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Understanding Intrinsic Properties of Fluids

This document discusses several intrinsic properties of fluids including density, specific gravity, specific heat, viscosity, compressibility, surface tension, adhesive forces, and methods of measuring viscosity using different types of viscometers. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to that of water. Specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a substance. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation, and compressibility measures volume change under pressure. Surface tension and adhesive forces relate to intermolecular forces at liquid-gas and liquid-solid interfaces. Viscometers measure viscosity using techniques like measuring flow through an orifice or capillary tube.

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1K views26 pages

Understanding Intrinsic Properties of Fluids

This document discusses several intrinsic properties of fluids including density, specific gravity, specific heat, viscosity, compressibility, surface tension, adhesive forces, and methods of measuring viscosity using different types of viscometers. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to that of water. Specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a substance. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation, and compressibility measures volume change under pressure. Surface tension and adhesive forces relate to intermolecular forces at liquid-gas and liquid-solid interfaces. Viscometers measure viscosity using techniques like measuring flow through an orifice or capillary tube.

Uploaded by

Giriprasath.D
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Intrinsic Properties
  • Fluid Properties Overview
  • Density
  • Specific Gravity
  • Specific Heat
  • Viscosity
  • Compressibility
  • Surface Tension
  • Adhesive Forces
  • Viscometer

Intrinsic Properties

of fluids
Intrinsic Properties

• Intrinsic properties (also called intensive) are


those which are independent of the quantity
of matter present. For example, the density of
gold is the same no matter how much gold
you have to measure. Common intrinsic
properties are density and specific gravity.
density
• Density - units of mass per unit of volume.
Common units: g/cm3 and kg/m3
• Relevant equation(s):
– D = m/v ( Density = mass/volume )
• These measurements are relative to
temperature. The density of water (at 4 degrees
Celsius) is 1.00 g/cm3. Above and below that
temperature, the density will be slightly
different.
Specific Gravity
• Specific Gravity - ratio of a substance's density
relative to the density of water. Usually table values
use a water temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Since
specific gravity is a ratio with the same numerator as
denominator, it has no units.
• Specific gravity is usually measured with a
hydrometer.
• Specific gravity can be an ambiguous measurement if
the temperatures of the two substances are
different.
Specific Heat
• Specific Heat - the amount of energy required
to raise the temperature of one gram of a
pure substance by one degree Kelvin.
Common units J/(g*K) (Joules per gram-
Kelvin).
viscosity
• The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its 
resistance to deformation at a given rate. For
liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept
of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher
viscosity than water
• Viscosity can be conceptualized as quantifying the
internal frictional force that arises between adjacent
layers of fluid that are in relative motion. For instance,
when a viscous fluid is forced through a tube, it flows
more quickly near the tube's axis than near its walls. is
needed to sustain the flow through the tube. This is
because a force is required to overcome the friction
between the layers of the fluid which are in relative
motion. So for a tube with a constant rate of flow, the
strength of the compensating force is proportional to the
fluid's viscosity.
compressibility
• In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics,
the compressibility (also known as the
coefficient of compressibility or, if the
temperature is held constant, the isothermal
compressibility) is a measure of the relative
volume change of a fluid or solid as a response
to a pressure (or mean stress) change.
Surface tension
• Surface tension is measured as the energy
required to increase the surface area of a
liquid by a unit of area. The surface tension of
a liquid results from an imbalance of
intermolecular attractive forces, the cohesive
forces between molecules
adhesive forces
• Forces of attraction between a liquid and a
solid surface are called adhesive forces. The
difference in strength between cohesive forces
and adhesive forces determine the behavior of
a liquid in contact with a solid surface.
viscometer
• A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an
instrument used to measure the viscosity of a 
fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary
with flow conditions, an instrument called a 
rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be
considered as a special type of viscometer
6 Different Types of Viscometers
• Orifice viscometers.
• Capillary viscometers.
• Falling piston viscometers.
• Rotational viscometers.
• Falling ball viscometers.
• Vibrational viscometers.

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