The mole is the SI base unit used to measure
the amount of a substance.
1 mole is the amount of atoms in 12 g of
pure carbon-12, or 6.02 1023 atoms.
The number is called Avogadro’s number.
The Molar Mass of Compounds
The molar mass of a compound equals the molar
mass of each element, multiplied by the moles of
that element in the chemical formula, added
together.
The molar mass of a compound demonstrates the law
of conservation of mass.
The Mass of a Mole (cont.)
Molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of any
pure substance.
The molar mass of any element is numerically
equivalent to its atomic mass and has the units g/mol.
Converting Between Moles and Particles (cont.)
Particles to moles
Use the inverse of Avogadro’s number as the
conversion factor.
Converting Between Moles and Particles
Conversion factors must be used.
Moles to particles
Number of molecules in 3.50 mol of sucrose
Stoichiometry is the study of
quantitative relationships between the
amounts of reactants used and
amounts of products formed by a
chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry is based on the law of
conservation of mass.
That matter is neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction.
The amount of matter present at the end of
the reaction is the same as the amount of
matter present at the beginning.
The amount of each reactant present at
the start of a chemical reaction
determines how much product can form.
The solution to every stoichiometric
problem requires a balanced chemical
equation.
What are the tools needed to perform
stoichiometric calculations?
You will need to use
i. molar ratios,
ii. molar masses,
iii. balancing and interpreting equations, and
iv. conversions between grams and moles
A mole ratio is a ratio between the
numbers of moles of any two
substances in a balanced equation.
4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3
Percentage is the percent mass of each
Composition element present in a
compound
Law of Definite Proportion
“regardless of the amount, a
compound is always composed of the
same elements in the same proportion
by mass”
Percent Composition
Can be calculated if given:
the chemical formula
OR
masses of elements in
compound
By Chemical Formula
% mass =
molar mass of an element X 100%
total molar mass of the compound
What is the % composition of
CaCO3?
Step 1: Find the molar mass of CaCO3
Ca x 1 = 40 g/mol
C x 1 = 12 g/mol
O x 3 = 48 g/mol
CaCO3 = 100 g/mol
Step 2: Find the % composition:
% Ca = 40 g/mol x 100 % = 40.00 % Ca
100 g/mol
% C = 12 g/mol x 100% = 12.00 % C
100 g/mol
% O = 48 g/mol x 100 % = 48.00 % O
100 g/mol
By masses of each
element
Calculate the percent composition of the compounds that is
formed from this reaction: 29.0g of Ag combines completely
with 4.30g of S.
STEP 1: find the total mass of the elements. 29.0g +
4.30g = 33.3g
STEP 2: find the % composition
Ag = 29.0g x 100% = 87.1%
33.3g
S= 4.30g x 100% = 12.9%
33.3 g
Try These:
1) Find the percent composition of
KMnO4.
2) Calculate the % composition of the
compound that results from 9.03g Mg
reacting completely with 3.48g N.
ANSWERS:
1) K = 24.68%
Mn = 34.81%
O = 40.51%
2) Mg = 72.18%
N = 27.82%
Percent Composition
Canbe used to:
calculate the mass of elements in a compound
determine the empirical formula of a compound
determine the molecular formula of a compound
responsible for conducting analysis and testing of
crime scene evidence in order to determine the
composition and nature of materials
predicts the source as well as match sample
against sample
Forensic
Chemist Job
Description
characterizes the evidence as part of the larger
process of solving a crime.
may also be required to present their conclusions
in court as an expert witness, attesting or
disproving the validity of the evidence that has
been forwarded
Empirical means determined
experimentally
Is the smallest whole-number mole
ratio of the elements
Empirical
Formula The empirical formula may or may not
be the same as the molecular formula.
Empirical formulas can’t be reduced.
Empirical?
CH4O
yes, cannot be reduced further
C2H6
no, empirical would be CH3
C3H10O
yes
C6H6O2
no. What would empirical be?
C3H3O
A chemist with an unknown
compound can easily figure out
its percent composition, but it is
Calculating much more meaningful to know
Empirical its formula.
Formulas
EXAMPLE:
What is the empirical formula
for a compound that is 25.90%
nitrogen and 74.10% oxygen?
