GOOD AFTERNOON!
WORD GAME:
• Identify the cell organelle/structure using
the description given and the number of
letters corresponded by the boxes.
IT IS THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE
EUKARYOTIC CELLS THAT
REGULATES ITS ACTIVITIES AND
CONTAINS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
NUCL EUS
THE MATERIAL INSIDE
THE CELL ENCLOSED BY
THE CELL MEMBRANE.
ORGANE L L E
THE THREADLIKE STRUCTURE OF
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN FOUND
IN THE NUCLEUS OF MOST LIVING
CELLS, CARRYING GENETIC
INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF GENES.
C H R OM O S O ME S
IT IS A MASS OF GENETIC MATERIAL
COMPOSED OF DNA AND PROTEINS
THAT CONDENSE TO FORM
CHROMOSOMES DURING
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION.
CH R OM A T I N
IT IS THE DOUBLE
MEMBRANE THAT
ENCLOSES THE NUCLEUS.
N U C L E A R
EN V E L O P E
Can you name these parts of the Human
Cheek Cell?
Parts of the Human Cheek Cell at 40X Magnification
THE CELL CYCLE AND
CELL DIVISION
Session 3
THE GREAT DIVIDE
BIOLOGY IS THE
ONLY SUBJECT
IN WHICH
MULTIPLICATION
IS THE
SAME THING
AS DIVISION…
2007-2008
You started
as a cell
smaller than
a period at
the end of a
sentence… WHERE IT
ALL BEGAN…
GETTING • Going from egg to baby….
FROM the original fertilized egg has to divide…
THERE TO
and divide…
HERE…
and divide…
and divide…
WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
• For reproduction
• asexual reproduction
• one-celled organisms
• For growth
• from fertilized egg to
multi-celled organism amoeba
• For repair & renewal
• replace cells that die from
normal wear & tear or from
injury
COORDINATION OF
CELL DIVISION
• A multicellular organism needs to
coordinate cell division across
different tissues & organs
• critical for normal growth,
development & maintenance
• coordinate timing of
cell division
• coordinate rates of
cell division
• not all cells can have the
same cell cycle
FREQUENCY OF CELL DIVISION
• Frequency of cell division varies by cell type
• embryo
• cell cycle < 20 minute
• skin cells
• divide frequently throughout life
• 12-24 hours cycle
• liver cells
• retain ability to divide, but keep it in reserve M
anaphase
metaphase
• divide once every year or two prophase telophase
C
• mature nerve cells & muscle cells G2
• do not divide at all after maturity interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)
• permanently in G0 mitosis (M)
cytokinesis (C)
S G 1
- phone - bi
CELL CYCLE
is a repeating sequence of cellular growth
and division.
CELL CYCLE
GETTING
THERE!
Interphase
It is a phase of the cell cycle, defined
only by the absence of cell division.
During interphase, the cell obtains
nutrients, and duplicates (copies) its
chromatin (genetic material). The
genetic material is located in the
nucleus of the cell and is made of the
molecule DNA.
cell division What process NEVER occurs in
interphase?
Nutrients Cells obtain ______________
and duplicate or copy their
Chromatin ___________ or genetic material
during interphase.
Nucleus Where is chromatin found in a
cell?
DNA Chromatin is made of a molecule
called ___________
During Interphase DNA replicates which must occur before Mitosis can begin .
Get the terminology right
centrioles
organize spindle
centromere is microtubules
the part of a
chromosome
that links sister
chromatids Spindle
microtubules
(also referred
to as spindle
fibers)
Sister chromatids are In animal cells two centrioles
duplicated chromosomes are held by a protein mass
attached by a centromere referred to as a centrosome
After anaphase when the sister
chromatids separate they should then
be referred to as chromosomes
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosome.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
Interphase
Most eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in
interphase. For example, human skin cells, which divide
about once a day, spend roughly 22 hours in interphase.
About 90 percent of cells are in interphase. Some cells,
such as nerve cells, can stay in interphase for decades.
There are 3 parts of interphase: G1 (gap 1, in which the
cell creates organelles and begins metabolism), S phase
(DNA synthesis, in which the chromosomes of the cell
are copied) and G2 (gap 2, in which the cell grows in
preparation for cell division).
5.In what PHASE do most cells
spend the majority of their
INTERPHAS
lifetime? E
6. How often do human skin cells
divide each day?
once a day
7. How many hours per day is a
human skin cell in interphase? 22 HOURS
8. What type of cell may spend
decades in interphase instead of Nerve cells
dividing?
Gap 1
G1, S, G2
10. What does G1
9. Name the 3
stand for and what
stages in
occurs in this
interphase.
stage?
11. What does S 12. What does G2
stand for and what stand for and what
occurs in this occurs in this
stage? stage?
Synthesis Gap 2
Interphase
Divided into 3 phases: G0
G1 (1st gap) = small cell is absorbing
nutrients, growing & doing its job.
S (synthesis) = cell is continuing to grow &
duplicates its DNA.
G2 (2nd gap) = cell keeps growing & doing
its job.
Interphase
Sometimes the cells exit the cell cycle (usually
from G1 phase) and enter the G0 phase. In the G0
phase, cells are alive and metabolically active,
but do not divide. In this phase cells do not copy
their DNA and do not prepare for cell division.
