A seminar
on
“ZERO COST REFRIGERATION SYSTEM ”
Presented by
Mr. VISHAL VASTRAD
TE (Mechanical)
Under the Guidance of
Prof. R P Bachute
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dr. D. Y. Patil SOET Lohegaon, Pune – 412105.
For A. Y. 2019-20
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
WORKING PRINCIPLE
COMPONENTS
SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS
CALCULATIONS
COMPARISON
FUTURE SCOPE
RESULTS
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES
APPILICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
ABSTRACT
Supply of continuous electricity is still not available in several areas of the
country and in the world where the refrigeration of Food and Medicines can
be preserved.
LPG comprises of 24.4% propane(C3H8)(R-290), 56.4% butane
(C4H10)(R-600) and 17.2% isobutene which have very low boiling point
(lower than 0 0C).
The LPG is cheaper and possesses an environmental friendly nature with no
ozone depletion potential (ODP).
The combustion products of LPG are CO2 and H2O. The evaporator
temperature reached -10 ºC.
From experiment the COP of a refrigerator is 2.25 .
INTRODUCTION
In India, more than 80% of the domestic refrigerator utilize HFC 134a as
refrigerant, due to its excellent thermodynamic and thermo physical
properties.
But, HFC 134a has a high global warming potential (GWP) of 1300.
Hydrocarbon refrigerants; particularly LPG serves as the best contender to
replace HFC’s from domestic refrigerator as well as car air conditioners.
As we know According to second law of thermodynamics, Heat is virtually
being pumped from a lower temperature to a higher temperature by adding
some of external work.
NEED TO INVENT
Today world is facing the major problems regarding energy
crisis.
Along with this we are facing major environmental trouble due
to increase in harmful gases which are evolved from nowhere
else but the combustion of these conventional energy sources.
Pollution is minimized by LPG .
And cost is minimized by LPG Refrigeration system.
WORKING LPG REFRIGERATOR
The basic idea behind LPG refrigeration is to use the
evaporation of a LPG to absorb heat.
LPG is stored in the LPG cylinder under high pressure When
the gas tank of regulators is opened then high pressure LPG
passes in gas pipe. This LPG is going by high pressure gas pipe
in capillary tube.
It works on the principle that during the extraction of heat the
LPG expanded there is a pressure drop and increase in volume
of LPG that results in the drop of temperature and a cooling
effect.
Block diagram of LPG refrigeration
Components of LPG refrigeration system
LPG Gas Cylinder:
From the LPG gas cylinder, LPG flows
through the pipe and reaches to the
capillary tube. LPG gas pressure is
approximate 12-18 bar.
2.Capillary Tube:
As the capillary tube, capillary tube
downs the pressure up to less than 1.4bar
its diameter 3mm.
3.Evaporator:
The evaporator is an important part
of the refrigeration system, which
produces the cooling effect in the
vapour form at low pressure and
temperature.
4.Pressure gauges:
Many techniques have been developed
for the measurement
of pressure and vacuums. Instruments
used to measure pressure are called
pressure gauges or vacuum gauges.
These gauges are available
in 63mm, 100mm, and 150mm sizes .
5.High Pressure pipes
The range of high pressure pipes covers most
application where
there is a requirement to transfer
gas at high pressure. They
consist of a steel pipe with a
steel ball fitted to both ends.
All pipes are pressure tested to 100
MPa (200 psi) over recommended
working pressure
Specification of Component
Refrigeration Box: L-540, W-400, H-650, T-50
Evaporator Box: L-360, W-240, H-150
Capillary Tube: L-2700, D-0.31
Accumulator: D-25
Box Stand: L-920, W-400, H-530
Pressure Gauge: 0 to 250psi
Filter: D-44.5, H-60
Regulator: D-4
Discharge Pipe: L-2430, D-14.5
Suction Pipe: L-1820, D-14.5
( L-Length, W-Width, H-Height, t-Thickness,
D-Diameter )
* All dimension in mm.
PROPERTIES OF LPG REFRIGERANT
Boiling point:
Combustion:
Vapour pressure
Ignition Temperature
Calorific value
Toxicity
Boiling Point:
LPG’s boiling point ranges from -42 ºC to 0 ºC
depending on its mixture percentage of Butane and
Propane
Combustion:
The combustion of LPG produces carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water vapour but sufficient air must be
available.
