Plastic Sectional Analysis

Development of 3m Po 3 m
Plasticity in Beams A C
B
• Consider a simple beam σmax =Fy
subjected to increasing P1
A C
force
• As the force increases, the Fully Elastic Stress B
stress inside the beam σ =Fy
P2
increases. Until the region A C
of maximum moment starts σ =Fy
Elastic-Plastic
to yield B

• Then the plastic strain σ =Fu P3

spreads through the cross- σ =Fy A C
section and through the σ =Fu
beam, causing an inelastic At Ultimate,
Fully-Plastic
Inelastic Zone  Plastic Zone
zone.
Elasto-Plastic Behavior due to Bending
• Lets
  trace the behavior of a beam cross-section subjected to increasing moment
• The curvature is defined as κ =εmax / c = 1/R ≈ d2w/dx2
• You can note that the rotation ϴ is approximately:
• Equating the maximum stress with the yield stress gives the equation for the yielding
moment My = Fy*I/c = Fy S, which describes the beginning of yielding in the section
• The corresponding curvature at such My is the yield curvature κy= εy / c
εmax σmax

c
κ
M Elastic (Centroidal)
Neutral Axis (ENA)

Cross-Section Strain Stress-Distribution , Elastic

Distribution
 Elasto-Plastic Behavior due to Bending
Moment
• We can draw the moment-curvature curve for the cross-
section as shown. My

• Increasing the moment to M2 > My will cause yielding to κy

Curvature
spread inside the cross-section layers
Stress
• Lets assume the steel to behave as Elastic-Perfectly-Plastic Fy
ε2 > ε y σmax εy εu
Strain
σ =Fy Elastic-Perfectly-Plastic
cp
κ2 Elastic-Plastic Neutral
Axis (EPNA)
M2>My Elastic (Centroidal)
σ =Fy Neutral Axis (ENA)
Strain Distribution Stress-Distribution , Moment
Always Linear Elastic-Plastic M2
My
• Using equilibrium, we can compute the bending moment at
κy κ2
such curvature, this will give a pair ( M2, κ2 ) Curvature
Elasto-Plastic Behavior due to Bending
• We can continue increasing moment up to the fracture of steel at top most
stresses layer in the cross-section. This happens at VERY large strain εu !!!
ε = εu
σ =Fy
cp κu Plastic Neutral Axis
(PNA)
M=MP Elastic (Centroidal)
σ =Fy Neutral Axis (ENA)
Strain Distribution, Stress-Distribution ,
Always Linear Full-Plastic
• Computing the moment at this case, gives what’s called Moment

“Plastic Moment” of the section (MP) , it happens at an MP

M2
ultimate curvature κu= εu/cp My
• We can then draw the entire Moment-Curvature Diagram κy κ2 κu
for the section. Curvature
Computing Plastic Moment MP
• In order to compute the plastic moment, we realize that the Neutral Axis will move to the location
where it divides the area into two equal areas.
• This occurs so that to preserve equilibrium. Notice that
T = C  Atop*Fy = Abot*Fy (‫لستيل لو ايرون كان بتختلف‬
. ‫ ) النه بالكومبرشن والتنشن بتكون اف ييلينج نفسها ل‬ Atop= Abot = A/2 , this fact
helps us find the PNA.
• Then using equilibrium again, the internal moment must equal the applied moment. Hence: MP = (T or
C)*(Y1+Y2) = Fy(A/2) *(Y1+Y2) = FyZ
• The factor Z is called the Plastic Section Modulus.
‫ ألنه قسم المقطع لنصفين متساويين‬eqyal area axis ‫بنسمي المحور احيانا‬ •

σ =Fy
Atop Y1 T
Plastic Neutral Axis
Y2 (PNA)
M=MP Abot C
σ =Fy
Cross-section Stress-Distribution
, Full-Plastic
 Idealized Moment-Curvature and the
Plastic Hinge Concept Real E-P
Moment
• The moment-curvature (M-κ) represents the elastic-plastic
behavior of the cross-section at various moments. MP
• This is similar to the stress-strain behavior of the material. So,
sometimes the M-κ curve is called the generalized stress-
My Idealized Bi-
strain curve of the cross-section. Linear M-κ
κy κu
• This curve can be idealized into a elastic-perfectly-plastic model, as Curvature
shown. ‫عادة لما بدي احسب دفورميشن‬
• Re-thinking this resulting curve, we can see that once the section ‫بستخدم االول ولما احسب كابسيتي‬
reaches full plasticity, it can undergo large rotations at a constant Moment ‫بستخدم الثاني‬
bending moment value of Mp MP
• This means that after reaching Mp, the cross-section cannot resist
further moment, and continues to rotate freely under sustained My Idealized E-P
moment.
• This concept is similar to the real hinge behavior. Therefore, this κy κu
behavior is called a Plastic Hinge Behavior Curvature
• So, if more moment is added to the beam, where would it go??
 P3
Inelastic Curvature Distribution A C

