PRINCIPLES OF
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION 2
AQS 1291
Assoc Prof Ir Dr Maisarah Ali
11 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
SANITARY FITTING AND PIPEWORKS
CONTENTS
Domestic water supply
Sanitary fitting and pipe work
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
The water company will provide from
their main communication pipe to a
stop valve and protections chamber
just out side the boundary.
Service pipe is taken from this stop
valve to an internal stop valve located
just above floor level and housed
under the sink unit.
Service pipe must not be placed
where it can be affected by frost,
heavy traffic or building loads
Minimum depth 750mm
recommended to domestic properties.
MATERIALS
Copper
Pvc polythene
Galvanized steel
Pvc pipes are resistance to frost and
corrosion – superceded metal pipes
WATER METER
Located on a service
pipe, in a compartment
inside the property
boundary.
WATER SUPPLY
DIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY
INDIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY
DIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY
The whole cold water to
the sanitary fitting is
supplied directly from
the service pipe
Used where high level
reservoirs provide a
good main supply and
pressure.
DIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY
Advantage
Only a small cold water storage cistern to
feed the hot water tank is required; this can
usually be positioned below the roof ceiling
level giving a saving on pipe runs to the roof
space and eliminating the need to insulate
the pipes against frost
Drinking water available from several outlet
point.
DIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY
Disadvantages
Lack of reserve should the supply be cut off
for repair
Lowering of the supply during peak demand
period.
Risk of contamination of the main water for
sanitary fittings by back siphonage
INDIRECT COLD WATER
SUPPLY
All sanitary fittings except
drinking water outlet is supply
indirectly from cold water
cistern positioned at a high
level, usually roof space
Requires more pipe works
but give a reserve supply in
case of mains failure and
reduce the risk of
contamination from back
siphonage.
PIPEWORKS
Any materials suitable for service pipe are
suitable for distribution pipe
Based on
individual preference
initial costs
possible maintenance costs
Common Size
15mm for wash basin and WC flushing cistern
22mm for sink and bath
COPPER PIPES
Low flow resistance
Strong
Easily jointed and bend
Joints can be made by
Manipulative
compression joint
Non manipulative
compression joints
Capillary joint
STEEL PIPES
Black tube galvanized or coated and wrapped
for underground services.
Joint-tapered thread and socket fitting
POLYTHENE PIPES
Very light, easy to join,
non-toxic, and available
in long length.
Jointing using metal or
plastic liner to the end of
the tube.
To prevent sagging, use
saddle clips 14x
diameter. For
horizontal, 24x diameter
for vertical runs.
UNPLASTICIZED PVC (UPVC)
For cold water service
Color-gray, blue, black
Jointing- a screw thread or solvent welding
Chamfering the end pipes, coated with
adhesive and pushed into straight coupling.
Heat fusion used for larger diameter water
authority mains.
COLD WATER STORAGE
CISTERNS
Size-depends upon reserve
required and whether to fit hot
water system. Minimum 115
liters for cold water storage, 230
liters for cold and hot water
services.
Positions-reasonable access for
maintenance purposes
Outlet above the highest
discharge point on the sanitary
fitting-flow by gravity.
COLD WATER STORAGE
CISTERNS
Inlet and outlet connection to
the cistern-opposite sides to
prevent stagnation of water.
Security fitting cover to prevent
ingress of dust, dirt and insects.
To prevent vacuum occurring
as water is drawn, the cover is
fitted with a screen vent. The
over flow is also fitted with a
filter.
PLASTIC CISTERN
ADVANTAGES
non-corrosive
rot proof
frost resistant
have good resistant to mechanical damages.
MATERIALS
Polythene
Polypropylene
Glass fiber
FLOAT VALVES
Pipes supplying cold water storage cistern
must be fitted with float valve to prevent an
over flow
Float valve must be fitted higher than the over
flow to prevent it from becoming submerged
and creating the conditions where back
siphonage is possible
A float valve is designed to automatically
regulate the supply of water by a floating ball
closing the valve when the water reaches a
predetermined level.
TYPES OF VALVES
Piston Valve
Diaphragm Valve
PISTON VALVE
Horizontal piston, which
closes over the orifice of a
diameter to suit the pressure
The diaphragm valve closes
over an interchangeable
nylon nozzle orifice
Quieter in operation
easily adjustable
Less susceptible to the
corrosion.