Ignition temperature:
The temperature required to ignite LPG in air is
around 500ºC.
Vapor pressure:
LPG is a stored as a liquid under pressure. It is almost
colorless and its weight is approximately half that of an
equivalent volume of water. The pressure inside a closed
container in which LPG is stored is equal to the
vapor pressure of the liquid and corresponds to its
temperature.
Calorific value:
The calorific value of LPG is about 2.5 times higher than
that of main gas so more heat is produced from the same
volume of gas.
Toxicity:
LPG is a colorless, odorless and nontoxic gas. It is
supplied
commercially with an added odorant to assist detection .
Safety:
LPG is just as safe as any other fuel. In fact, it is safer than
most
fuels because neither LPG itself nor the end products that
are
produced by burning LPG in a suitable appliance are
poisonous to
inhale.
OPERATIONAL PARAMETER
Size of Refrigerator: 325 X 265 X 135
Initial temperature of water at the time of experiment: 31OC
Initial temperature of evaporator at the time of experiment: 29.5OC
Time (min) Inlet Outlet Water Evapo.
Table-1: Observation Table Pressure Pressure temp. Temp.
(bar) (bar) (OC) (OC)
15 1.22 30.9 28
30 5.525 1.22 27.4 26.6
40 5.525 1.22 26 24
60 5.525 1.22 24.4 22.4
75 5.525 1.22 22.8 20
90 5.525 1.22 21 18
CALCULATIONS:-
The properties of LPG at 5.525 bars are Heat absorbed by LPG (QLPG) = Latent heat absorbed
Enthalpy h1 = 430.3 kJ/Kg (QL)LPG +Sensible heat gain(QSen)LPG We have the volume flow rate of LPG
The properties of LPG at 1.22 bars are is 0.1 liter per min. and the specific volume of LPG at 1.22 bar pressure
is 1.763×10-3 m3/Kg.
Enthalpy hf = 107.3 kJ/Kg
Therefore mass flow rate of LPG is = 0.0001/1.763×10-3
Temp. tsat= -30 ⁰C
= 0.0567 Kg/min m = 9.448×10-4 Kg/sec
Heat extracted from evaporator in 1.5 hour = mLPG .xLPG .hfg + mLPG .cpLPG . (Tsup-
(Qeva) = Heat absorbed by LPG (QLPG) Tsat)
(Qeva) = Heat absorbed from (water + surrounding air inside of evaporator +
=9.448×10-4×0.5×375×103×5400+
leakage)
9.448×104×1.67×(48)
mw = mass of water =1kg cpw = specific heat of water=4180J/kg.K (ΔT)W =10OC =0.956812 MJ/Hr. h2 = hf+X.hfg = 107.3 + 0.5 x 375
XLPG = Dryness fraction of LPG from graph =0.5 =294.8KJ/Kg hg = hf+ hfg = 107.3 + 375
(Qeva) = Qeva + Qair +QL = 482.3 KJ/Kg.
= mwcpw(ΔT) + macpa(ΔT) +QL h3 = hg + Cp. ΔT = 482.3 + 1.67 x 48 = 562.46 KJ/Kg
We have taken 1 kg of water in bottle. So the refrigerating effect is, RE = h3 – h2 = 562.46 – 294.8
Since there is very less amount of air so it is neglected.
= 267.66 KJ/Kg
= 1×4180×10
= 41800 J
For calculating the COP of the system, we required the work input. For After finding out the COP of the LPG refrigerator we found out the heat liberated
work input we have by LPG after burning in the burner with the burner efficiency of 92 %. Heat
liberated by LPG to atm. QL= m×Cv
a 14.5 Kg. LPG cylinder.
The volume flow rate of LPG is 0.1 liter per min. and the specific volume of LPG at
Hence, input work is the amount of power required for filling 1 cylinder.
1.525 bar pressure is 1.763×10-3 m3/Kg.
From the PCRA energy audit report power required to refill 1 cylinder is
3.1354kWh. Therefore, for filling Therefore mass flow rate of LPG is
1 kg of LPG power required is, = 0.0001/1.763×10-3 = 0.0567 Kg/min m = 9.448×10-4
Kg/sec Cv = 46.1 MJ/Kg
= 3.1354/14.5 = 0.2162 kWh
QL= 9.448×10-4× 46.1×103
We run the setup for 1.5 hr. for that power is
= 43.56 W
= 0.2162×1000/ (9.45/10000) ×5400 = 42.39W
Hence, from this we have got the refrigerating effect from the system as well as
heat from the LPG.
