Road Safety: Urban Roads
Dr. Padma Bahadur Shahi
Email: pb_shahi@[Link]
Mobile: 9851091057
Presentation Content
• Urban Roads
• Road Safety: basic concepts
• Identifications: Hazardous
points
• Road Safety interventions
• Recommendations
Cases of road crash
• Pedestrian hit
• Vehicular collisions:
• Object hit
• Domestic animal hit
• Crash at
Construction/maintenance
sites
Safety at:
• Design
• Construction
• Operation
• Maintenance
Urban Area !!!
What do we want? Priorities!!!
• Social Equity: is concerned
with justice and fairness of
social policy
Why Transport?
• Mobility
• Accessibility
Urban Transport: Road
• Road Network
– Road links
– Road junctions
• Road Transport facilities
– Bus terminals
– Bus stops
– Parking lots
– Service stations: filling st., repair
centers, inspection posts
– Traffic management stations
Urban Road Classification
• Arterial Roads (पथ)
• Sub-Arterial Roads (सडक)
• Collector Roads (मार्ग)
• Local Roads (उप-मार्ग)
Hierarchy of Movement
Arterial Roads
Sub-arterial Roads
Collector Roads
Local Roads
Functional Classification (for Urban areas)
Design principles (urban Roads)
• Be safe, short, access to all road
users (motor
vehicles/cyclists/pedestrians)
• Delivering the primary functions to
the road users,
• Considerations of traffic volume and
speed
• Opportunities for landscaping
• Allow parking, where applicable
• Considerations of topography,
climate, environment, heritage etc.
Design parameters
• Sight distances:
–Stopping distances
–Decision sight distances
–Headlight Sight distance
Safety concern
Typical Movements at Junction
Vertical curves
• Summit curves
• Valley curves
Horizontal curves
Minimum radius of the curve
• Speed
• Radius of the curve
• Super-elevation
• Coefficient of lateral friction
Transition Curves
Extra width at horizontal curves
• Consideration of psychology
and vehicle body (wheel
base)
• Consideration of speed
Gradient
• Vehicular movement
• Bicycle movement (3%)
• Pedestrian movement (10%)
• Considerations for mixed
traffic
• Urban roads (max. 4 %
suitable)
Speed
Speed Vs Collision
स्पिड
स्पिड: खतरा
खतरा !!
• ३२ कि. मि. प्रति घन्टा गति:
– पैदल यात्री: ४० जना मध्ये १ जनाको मृत्यु हुन सक्छ
(९७ % बाच्ने सम्भावना)
• ४८ कि. मि. प्रति घन्टा गति:
– पैदल यात्री: १० जना मध्ये २ जनाको मृत्यु हुन सक्छ
(८० % बाच्ने सम्भावना)
• ५६ कि. मि. प्रति घन्टा गति:
– पैदल यात्री: १० जना मध्ये ५ जनाको मृत्यु हुन सक्छ
(५० % बाच्ने सम्भावना)
• ६४ कि. मि. प्रति घन्टा गति:
– पैदल यात्री: १० जना मध्ये ९ जनाको मृत्यु हुन सक्छ
(१० % बाच्ने सम्भावना)
Safety of Urban Roads: Speed control
• How to control speed?
–Restriction and
–Giving opportunities
Common RS issues in Urban areas
• Rapid increase in population and
motorization
• Densely populated
• Road users compete for limited
space
• Traffic mix
• Frequent and close interaction
between vulnerable and
motorized road users
Common deficits
• Footpaths not available (low
quality, obstructed, illegally used
by motorized vehicles)
• Lack of road shoulders
• Lack of medians
• Few safe crossing points or long
distances between safe crossing
points
• No bicycle lanes
• Not enough light (night time)
Safe system approach!!
Locations: Intersection/Junctions
Selection of Intersection Type
Basic Principles
• Safety Issues
– Accidents at intersections - 30-40% of all reported road
accidents on National Highways.