Moment Plastic Zone

MP
Elastic Inelastic Elastic
My Idealized Bi- Moment
Linear M-κ Diagram
My
κy κu
Curvature Mp
M < My  M = (My/κy)*κ = EI*κ Real Elastic Inelastic Elastic
Note in this case: EI = dM/dκ = Flexural Rigidity Curvature Curvature = κy
Distribution
After Yielding:
Curvature = κu
M > My  M = My + EIT*(κ – κy)
Elastic Inelastic Elastic
Note in this case, we define the tangent flexural Idealized
rigidity as: EIT = dM/dκ, which is always Curvature Curvature = κy
decreasing as yielding spreads through the cross- Distribution
section Curvature = κu
 Shape Factor “ f ”
• The ratio between plastic moment and yield moment is defined as
“The shape factor” , i.e. f = Mp/My
• It gives an indication of the range of “capacity” reserved between the
start of yielding, and the real plastic capacity of the cross-section.
• It can also be correlated to the length of the plastic zone in the
beams.
• For rectangular section made of homogenous ductile material (like
steel), this ratio is 1.5.
• For Wide-Flanged (or IPE) sections, the ratio can be around 1.1
 Example
• Lets’ find the elasto-plastic behavior of the fixed-fixed beam. The cross-section of the beam is rectangular and
is made from an aluminum whose material follows the given idealized stress-strain curve. We will follow the
displacement of point B on the beam as we increase P.
Stress
 • The elastic moment diagram is shown below. From structural analysis, we can use the virtual 280
work method for computing displacements, or the double-integration method for the
curvature. MPa 0.004 0.04
Strain
• Virtual Work Equation , where Elastic-Perfectly-Plastic

mv = virtual internal elastic moment, resulting from the virtual 1 unit load
= The real curvature distribution in the system. 3m P 3m
 • The double-integration method is 200 A B C
mm
100 mm
Where w(x) is the transverse flexural
displacement.
The two equations above require that
deformation be assumed small
MB=P(6/4)
 Example

First, lets find the moment-curvature relation for the cross-section (i.e. the local
generalized stress-strain).
Similar to steel, the yield moment is Fy*I/c = 280*(200^3*100/12)/(100) = 186.7 kN.M,
the yielding curvature is κy = εy/(h/2) = 0.004/100 = 4x10-5 /mm = 4x10-2 /m.
The plastic moment for the cross-section is Mp = Fy*Z = Fy*BH2/4=280*100*200^2/4 =
Moment, kN.m
280 kN.M
Mp = 280
The ultimate curvature = κu = εu/(h/2)=0.04/(0.2/2) = 0.4 /m. My = 186.7
We will idealize the moment-curvature as shown in the figure: 4x10-2 0.4
κ, 1/m
Elastic-Perfectly-Plastic
• Now, lets imagine the total load is being increased slowly as steps.
• The first step is an elastic step, where the max. moment is set to equal to yield moment
• From the elastic moment diagram, the maximum moment is MB =P1(6/4) = 186.7  P1 = 124.5
kN
• At this stage, the entire beam is still elastic, so, the deflection at point B can be computed as :
ΔA = P1L3/48EI, where EI = My / κy = 186.7 /4x10-2 = 4667.5 kN.m2 . Thus ΔA =
124*6^3/(48*4667.5) = 0.12 m.
 Example

Moment Diagram
•• For the second step, we keep increasing the force until the moment becomes equal to
 the plastic moment.
MY = 186.7
• Notice at this stage, almost a length equals L P of the beam has become inelastic, so
we cannot use elastic analysis to determine displacement. MP = 280
• From equilibrium, P26/4 = 280  P2 = 186.7 kN
LP
• To find displacement, we need to find Lp and use either virtual work or double
integration of the curvature diagram. Inelastic
• LP can be found using triangles: 280/3 = 186.7/(3-L p/2), Lp = 1.99 ≈ 2 m κY = 4x10-2
• Using virtual work , Taking x to start from beam end, and writing both curvature and
virtual moment as functions of x, we obtain:
κu = 0.4
= 0.03+0.29 = 0.32 m, Curvature Diagram
• Notice the first term is the deflection due to elastic deformation, while the second is
the deflection due to inelastic deformation.
• Now we can plot the two points, the first yield, and the ultimate point on a so-called
Load-Deflection ( or push-over) diagram. mv = 6/4
Moment from virtual unit-load
 Example
• Notice we only computed two points on the curve. The Load, kN

first region is known elastic, and it is linear (assuming Pu = 186.7

small deflection), Py = 124.5
• While the second part, it is inelastic and the relation 0.12 m 0.32
between load-moment-curvature is not a linear relation, Δ, m
thus the curve would be nonlinear. And it should Load-Deflection Curve
approach the ultimate point asymptotically.
• Notice for this structure, the ductility is 0.32/0.12 = 2.67 , while for the material, the
ductility was 0.04/0.004=10, and for the sectional response (moment-curvature) the
ductility was 0.4/4e-2 = 10
• Generally, ductility decreases, start from the material as max, and going down for the
structure as minimum.