COP of the LPG Refrigeration System COP = (h3-h2)/W
= 267.66/42.39
= 6.3
RESULTS:
The final temperature achieved is about 7.4 degree c.
The average mass flow rate is determined to be
0.000944kg/sec.
The cop is obtained to be 6.3
Comparison between gas cycles and vapor
cycles
Comparison between gas cycles and vapor cycles Thermodynamic cycles can be
categorized into gas cycles and vapour cycles. In a typical gas cycle, the working fluid (a
gas) does not undergo phase change, consequently the operating cycle will be away from
the vapour dome. In gas cycles, heat rejection and refrigeration take place as the gas
undergoes sensible cooling and heating. In a vapour cycle the working fluid undergoes
phase change and refrigeration effect is due to the vaporization of refrigerant liquid. If the
refrigerant is a pure substance then its temperature remains constant during the phase
change processes.. Hence, the required mass flow rates for a given refrigeration capacity
will be much smaller compared to a gas cycle. Vapour cycles can be subdivided into
vapour compression systems, vapour absorption systems, vapour jet systems etc. Among
these the vapour compression refrigeration systems are predominant.
COMPARE WITH DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR
Cop of a domestic refrigerator is normally up to 2.95 which is lesser than the LPG refrigerator. Domestic
refrigerator required high input power than LPG refrigerator. Also there are more moving parts in domestic
refrigerator and not eco-friendly. Domestic refrigerator requires more maintenance and operation is noisy.
FUTURE SCOPE
An introduction of new product in the field of refrigeration is expected and to give out positive result
with this normal product. The main aim is to focus on restaurant and community program hall, mid-
day meal of school so to preserve food products like vegetables, milk etc. Also at small snack stores
by increasing the probability of refrigerator by reducing its weight, removing compressor totally as
well as maximum cost reduction due to no cost of refrigeration.
The mine, desert and research areas and countries where lack of electricity this product might be
beneficial.
This product can also hold good application in an LPG car air conditioning.
ADVANTAGE
It eliminates the blocking problem.
It is efficient to save fuel.
Low Weight.
The fridge works when electricity off. It is efficient to save fuel.
No Pollution.
Running cost is zero.
Eliminates the compressor and condenser.
Noiseless
DISADVANTAGES
LPG is explosive in nature.
Do not maintain constant pressure in LPG cylinder.
Put the LPG cylinder is inverted position.
After the refrigeration processes, the exhaust of LPG is burn into burner. Because of the exhausted
vapour LPG can not converted again liquid phase , because the this process is very costly.
The prevention of leakage of the LPG is the major
problem in LPG refrigeration system. Because of the LPG is highly flammable.
APPILICATION
Food processing, preservation and distribution
Storage
Fish
Meat and Poultry
Dairy Products
(a). Ice cream
(b). Butter
(c). Cheese
(d). Butter milk
Beverage
Candy
Medical
CONCLUSION
The aim of the LPG refrigerator was to use LPG as a refrigerant and utilizing the energy of the high
pressure LPG cylinder for producing the refrigerating effect. We also conclude that, we are trying to burn
the exhaust LPG, the pressure of exhaust gas is less than 10 PSI, so that the flame produce by the burner is
spreading outside.
This system most suitable for hotel, industries, refinery, chemical industries where consumption of LPG is
very high. We are continuing this project with some fabrication work and we have collected various
equipment’s which is required for this project like high pressure pipes, regulator valve, and capillary tube.
We are going to analyse the experimental details of LPG refrigerator, in the major project.
REFERENCE
www.google.co.in
www.contest.techbriefs.com/2013/sustainabletechnologies/ 3792
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s1359431105004163
www.researchgate.net/publication/222674150 _experimental_evalution_of_a_demostic
_refrigerator_working_with_LPG
www.projecttopics.info/Mechanical/LPG-Refrigerato.php
C.P. ARORA, “Hand book of Refrigeration and air conditioning”, by page no. 425
“PCRA energy audit report”, HPCL LPG bottling plant Asauda Bahadurgarh (Haryana) Dec. 2006.