Intersection design principles
Roundabouts
• Safety Issues
– From Geometric Consideration
• Poor visibility, inadequate
deflections
• Acute merging angles, steep
gradients
• Inadequate advance
signing/markings,
• Poor skidding resistance on
approaches
– From Operational Consideration
• High entry speeds
• Violation of priority rules
• Inadequate provision for VRUs,
NMT
• Large speed differentials
Roundabouts
• Safer Practices
– Low entry speeds possible
through road markings,
islands and channelisation
– Entry path radius should
be limited to 100m
– Enforce the right of way for
circulating traffic
– Entry visibility should
allow side sight distance
for circulating traffic
– Consider separate
provision for VRUs
especially in crossing entry
arms
Roundabout Types
Simple Roundabouts Double Roundabouts with short
Central Link Road
Two bridge Roundabout at Grade Grade Separated Interchange with
Separated Interchange one & two Roundabouts –Dumbell
Interchange
Other elements on roads
• Sewer/water supply
• Storm water drain
• Electric cables & poles
• Telecommunication junctions
and cables
• Gas pipelines
• Trees and plantations
• Traffic signage
• Street lighting
Traffic Management
• Objectives:
–Safe and orderly vehicular
and pedestrian traffic
movement
–Easy and convenient and
comfort movement
• Less consumption of fuel, less
environmental impact
Some examples of urban street traffic
management
• Not turn
– U-Turn
– Right Turn
• One-way Movement
• Reverse lane operation
• Exclusive bus-lane
• Restriction for access roads
• Separation of cycle movement
• Separation of pedestrian movement
• Time scheduling of the type of traffic movements
– Schools, offices
– Trucks, through traffics etc.
• HoV lanes
Turing management
• No-Right turn:
• Q- Turn
• Turning on branch roads
• G –Turn
Why one-way movement?
• Increasing capacity
(congestion reduction)
• Reduction of conflicts,
• Easy for Overtaking
• Less accidents
Intersection traffic maneuvers
Footpath
Outer Separation
Double White lines
Outer Separation
Footpath
Carriageway center marking
1. Turning traffic (U-Turn) along the main
road,
2. Pedestrian crossing the road every where
Specific safety hazards..
• Probable solutions:
• Restriction:
• Of two-way traffic movement
construction of central median
separator ,
• Crossing pedestrian by the
construction of footpath railing
• Facilitation:
– Safe U-turning provisions,
– Safe pedestrian crossing: overhead
bridges and Zebra-crossings
रोक्न चाहिने दरु ी
सवारीको
• सवारीको अन्य महत्व पर्ण
ू
भागहरुको अवस्था:
–ऐना/वाईपर/हे ड लाइट/साइड
लाईट/हर्न/
• मोबिल र पानी/इन्धन आदी
सडकको बारे मा छोटो जानकारी
• सडकको सतह:
– सख्
ु खा,
– भिजेको,
– खाल्डाखुल्डी (धुलो जमेको/पहिले भरिएको,
• मोडको ब्याख्या:
– सानो मोड, मोडमा मार्किं ग, मोडमा,
– मोडको बनावट: एकतर्फी भिरालो
– मोडमा सडकको चौडाई
• सडकको लम्बाई र चौडाई तर्फ को
भिरालोपन
सडकको सतह
• खस्रो:
• चिल्लो/चिप्लो
• भिजेको/सख् ु खा
• पानीले ढाकिएको
• बिस्कुन सक ु ाएको
• बालवु ाले ढाकेको
• हिऊले ढाकेको
सडक दर्घ
ु टना कसरी हुन्छन?
दर्घ
ु टनाको कारण?
Sharp curve
pothole
Visibility
Slippery road surface
Aqua planning
skid
मोटरसाइकल: कसरि सरु क्षित हुने?