Steps in finding the EF
1. Convert the given mass to moles using the molar
mass as a conversion factor.
2. Divide each molar amount by the smallest mole
value to get the mole ratio.
3. Write the EF using the smallest whole number
ratio.
4. If needed, multiply each by an integer to
determine the smallest whole number ratio.
Method
1. Write the mass (g) of each element in the compound.
So….we assume that it is a 100g sample:
25.90% N = 25.90g
74.10% O = 74.10g
2. Convert the mass of each element to moles, by
dividing by the molar mass.
N = 25.90g = 1.850 mol
14 g/mol
O = 74.10g = 4.631 mol
16 g/mol
3. Calculate the simplest whole number ratio by
dividing the number of moles by the smallest
number of moles.
1.850 : 4.631 = 1 : 2.5
1.850 1.850
(If the result is not within 0.1 of a whole number,
multiply all numbers by a whole number)
2 x ( 1 : 2.5) = 2 : 5
[Link] the empirical formula using
the numbers you obtained.
N2 O 5
NOTE:
For inorganic compounds, write the
most positive element first.
For organic compounds, write C
first, H second and all others
alphabetically.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1:
Quantitativeanalysis shows that a
compound contains 32.38% sodium,
22.65 % sulfur, and 44.99% oxygen.
Find the empirical formula of this
compound.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2:
Findthe empirical formula of a compound
found to contain 26.56% potassium, 35.41 %
chromium, and the remainder oxygen.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 3:
A compound is found to contain 63.52%
iron and 36.48% sulfur. Find its empirical
formula.
Find the empirical formula for
a compound that contains
35.98% aluminum and
64.02% sulfur.
Try this!
Determine the EF for a
compound containing 1.203 g
calcium and 2.128 g chlorine.
What is the EF of a substance
composed of 56.6% potassium,
8.68% carbon and 34.7 %
oxygen?
What is the EF of a compound
composed of 3.26 g arsenic and
1.04 g oxygen?
Molecular Formula
shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule.
The molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is
H2O2. Its empirical formula would be HO.
Often the molecular formula is the same as the
empirical formula: H2O, CO2
Given the empirical formula
and the gram formula mass
(gfm)
Determining OR
the Molecular
Formula
Given the percent
composition and the gram
formula mass (gfm)
Example #1
Calculate the molecular formula for NaO having a gfm
of 78g.
Solution:
Determine the efm (empirical formula mass).
NaO = 23.0g + 16.0g = 39.0
Divide the efm into the gfm.
78.0 = 2
39.0
Thisis the conversion factor used to determine the
molecular formula. Na2O2
Example #2
Find the molecular formula for a compound having a
composition of 58.8% C, 9.8% H and 31.4% O
and a gmm of 102g/mol.
Determine the mass of each component.
C = 102g/mol x 58.8% = 60.0g/mol
H = 102g/mol x 9.80% = 10.0g/mol
O = 102g/mol x 31.4% = 32.0g/mol
convert to moles
C = 60.0g/mol = 5
12.0g
H = 10.0g/mol = 10
1.0g
O = 32.0g/mol = 2
16.0g
Use moles as subscripts for components of compound
C5H10O2
Check the gmm of this compound…does it equal
102.0g/mol?
5(12.0) + 10(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 102.0g/mol
YES!
Example #3
Ifthe empirical formula of the
compound is CH2O and its molecular
mass is 181 g, what is its molecular
formula?
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1:
Ribose is an important sugar that is found in
DNA and RNA. Ribose has a molar mass of
150 g/mol and a chemical composition of 40.0
% carbon, 6.67 % hydrogen and 53.3 %
oxygen. What is the molecular formula for
ribose?
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2:
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a food flavor
enhancer, has been blamed for “Chinese restaurant
syndrome”, the symptoms of which are headaches and
chest pains. MSG has the following composition by
mass:
35.51 % C, 4.77 % H, 37.85 % O, 8.29 % N, and 13.6
% Na.
What is the molecular formula if its molar mass is
about 169 g/mol?
PRACTICE PROBLEM 3:
β-carotene (beta carotene), a compound found
in carrots, can be broken down to form
vitamin A. The empirical formula for β-
carotene is C5H7. The molar mass of β-
carotene is 536 g/mol.
Determine the molecular formula for
β-carotene?
