 15
CONDUCTOR TYPES

ACSR
AAAC
ACAR
AAC
New Technology Conductors
- Trapezoidal
- ACSS
- INVAR
- Self Damping
- Vibration Resistant

10-Jan-20 16
10-Jan-20 17
10-Jan-20 18
10-Jan-20 19
10-Jan-20 20
 DESIGN OF TOWERS

- DESIGN PARAMETERS

- SAG-TENSION CALCULATION

- TOWER GEOMETRY

- ESTIMATION OF EXTERNAL LOADS

- COMPUTER MODELLING

- TOWER ANALYSIS/DESIGN

10-Jan-20
PSTI-CPRI 21
 SAG - TENSION CALCULATION

- CONDUCTOR
- GROUNDWIRE (90 % of Conductor Sag )
- SHIELDING ANGLE

ADEQUATE LIVE METAL CLEARANCE TO BE ALLOWED

FOR GIVEN SWING OF JUMPER / INSULATOR STRINGS

- DEPENDS ON LINE VOLTAGE

10-Jan-20
PSTI-CPRI 22
 TOWER GEOMETRY

- DEPENDS ON LINE VOLTAGE

- ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE
- SELECTION OF CONDUCTOR
- MAX. SAG + CREEP
- MIN GROUND CLEARANCE
- LOCATION

10-Jan-20
PSTI-CPRI 23
 TOWER OUTLINE

h4
h1 = Max.Sag + Creep
+ Ground clearance

h3

h2

h1

B
10-Jan-20 24
 CLEARANCE DIAGRAM

 = shielding angle
for lines up to 220 kV
 = 30
for lines 400 kV and above 
 = 20

10-Jan-20 25
 CLEARANCE DIAGRAM
220 kV TOWER
SPAN : 350 m
VERTICAL SPACING (v)

V : 5.0 m
H : 8.5 m
Min. Ground
 Clearance : 7.0 m
x2 Mid span
Clearance : 8.5 m
Swing angle : 15 deg
x1 60 deg
X1 : 2.1 m
X2 : 1.7 m
ACSR/AAAC – ZEBRA

HORIZONTAL SPACING ( H)

10-Jan-20 26
10-Jan-20 27
10-Jan-20 28
 Minimum Electrical clearances

10-Jan-20 29
 Minimum clearances for any conductor of an overhead line from
ground and buildings at different places shall be as given below:

Low & Medium High voltage

lines Voltage lines
(m) (m)

a)Minimum height of any conductor 5.80 6.10

of an overhead line across any street

b)Minimum height of any conductor

of an overhead line along any street 5.50 5.80

c)Minimum height of any conductor (bare)

of an overhead line erected elsewhere 4.60 4.60

d)Minimum height of any conductor

(insulated) of an overhead line erected 4.00 4.00
elsewhere

e)Minimum clearance of overhead line 2.50 3.70

conductor from building (vertical) (vertical)
10-Jan-20
1.20 1.20 30
(horizontal) ( horizontal)
 Basic wind speeds IS:875 ( Part-3 )

Wind Zone Basic wind speed

m/s km/hr

1 33 119

2 39 130

3 44 158

4 47 169

5 50 180

6 55 198
10-Jan-20 31
Design wind speed (Vd)

Vd = VR * K1 * K2
where
K1 = Risk coefficient
function of Reliability level and
wind zone
K2 = Terrain coefficient

10-Jan-20 32
 Design wind pressure (Pd)

Pd = 0.6 Vd 2

Wind load on tower (Fwt)

Fwt = Pd * Cdt * Ae * GT
Cdt = drag coefficient
Ae = total net surface area
GT = gust response factor

10-Jan-20 33
 FLOW CHART FOR TOWER DESIGN
NAME, VOLTAGE, GEOLOGICAL DESIGN PHILOSPHY
CLASS, WIND ZONE & CONSTRAINTS (FROM IS / IEC/
BASIC DESIGN DETAILS OF ROUTE & STANDARDISATION
PARAMETERS ( FROM BILL OF QUANTITIES COMMITTEE
APPROVED FR OR SEF (FROM SITE) REPORTS)
GROUP)
INPUTS

REVIEW

CONFOIGURATION & TYPE OF TOWERS

REVIEW
TOWER LOADINGS & CONDITIONS
REVIEW DESIGN
STURUCTIRAL ANALYSIS STAGES
-BY COMPUTER
-BY MANUAL VERIFICATION

REVIEW
FINAL DESIGN (THEORITICAL)

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

PROTO MANUFACTURE/ FABRICATION TESTING &

MODIFY DESIGN FINALISATION

SUCCESSFUL
FAILED
PROTO TESTING (FULL SCALE) DESIGN FINALISED

10-Jan-20 34
 LOAD ESTIMATION

10-Jan-20 35
 LOADING DIAGRAM

10-Jan-20 36
 TOWER DESIGN – CTADS SOFTWARE

10-Jan-20 37
 3-D MODELLING OF 132 kV TOWER

10-Jan-20 38
 CTADS- POST PROCESSOR

10-Jan-20 39
10-Jan-20 40
10-Jan-20 41
10-Jan-20 42
10-Jan-20 43