• उछिन्ने कार्य;
• लेन change गर्ने,
• साघरु ा मोडमा
• सहायक सडक बाट मख् ु य सडकमा
निस्कन,ु
• अर्को सवारीको blind-spot मा
प्रवेश नगर्ने,
Intersection layout
Signalized Intersection
U-turn/central opening
Access road
Central Median
Main Highway lane (one side only)
Outer separator
Service Road
Conflicting cases:
Merging conflicts: 1 case
Diverging conflicts: 1 case
Conflicts at access road
Central Median
Main Highway lane (one side only)
Outer separator
Service Road
Conflicting cases:
Crossing conflicts: 3 cases
Merging conflicts: 3 case
Diverging conflicts: 3 case
Access shift
Central Median
Outer separator
Service Road
Conflict points:
Crossing conflicts: 6 cases
Merging conflicts: 5 cases
Diverging conflicts: 5 cases
Shift-2
Green Belt
To Bhairahawa
Central Median
Outer separation
Service Road Service Road
Shift-1
Conflict points:
Crossing conflict: 1+ 0 case
Merging conflicts: 3+ 2 cases
Diverging conflicts: 3+ 2 cases
Factors contributing road safety
Reducing the number of accident
Volume of the cube represents the total number of
people injured in road traffic accident
• By reducing the exposure (amount of travel),
• By shifting travel from high to low risk means of
transport,
• By reducing the accident rate for a given amount
travel,
• By reducing the accident severity (protecting
people better from injury)
Road Safety Measures
1. Organizational measure,
2. Information for decision maker,
3. Quantified road safety target and targeted RS
programmes,
4. Safe community program,
5. Exposure control,
6. Land-use plans,
7. Road plans and road constructions,
8. RS Audits,
9. Motor vehicle taxation,
10. Road pricing,
11. Changes in the modal split of travel,
12. Road traffic legislation,
13. Regulating commercial transport,
14. Provision of medical service
Organizational measures
• Many countries road
authorities are legally
responsible for keeping
roads in safe condition.
• It may contain: safer design
and maintenance etc.
Information of the decision maker
• Where and when accident occur?
• Number and types of accidents,
• Road safety measures and their
effects,
• Technical satandards for
different measures,
• Cost of measures,
• Priority setting,
• Attitude of general public to
various measures
Quantified Road safety targets
• To quantify targets for
improving RS,
• Finland: -75% from 2000 to
2025
Safe community programs
• Common problem: lack of
motivation on accident and
injury prevention work,
• Success programs shall be
presented for good example,
• Local community
involvement,
Exposure control
• Traffic volume is major factor,
• If every thing remains unchanged:
more traffic more accidents,
• Affecting factors:
– Land-use pattern,
– Road plan and construction,
– Motor vehicle taxation,
– Road pricing
– Public transport,
– Regulating commercial transport
– traffic control measures
Land-use and transport plans
• Integrated system of
transport and land-use,
• Road alignment,
• Roadside development,
• Making the road
understandable,
• Municipal transport plans
• Hierarchy of plans
Land-use and transport plans..
• Distribution of traffic along road
network,
• Design principle of roads and
road systems:
– Degree of separation
– Types of connection of road
network (external and internal
feeding)
– Through traffic
– Design of access roads
Road plans and road constructions
• Location of roads and
industries,
• Establish hierarchy of roads,
• Safe design,
• Ensure no hazards,
• Identification of places of
hazards
Road safety audits
• How design/ construction/
operation affects on the
RTA,
• Identify the defects in
design and roads after
construction and during
operations
Road safety audits..
• Considerations for all types of road
users,
• Considerations for traffic control
devises,
• Road intersections,
• Traffic Islands,
• Medians,
• Roundabouts,
• Bridge approaches,
• Pedestrian facilities
• Bus stops,
Changes in the modal split
Injured persons per million person-kilometer using different modes
Changes in the modal split…
• Relative risk of injury of different modes
Changes in the modal split…
• Change in the supply of the
public transport,
• Change in the main mode
of transport,
Road traffic legislation
• Standards regarding design of
roads, traffic control and vehicles,
• Banning the dangerous road-user
behaviors,
• examples:
– Speed limits,
– Drinking and drive rules,
– Technical requirements on vehicles,
– Driver requirements,
Regulating commercial vehicles
• Transport business needs
formal permission with
safety requirements,
–Safe vehicle,
–Proper route,
–Drivers’ appointment,
–Working hours,
Provision of medical services
• Access to first aid and
ambulance transport,
• Access to treatment in
hospitals,
• Rehabilitation facilities
Specific road safety measures
• Tracks for walking and cycling,
• Motorways/expressways,
• Bypasses,
• Urban arterial roads,
• Channelization of junctions,
• Roundabouts,
• Redesigning junctions,
• Roundabouts,
• Staggered junctions,
• Interchanges,
• Black spot treatment,
• Cross-section improvement,
• Roadside safety treatment,
• Improving alignment and sight distances,
• Reconstruction, rehabilitation and resurfacing of roads,
• Guardrails and crash cushions,
• Horizontal curve treatment,
• Road lighting,
• Improving tunnel safety,
• Rest stop and service area,
Effects of bypass on accident
Urban arterial roads
• Urban arterials are built for:
– Increasing mobility,
– Reducing travel time,
– Reducing VoC
– Improving environment
• increasing the number of lanes
from 2 to 4, or from 4 to 6, and
adding a median reduced the
number of injury accidents by
51%.
