GIS FOR ENVIRONMENT
IRIANSA
LECTURE 1:
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS: A History, Scope,
Concept, and Utilization of GIS
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this topic, students will be able to:
1. Understand and explain the definition and characteristics of geo-information
and GIS
2. Understand and explain the scope and utilization of GIS
HISTORY OF G I S
The first application of the concept was in 1832 when Charles Picquet created a map
representing cholera outbreak across 48 districts of Paris.
Dr. John Snow (1854) used mapping (spatial analysis-traditional) to
investigate how cases of cholera hit the city of London, (Dilip Kumar, R.B.
Singh, Ranjeet Kaur. 2019)
physician, epidemiology
1960s, the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, led by
Michael Goodchild, formalized research on key geographic information
science topics such as spatial analysis and visualization.
In 1963, Roger Tomlinson’s (Father of GIS ) pioneering work to
initiate, plan, and develop the Canada Geographic Information
System resulted in the first computerized GIS in the world.
English geographer
In 1964, Howard Fisher created one of the first computer mapping software
programs known as SYMAP.
In 1969, Jack Dangermond and his wife Laura founded Environmental Systems
Research Institute, Inc. (Esri). The consulting firm applied computer mapping
and spatial analysis to help land use planners and land resource managers
make informed decisions ([Link])
GIS
Etymology (consists of three elements) and Terminology (consists of two
elements)
- Representation/description of the earth surfaces
Geography: - Study of Geospher Phenomenom (where, what, when, why, who,
how)
Data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to
Information: the person who receives it.
- a group of entities/elements/component
System: - interacting, interrelated, integration
- form a unified whole
- organized for a common purpose
Information System:
- identical of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks component
- interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate
information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and viualization
Geography Information:
- Information about the earth surfaces/geosphere
- identical to the spatial data (location)
- contains the meaning of what and where
- spatial is special
(1) Attribute Information
(2) Location Information (non-spatial data) :
(spatial data): What is it?
Where is it?
4°00'35.0"S Species:
122°31'17.5"E manggo
Height: 15m
4°00'35.0"S
Age: 20 Yrs
122°31'17.6"E Condition:
Good
The Major Component of GIS
Hardware
Software Data Procedure & Methods User/people
Refers to the device the tools for is key to obtaining is a key for successful
on which the GIS performing of comprehensive operation of GIS
software operates GIS functions information technology
• PC (RAM, CPU, • ESRI Products • Guidelines
Hard Disk,...) (ArcGIS, ArcInfo, • Specifications
Data quality
• Hp/Tablet ArcView) • Standarts
• types
• Digitizer • AutoCAD Map • sources
• Scanner • Mapinfo • time-series
• Plotter • ILWIS • Administrators
• ERDAS • Managers
• ......... • GIS Technicians
• Application Experts
• End Users
much literature states that “ Data - the most • Consumers
expensive and most important part of a GIS! Without
the right data in the right format, you cannot the best of a tool is meaningless, if
perform the right analysis.” without “good users”
GIS Functions
• Satellite Images • Reports
Imput Management
• Aerial Photographs
1. Data acquisition • Tabels
• Map & Collection
• Hard Disk • Online Storage
• DVD 2. Data Storage • Updating data
• USB Drive • Data security
GIS-System
• Types • Variables
• Time series 3. Data • Factors
• Sources Intergration • Constraints
• Georeferencing • Rectification
• Rescale 4. Data • Rotation
• Transformation Manipulation • other adjustment
Process
• Spatial Anlysis • Overlay, proximity,...
• Statistical Analysis 5. Data Analysis • Correlation, frequency,...
• Measurement • volume calculations,...
• Interpolation • Mathematical Modeling
• Simulation 6. Data Modeling • Statistical Modeling
• 3D Modeling
Output
• Digital Map • Garphs
• Printed Map 7. Vizualitation • Repots
• Tables • Video
The Main Purpose of GIS: as a tool
• Problem solving
• Support and improve decision-
making abilities
• complex planning and
management
[Link]
CONCLUSION I:
“A system of hardware, software, procedures and method designed to support the
acquisition, management, integration, manipulation, analysis, modeling and
vizualitation of spatially-referenced data for support decision making and solving
complex planning and management problems.
Gegraphy Information Technology
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS) –:is a
global navigation satellite system and
earth-centered orbital planes which can
provide precise (100 meter to mm)
location on the earth’s surface
(coordinate).
• Remote Sensing (RS) – use of satellites or
aircraft to acquisition information about
the earth’s surface, especially for a wide
area coverage.
• IS Techonologi (spesifications) – Software
and Hardware systems with capability
for input, storage, process and
output/display of geography
data/information
Geography Information S...?
GISystem : the technology (procedure/utilization/function)
GIScience : the foundation (the theory, concept, method)
GIStudies : the societal context
GISServices : the person/organization
Understanding The Differences of GISy, GISc, GISt and GISer
[Link]
Why Study GIS?
[Link]
Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Disciplines, location variables GIS
Professions, and Solution
Organizations
Today GIS is being applied around the world to virtually all the problems
that we face (Dangermond J., 2007)
[Link] present 1002
types of gis applications and uses
in the world
Ref: ESRI 2007
Environmentalist...?
GIS URGENCY TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
One Data-One Map Policy
17 goals, 169
targets, and 230
indicators
LOCATION:
Key Identifier to integrate
(link) Social, Economic and
PEPPRES No 59 Environmental data.
Thn 2017
GIS Solution
CONCLUSION II:
• The scope of GIS as an Information System acts as a solution for
comprehensive, reliable, real-time and authentic information.
• GIS has a vital role as a Decision-Making Support System.
Lecture 2:
1. GIS Benefits
2. GIS Data Components
3. Map, Coordinate System, Projection System
The Benefits of Using a GIS and Technology
• Efficency (cost and time) and effectivennes (capability and
accuracy)
• Support to integrate spatial and non-spatial data, including
different types, sources, and time series of data
• Simplify to manage, process and visualization of complex data
• can be integrated with multi-approaches/methods
• Makes it easy to identify, understand,
analyze, and manage the complex
regional problems
• Applied to various disciplines,
professions, and organizations
• Improved decision making: decisions are made
easier because specific and detailed information
is presented about one or more locations.
• Better communication, collaboration and
coordination between any involved disciplines,
profession and organisations
Ref: geospatialmedia
The Benefits of Using a GIS and Technology
• Efficency (cost and time) and effectivennes (capability and
accuracy)
• Support to integrate spatial and non-spatial data, including
different types, sources, and time series of data
• Simplify to manage, process and visualization of complex data
• can be integrated with multi-approaches/methods
• Makes it easy to identify, understand,
analyze, and manage the complex
regional problems
• Applied to various disciplines,
professions, and organizations
• Improved decision making: decisions are made
easier because specific and detailed information
is presented about one or more locations.
• Better communication, collaboration and
coordination between any involved disciplines,
profession and organisations
STRATEGY FOR ACCELERATION OF SID DEVELOPMENT
SPATIAL BASED:
1. BIG and LAPAN to accelerate the provision of imagery High
Resolution
2. Synergy of Participatory and Build Mapping
3. Governance and Procedure for Village Map Formulation
4. Local Government Involvement in Village Map Preparation
5. Preparation of SID Feeding Standards
Ref: BIG (rakernis balilatfo, 2017)