• Compute R for this structure. For equal disp. =2.67, for equal energy or area =(2*2.67 – 1)^0.5
 Effect of Axial Force on Moment-Curvature
• Having an axial force does increase the internal stresses, and thus one would expect that this will reduce and
worsen the moment-curvature curve.
• The axial force increases the asymmetry in the stress distribution even for symmetric sections
• The moment at yielding at a given value of axial force (My,P) can be computed using mechanics of materials as:
My,P / S + P/A = Fy  My,P / My + P/Py = 1  My,P = My (1 – P/Py) , Py = Afy
• However, for the plastic moment (MP,P) , we need to re-work the sectional equilibrium, and this depends on
the section shape.
• Assume rectangular solid section, we can always subdivide the plastic stress distribution into two
contributions, one from moment (anti-symmetric around centroid) and one from axial force( symmetric
around centroid.
H/2 – {H-C} = C-H/2
σ =Fy T H-C
C T Centroid P
M+P
PNA
H-C C C H-C
σ =Fy
Moment Contribution Axial Contribution
Cross-section Overall Stress-Distribution
 Effect of Axial Force on Moment-Curvature
• Now doing the equilibrium:
• ΣF = P  2(C-H/2)FyB = P or C = (H/2)(1+P/Py)
• ΣM = M  C(H-C)FyB=M, substitute value of C and
simplify: P/Py
{ (H/2)(1+P/Py) }*{H – (H/2)(1+P/Py) }* FyB = M 1

{ (H/2)(1+P/Py) }*{ (H/2 )(1-P/Py) }* FyB = M

{ 1 – (P/Py)2 }*H2B/4 *Fy = M , Recall that for rectangular Elastic
section, MP = H2B/4 *Fy M/Mp
1/f 1
Thus: 1 – (P/Py)2 = M/Mp or : (P/Py)2 + M/Mp = 1.0 ,
thus :
Mp,P = { 1 – (P/Py)2 }* Mp , where Mp,P is the plastic moment
under the presence of axial force P.
 Effect of Axial Force on Moment-Curvature
• We can also compute the curvature at ultimate and yield as a function of the axial force using the their
definition, i.e.: κy,P = εy/CY and κu,P = εu/CP
• In case of the first-yielding point, we can find the neutral axis location Y from the centroid by equating the
combined stress to zero. Moment
My,P Y /I + P/A = 0  Y = -(P/A)*(I / My,P) = -(P/A)*{I / [ My*(1-P/Py)]}, MP
My P=0
But My = FyS  Y = -(P/Py )*(I/S) / { 1-P/Py },
Mp{ 1 – (P/Py)2 } P≠0
For rectangular section: I / S = H/2, and CY = H/2-Y
My (1 – P/Py)
CY =H/2 + [ (P/Py )*(H/2)/ (1-P/Py)], which is simplified into Curvature
CY =(H/2)/(1-P/Py) κy κu

• For the case of ultimate point, we can CP = (H/2)(1+P/Py) κy*{ 1-P/Py }

κu /{ 1+P/Py }

• Comparing C values, we see that the yield and ultimate curvature decreases with increasing axial force.
• We can thus compute the ductility of the cross-section as
κy,P = εy/CY = εy /{ (H/2) / (1-P/Py) } = κy(1-P/Py)
κu,P = εu/CP = εu /{ (H/2)*(1+P/Py) } = κu / (1+P/Py)
(κu / κy )P = {κu / (1+P/Py) } / {κy(1-P/Py) } = (κu / κy )/[ 1-(P/Py)2 ]
• This means that for a steel solid rectangle, the ductility of the section increases with axial force
Home Exercise
• Solve the same previous simple
beam but this time assume that 3m
P
3m
there is an axial force equals Q = Q
A B
0.25Py , then Q = 0.5Py 200
mm C

• Draw the resulti ng load deflection

100 mm

curves.
• Neglect axial deformation and axial
energy in your calculations.
• Also neglect large deflection
analysis.
Research Assignment
• Investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete section, and determine the effect
of axial compression force on the ductility of the cross-section.
• First, generate moment curvatures for the cross-sections with different
reinforcement ratios, Assume the section is singly reinforced.
• Then generate interaction envelopes for cross-sections with different steel ratios,
and then plot the moment-curvature for different levels of axial forces and for
different levels of reinforcement ratios. Assume the section is singly reinforced.
• Demonstrate the effect of using compression steel in the cross-section on your
previous results.
• Numerical Investigations are OK provided to be thorough.
• Analytical solutions will receive high bonus.
• This assignment is to be solved in groups of 3 students at max.