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
Have the outlet at the
top to increase the air
gap between outlet and
water level
Thus reducing the
possibility of back
siphonage if the cistern
water level were to
increase excessively
SANITARY FITTING AND
PIPEWORKS
Soil fitments-remove soil water and human
excreta such as water closets and urinals
Waste water fitments-used to remove waste
water from washing and the preparation of
food including wash basin, bath, shower and
sinks
MATERIALS
Should be made from impervious materials
be quiet in operation
easy to clean
convenient shape
fixed at suitable height.
MATERIALS
VITREOUS CHINA (BS
3402)
white clay body which is
vitried and permanently
fused with a vitreous
surface when fired at a
very high temperature
Non-corrosive, hygienic
and easily cleaned with
mild detergent..
GLAZED FIRECLAY
Porous ceramic body glazed in a similar
manner to vitreous china.
Exceptionally strong and resistant to impact
damage but will allow water penetration if
protective glazing is damaged.
Non-corrosive, hygienic and easily cleaned.
VITREOUS ENAMEL
A form of glass which can be melted and
used to give a glaze protective coating over a
steel or cast iron base.
Used mainly for bath, sinks, and draining
boards.
Lighter than ceramic material, hygienic, easy
to clean, has a long life.
However, can be cheap and subject to
staining especially from copper compound
from hot water system.
PLASTIC MATERIALS
Acrylic plastics, glass-reinforced polyester
resins and polypropylene.
Require no protective coating, very strong,
light, chip resistant, but generally cost more
than ceramic or vitreous enamel product.
Can become soft when heated, should be
used for cold water fitments or
thermostatically controlled mixing taps.
Clean by warm soapy water.
STAINLESS STEEL
18% chromium, 8% nickel
resistant to corrosion, very durable and light.
Used for sinks and draining board, available
polished or satin finish.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIFYING SANITARY FITMENTS
Costs: outlay, fixing and
maintenance
Hygiene: inherent and ease
of cleaning
Appearance: size, colour and
shape
Function: suitability, speed of
operation and reliability
Weight: support required from
wall and floor
Design: ease
BUILDING REGULATION G1, G2
G1 -requirements for sanitary conveniences
i.e water closets, urinals and wash basins
G2 – bathroom – bath or shower installation
BS 6465: SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
Part 1- provision and installation
Part 2- special layout and design for sanitary
accommodation
WATER CLOSETS BS 5503
Ceramic base with a
horizontal outlet
Consists of pan, seat, flush
pipe, flushing cistern.
Wash down type
relies on the flush of water
to wash the content of the
bowl round the trap and
into the soil-pipe
Single Trap or double trap
WATER CLOSETS – flushing
cistern
Made from enameled
cast iron, enameled
pressed steel, ceramic
or plastic ware
Piston type cistern
operate by lever or
button
WATER CLOSETS – flushing
cistern
When activated the disc
or flap valve piston is
raised and with it the
water level which
commences the
siphonage
Water level is control by
float valve
Typical capacity 6, 7.5
and 9 litres
WATER BASINS BS 1188, BS 5506
Can be
supported
on wall-
mounted
cantilever
brackets
or leg
support.
BATH AND SHOWERS
Made from porcelain
enameled cast iron but
now glass fibre
Fittings
Shower sprays
SINKS
For preparation of food, washing
of dishes and clothes.
Position: at drinking water
supply outlets
Building Regulation G1, G2
detail requirement and minimum
facilities to be made available in
a dwelling and the need for
sanitary accommodation to be
separated from kitchen area.
SANITARY PIPEWORK
Building Regulation approved document H1,
sanitary pipeworks and drainage set out in
detail the recommendation for soil pipes,
waste pipes, and ventilating pipes.
Regulation govern minimum diameter of soil
pipes, material requirements, provision of
adequate water seals by means of an integral
trap or non-integral traps, the positioning of
soil pipes of the inside of a building, overflow
pipe works and ventilating pipes.
SANITARY PIPEWORK SYSTEM
one-pipe system
two-pipe system
single-stack system
ONE-PIPE SYSTEM
Single discharge pipe which
conveys both soil and waste water
directly to the drain.
TWO-PIPE SYSTEM
Two discharge pipes, one convey soil
discharges, the other waste discharges.
Simple, reliable, and costly system.
Advantage- complete flexibility in appliance
layouts and deep seal traps are not
required.
SINGLE-SHACK SYSTEM BS
5572
Building regulation approved
documents H1.
Simplification of one-pipe
system by using deep seal
trap, relying on venting by
the discharge pipe, and
placing certain restriction on
basin waste pipes, which
have a higher risk of self-
siphonage than other
appliances.
MATERIALS
Galvanized steel prefabricated stack units
(BS 3868)
Cast iron (BS 416)
UPVC (BS 4514 )
The End
Thank you
