SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE,TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
TOPIC: Data Collection tools, technique and methods
Submitted by:
Anurag Shankar Singh
DATA
Data can be defined as the information we
collect from different sources for different
research or any other purposes
Data is the plural of “Datum’. Datum is a
single piece of information
TYPES OF DATA
There are two types of data:-
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
PRIMARY DATA
The data which is directly collected from
the field by contacting with the farmer is
known as primary data
Primary data is collected by researcher
from first hand sources using method such
as survey, interview, or experiment
SECONDARY DATA
The data which is gathered from studies,
surveys or experiments that have been
conducted by other people or from other
research
SELECTION OF METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
1. The nature of phenomenon under study
2. The type of research subject
3. Purpose of research study
4. Size of study sample
5. Distribution of target population
6. Time frame of subjects
7. Literacy level of subjects
8. Availability of manpower and resources
DIFFERENT METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
Different methods of data collection are:-
i) Survey
ii) Observation
iii) Interview
iv) Experiment
TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION
Different tools of data collection are:-
i) Schedule
ii) Questionnaire
iii) Pen, pencil
iv) Camera
v) Scale
SURVEY
Itis a non experimental type of method
where the researcher investigate a
community or a group of people
Another name is FORMULATIVE or
EXPLORATIVE research
Advantages
It can provide information about the
possibilities of undertaking different types
of research methods
Provides data about the present
Has a high degree of representatives
Disadvantages
Yields a low degree of control over
extraneous variables
Verbal behavior is quite unreliable and
that of people
OBSERVATION
Basically a researcher goes out into the
world and looks for variables that are
associated with one another
Most commonly used in qualatative
research
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
1. Unstructured Observation
A method of collecting research data that
has both opponents and proponents
2. Structured Observation
Researcher typically have some prior
knowledge about the behavior or events
of interest
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive
Produces large quantities of data
w/relative cases
All data obtained from observation are
usable
All subjects are potential respondent
Disadvantages
Accurate prediction of a situation or event
to be observed unlikely
The presence of an observer gives the
subject a quality normal absent
Extensive training are needed
INTERVIEW
One of the direct communication between
researcher and subject for collection of
data
Series of question to be asked in a
interview is called a interview schedule
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
There are four types of interview:-
1) Structured(for research)
2) Semi-structured(flexible but structured)
3) Non-directive(free talk on issues)
4) Focused( In depth talk on an issue)
Advantages
Data from one interviewer to next are
comparable
Recording or coding data does not cause
problem
Attention will not be diverted
Time consuming
Disadvantages
Loose the spontaneity
Respondent views are minimized
Scope of exploration limited
EXPERIMENT
A powerful design for testing hypothesis
of casual relationship among variables
Researcher controls the independent
variable and watches the effect of
dependent variable
There are two groups:-
a) Treatment/ Experimental group
b) Control group
Advantages of experimental approach
It is difficult to minimize all the variables
in which control and experimental groups
might differ
Casual relationships are difficult if not
impossible to establish
The time element may confound the
results of the experimental results
SCHEDULE
It is one of the important , methods for the
study of social problem
Schedule is like questionnaire but is filled
by the enumerator
Enumerator are specially assigned for
filling
QUESTIONAIRE
A series of question designed to clitch
information , which is filled in by all the
participants in the sample
Information can be gather either by
written information or by written
questionnaire
This is the most common type of research
instruments
Advantages
Relatively a simple method of obtaining
data
Less time is consumed
Researcher is able gather data from a
widely scattered sample
Disadvantages
Responses to a question lack depth
Respondent may omit or disregard any
item he chooses
Length of the questionnaire is limited to
the respondents interest
Printing may be costly incase its lengthy
Some items may be misunderstood
The sample is limited to those who are
literate
PEN AND PENCIL
Notebook along with pen or pencil is
required for writing down information
which will help on research
CAMERA
Camera is also required while collection
of data as, photos are to be clicked for
providing it as proof
SCALES
A Measurement scale is used to quantify
data variables in statistics,. It determines
the kind of technique to be used for
statistical analysis
There are different kinds of measurement
scales, and the type of data being
collected determines the kind of
measurement scale to be used for
statistical measurement
TYPES OF SCALES
There are total four scales :-
For Qualitative data
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
For Quantitative data
Interval scale
Ratio scale
THANK YOU
