Points to Remember
Your title should reveal your independent
and dependent variable and subject
(respondent), the output could be
included (max. 12 key words)
4-2
Statement of the Problem (SOP) should be
aligned to your research paradigm
Scope, Delimitation, and Limitation of the
Study may be based on your definition of
terms and theoretical framework
Hypothesis should be in null form
Define only the terms in SOP which needs
operational definition
Questionnaire should be based on your SOP
and definition of terms supported by your
related literature (concepts) / studies
Follow APA format
Research design encompasses the
entire research process
Follow a descriptive research design
(using descriptive statistics: mean, mode,
and median) then correlational design
(using inferential statistics: chi-square,
Pearson, and simple linear regression –
bivariate analysis)
Subject of the Study / Respondents of the
Study
Research Instrument
What data gathering tools?
Validation of Data
questionnaire source(s)
validating team
statistician
faculty/industry experts
Data Gathering Procedure
How?
Important statistical terms
Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all responses,
measurements, or counts that are of
interest)
Sample:
A subset of the population
Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the
investigator wants to generalize his results
Sampling frame:
List of all the sampling units from which sample is
drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from sampling
frame
Slovin’s Formula
n = N
1 + Ne2
Types of sampling
Non-probability samples
Probability samples
Non probability samples
Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a population
that are easily accessible
Snowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)
Purposive sampling (judgemental)
You chose who you think should be in the
study
Quota sample
Probability of being chosen is unknown
Cheaper- but unable to generalise
potential for bias
Methods used in probability samples
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Cluster sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
Stratified sampling
A stratified random sample is a random
sample in which members of the population
are first divided into strata, then are
randomly selected to be a part of the
sample.
Multi-stage sampling
Multistage sampling refers to sampling
plans where the sampling is carried out in
stages using smaller and smaller sampling
units at each stage.
Errors in sample
Systematic error (or bias)
Inaccurate response (information bias)
Selection bias
Sampling error (random error)
Type 1 error
The probability of finding a difference
with our sample compared to population,
and there really isn’t one….
Known as the α (or “type 1 error”)
Usually set at 5% (or 0.05)
Type 2 error
The probability of not finding a difference
that actually exists between our sample
compared to the population…
Known as the β (or “type 2 error”)
Power is (1- β) and is usually 80%
Types of Survey Questions
Open-ended questions
Dichotomous questions
Multi-response questions
Matrix questions
Contingency questions
Likert Scale
1 2 3 4
Never Sometimes Often Always
Habit
Status/Level Least Some Great Very Great
Extent Extent Extent Extent
Agreeability/ Strongly Strongly
Disagree Agree
Opinion Disagree Agree
Agreeability to Level Scoring
3.50 - 4.00 High
2.50- 3.49 Average
1.50 – 2.49 Below Average
1.00 – 1.49 Low
Reliability Test
Test sample
Cronbach’s Alpha