Channelization of junction
• Junctions are blackspot,
• More than 40% accidents occur at
junction,
• improving safety in junctions by
separating traffic flows, improving
sight and making driving patterns
and right-of-way rules transparent,
• physical measure to segregate
different streams of traffic at
junctions.
Channelization of junction…
• Form of channelization:
– Side road channelization with traffic islands or road
markings on side roads at junctions,
• Right-turn lanes, which separate vehicles turning
right off the main road at a junction from those
going straight ahead.
• Left turn lanes, which separate traffic turning left
from the main road at a junction from straight-
through traffic.
• Passing lanes, which are wider areas of the traffic
lane for traffic which is going straight ahead at an
intersection, so that this traffic can pass vehicles
which are waiting to turn right.
• Passing lanes are an alternative to right turn lanes.
• Full channelization includes both side road
channelization and right turn lanes, possibly also
left turn lanes.
Channelization of junction..
• Channelization of right turn lanes
(physical ) at T junction:
– All types of injury accident number
is reduced by 27 %,
• Full channelization at x-
junction:
–All types of injury accident
number is reduced by 32 %,
Roundaboouts
• Converting intersections
into roundabouts:
–Fatal accidents reduced to
66%
Redesigning the junction
• Changes to the angle between
roads,
• Changes to the gradients of
roads approaching the
intersection,
• Measures to improve sight
conditions at intersections,
• Changes to the roads cross
profile (lane width, median,
shoulder) and curvature.
Staggered junctions
• Changing the x-junction
into the staggered:
–Reduction in conflict points
Grade separated junction
• Underpass,
• Diamond
• Trumpet
• Cloverleaf
Black spot treatment
• A concentration of accidents at a
specific spot may partly be due
to incorrect, inappropriate or
inadequate road design or traffic
control at that place.
– Junction,
– Access road,
– Curves,
– High embankment,
Cross-section improvement
• Intended to increase safety
margin by making wider
roads,
• Shoulder width
• Adding the lanes
Cross-section improvement …
• Increasing the number of traffic lanes
• Increasing the width of the road
• Constructing passing lanes (on one or both
sides)
• Constructing hard shoulders
• Increasing the width of the hard shoulder
• Simultaneously altering the width of the
traffic lanes and of the hard shoulder
• Installing central reservations (medians)
• Increasing median width
• Increasing the width of bridges
• Emergency lanes for trucks
Lane width and accident
• Increase the narrow width
to the standards width:
–Injuries accidents can be
reduced to 14% in urban
area,
Medians
• 15% of injury accidents can
be reduced by the
construction of median,
•
Recommendations
• Access management
• Construction of Central median
• Installation of street lights along
outer separator
• Improving the Intersection layout
• Installation of traffic signal at
major intersections
• Provision of additional overhead
pedestrian bridges
• Pedestrian crossing location
Recommendations
• Management of turning
movement
• Providing of intersecting
road
• Installation of traffic sings,
• Correction of other issues of
safety
Traffic Calming measure (ITE)
• Vertical deflections
• horizontal shifts,
• roadway narrowings
– are intended to reduce speed and enhance the
street environment for non-motorists.
• Closures
– (diagonal diverters, half closures, full closures,
and median barriers) are intended to reduce cut-
through traffic by obstructing traffic movements in
one or more directions.
Dr. P. B. Shahi 105
Neighborhood Traffic Circle
Dr. P. B. Shahi 106
Raised Intersection
Dr. P. B. Shahi 107
Median barriers
Median barriers are
raised islands in the
centerline of a street and
continuing through an
intersection that block the
left turn movement from
all intersection
approaches and the
through movement at the
cross street
Dr. P. B. Shahi 108
Vertical Deflection: Speed Humps
Dr. P. B. Shahi 109
Thank You