Many cells in the human body, including those in
heart muscle, eyes, and brain are in the G0
phase. If these cells are damaged they cannot be
replaced and typically become non-functional
scar tissue.
cells are alive and What happens to cells
metabolically that enter the G0
stage?
active
Name 3 types of cells
heart muscle, eyes, that enter the G0 phase
and brain when they are mature.
become non- What happens if these
cells are damaged
functional scar during your lifetime?
tissue
Interphase : G1
The G1 phase is a period in the cell cycle during interphase,
after cytokinesis (process whereby the cytoplasm of a single
cell is divided resulting in two identical daughter cells) and
before the S phase. For many cells, this phase is the major
period of cell growth and normal cell functioning during its
lifespan. This would represent about 10-12 hours of a cell
whose cell cycle was 24 hours long. During this stage new
organelles are being synthesized (made), so the cell
requires both structural proteins and enzymes, resulting in
great amount of protein synthesis.
What stage
Gap 1 (G1) Phase occurs after
cytokinesis?
What part of the
cell is divided
during Cytoplasm
cytokinesis?
Daughter cells What are the new cells
called and how do
Identical they compare with
each other?
What is major thing happening to a cell during
G1?
new organelles are being synthesized (made)
What percent of a cell’s life cycle is spent in G1?
50 percent
Since organelles and enzymes are being made during G1,
there is a great amount of _______________________
occurring.
protein synthesis
Interphase : S phase
The S phase, short for synthesis phase, is a period
in the cell cycle during interphase, between G1
phase and the G2 phase. Following G1, the cell
enters the S stage, when DNA synthesis or
replication occurs. This ensures that each
daughter cell inherits an identical set of DNA. S
phase takes about 6 hours of a 24 hour cell cycle.
Why is DNA replication necessary?
To ensures that each daughter cell inherits an identical
set of DNA
What would happen if each cell did not
inherit a complete set of DNA?
The cell will remain in S phase until the
chromosomes are properly copied, or
the cell will undergo programmed cell death
What percent of the cell cycle does a cell spend in
S phase?
25 percent
S PHASE: COPYING / REPLICATING DNA
• Synthesis phase of Interphase
• dividing cell replicates DNA
• must separate DNA copies correctly
to 2 daughter cells
• human cell duplicates ~3 meters DNA
• each daughter cell gets complete
identical copy
• error rate = ~1 per 100 million bases
ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC
ORGANIZING DNA DNA
• DNA is organized in
chromosomes histones
• double helix DNA molecule
• wrapped around histone proteins
• like thread on spools
• DNA-protein complex =
chromatin
• organized into long thin fiber chromatin
• condensed further during mitosis
double stranded chromosome
duplicated mitotic chromosome
COPYING DNA & PACKAGING
• After DNA duplication,IT…
chromatin condenses
• coiling & folding to make a smaller package
DNA mitotic chromosome
chromatin
double-
stranded
mitotic human
chromosomes
MITOTIC CHROMOSOME
Duplicated chromosome
2 sister chromatids
narrow at centromeres
contain identical
copies of original DNA
homologous homologous
chromosomes chromosomes
sister chromatids
single-stranded
double-stranded homologous = “same information”
Interphase : G2 phase
G2 phase is the third, final, and usually the shortest subphase
during interphase within the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes
a period of rapid growth to prepare for mitosis. It follows
successful completion of DNA synthesis and replication during
the S phase, and occurs during a period of about 4 hours. The
DNA is still in the form of loosely packed chromatin fibers. The
G2 phase continues growth of the cell and prepares the cell for
mitosis (M phase) by producing all of the enzymes that the
cell will need in order to divide. After the G2 phase of interphase,
the cell is ready to start dividing. The nucleus and nuclear
material (chromosomes made of DNA) divide first during stage
known as CELL DIVISION.
What is the final and shortest
phase of interphase? G2 phase
About how long would a typical
cell (24 hours cell cycle) be in the
G22 phase?
4 hours
By producing all the
How is the cell prepared for cell
division during the G22 phase? enzymes needed for cell
division
What follows the G22 phase? “M” phase (Cell
division)
What part of the cell is actually nucleus and nuclear
dividing in mitosis?
material
INTERPHASE
• 90% of cell life cycle
• cell doing its “everyday job”
• produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
• prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
Time to divide
& multiply!
M
Mitosis
CELL CYCLE
G2
Gap 2
G1
• Cell has a “life cycle” Gap 1
G0
cell is formed from S Resting
a mitotic division Synthesis
cell grows & matures cell grows & matures
to divide again to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M liver cells G1G0
epithelial cells, brain / nerve cells
blood cells, muscle cells
stem cells
INTERPHASE
• Divided into 3 phases: G0
• G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)
• cell doing its “everyday job”
• cell grows
a l to
signvide• S = DNA Synthesis
di
• copies chromosomes
• Duplicates centrioles
• G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)
• prepares for division
• cell grows (more)
• produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
green = key features
INTERPHASE
• Nucleus well-defined
• DNA loosely packed
in long chromatin
fibers
• Prepares for mitosis
‘CHECKPOINTS’
‘CHECKPOINTS’
There are several checkpoints, but the three most
important ones are:
• The G1
• start at the G1/S transition.
• The G2
• start G2/M transition.
• The spindle checkpoint, at the transition from
metaphase to anaphase.
The G1
• a cell checks whether internal and
external conditions are right for
division. Here are some of the
‘CHECKPOINTS’ factors a cell might assess:
• Size.
• Nutrients.
• Molecular signals.
• DNA integrity.
‘CHECKPOINTS’ - The G1
• What do you think will happen If a cell
doesn’t get the go-ahead cues it needs at
the G1?
it may leave the cell cycle and
enter a resting state called G0
The G2
At this stage, the cell will
‘CHECKPOINTS
’ check:
• DNA integrity.
• DNA replication.
‘CHECKPOINTS’ - The G2
• What do you think will happen if errors or
damage are detected?
the cell will pause at the G2
checkpoint to allow for repairs
• What will happen if the damage is
irreparable?
the cell may undergo apoptosis
‘CHECKPOINTS’
THE
SPINDLE
EXIT TICKET #3
