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Virology Basics and Virus History

Virology is the scientific study of viruses and the diseases they cause. Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope and can only multiply inside living host cells. They do not display typical life functions like respiration or movement. Viruses reproduce and adapt to new hosts. There are over 3,700 known virus species. Viruses were first discovered in 1892 and have since caused many important diseases. Viruses have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material and come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but always have a protein coating. They are classified based on attributes like their nucleic acid composition, structure, enzymes, and effects on the host.

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49 views20 pages

Virology Basics and Virus History

Virology is the scientific study of viruses and the diseases they cause. Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope and can only multiply inside living host cells. They do not display typical life functions like respiration or movement. Viruses reproduce and adapt to new hosts. There are over 3,700 known virus species. Viruses were first discovered in 1892 and have since caused many important diseases. Viruses have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material and come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but always have a protein coating. They are classified based on attributes like their nucleic acid composition, structure, enzymes, and effects on the host.

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Dara ayu Saputri
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VIROLOGY

INTRODUCTION
dr.AYU LIDYA PARAMITA
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURABAYA
VIROLOGY scientific study of viruses and the disease
they cause
VIRUSES an infective agent typically consists of nucleic
acid in a protein coat, too small to be seen by light
microscopy, multiply within living cells of host (obligate
parasite)
Viruses challenge the way we define LIFE:
they do not respire
they do not display irritability
they do not move
they do not “grow”
WHAT THEY DO: they reproduce and adapt to new hosts
3700 SM, Mesir 1000 SM, Cina

The History of Viruses


1892
Discovered viruses
(Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski
)

Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanowsky (1892) Martinus


Beijerink (1898) Filterable agent: Tobacco
Mosaic
Freidrich Loeffler & Paul Frosch (1898) Foot & Mouth
Disease Virus
Walter Reed (1899) Yellow fever: transmission by insect
vectors
VIRUSES AND ONCOGENESIS
Ellerman and Bang (1908) leukemia
Peyton Rous (1911) Rous Sarcoma virus
Bacteriophages Era Frederick Twort (1915) discovery of
phages Felix D’ Herelle (1917) role in immunity 
Wendell Stanley (1935): crystallization of TMV
Delbruck (1940s): modern molecular biology and
virology
Lwoff (1949): discovery of lysogeny
Enders et al., (1949): poliovirus and tissue culture/plaque
assays 1980s: Immunology and PCR technology was
introduced as well as gene therapy and bioterrorism 
Bacteria Virus
 Intracellular parasite (no) yes
 Plasma membrane yes no
 Binary fission yes no
 Filterable no yes
 Possess DNA & RNA yes no
 ATP production yes no
 Ribosomes yes no
 Antibiotic sensitive yes no

Comparison to bacteria
1. batang
2. bulat
3. komplek (bata, bulat panjang
/oval)

BENTUK VIRUS
• Ukurannya berkisar dari 0,02 mikrometer
sampai 0,3 mikrometer (1 µm = 1/1000 mm).
• Unit pengukuran virus biasanya dinyatakan
dalam nanometer (nm).
• 1 nm adalah 1/1000 mikrometer dan seperjuta
milimeter.

UKURAN VIRUS
STRUKTUR
Viral Structure
ASAM INTI
 Asam inti (nucleic acid) ; pembawa informasi genetic
 Asam nukleat yang dapat berupa RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
atau DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) dan tak pernah
keduanya.
 Rantai asam inti t.d.: Suatu untaian unit-unit dasar
(nukleotida),dimana masing-2 unit tsb. tersusun oleh 3
komponen, yaitu :
basa nitrogen:
a. Purine t.d.: A & G
b. Pirimidine t.d.: S,U & T
 Gula Pentosa : Ribosa & deoxyribosa
 Asam fosfat : untuk menghubungkan basa nukleotida dg
gula Ribosa/deoxy R.
• Virus DNA mengandung 4 basa nukleotida yaitu:
G,A,S dan T(thymin) .
• Virus RNA :G,A,S dan U(urasil)
• Masing masing virus dapat mengandung beberapa
ratus/ribuan rantai nuklotida(genetic)
KAPSID
Merupakan lapisan protein t.d. unit-unit monomer asam amino 
kapsomer  kapsid.

Fungsi:
a. Memberi bentuk virus
b. Pelindung dari kondisi lingkungan yang merugikan (pelindung
asam inti)
c. Mempermudah penempelan pada proses penembusan ke dalam
sel (penetrasi pada sel host)
Amplop (pembungkus nukleokapsid):

• Tidak semua virus, terbentuk saat proses replikasi pada sel host
dan berasal sebagian dari membrane sel atau membrane inti sel
host yang terinfeksi
• Mengandung:
- lemak
- Karbohidrat
- Protein yang bersifat antigenic/enzim-2
(hemaglutinin,Neuraminidase,lipoprotein)
• Tapi tdk memiliki enzim-2 metabolisme
KLASIFIKASI
taksonomi virus, berdasarkan kriteria
1. Jenis asam nukleat (DNA/ RNA) berantai ganda/ tunggal
2. Ukuran & morfologi tmsk tipe simetri kapsid
3. Adanya enzim spesifik, terutama polimerase RNA & DNA yang
penting bg replikasi genom
4. Kepekaan thd zat kimia & keadaan fisik
5. Cara penyebaran alamiah
6. Gejala2 yang timbul
7. Ada tidaknya selubung
8. Byknya kapsomer untuk virus ikosohedarial/ diameter
nukleokapsid untuk virus helikoidal

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