MOHD HAIZAL FARIS BIN JAAFAR 57275110036
MOHD SYARIL AZMAN BIN MOHD KHIDZARI 572741100
TRUCK TYRE BASICS
Pneumatic Tyre – The History
John Boyd Dunlop registered this pneumatic
tyre with the British Patent Office in 1888 and is
therefore generally considered to be its inventor.
Whether he was the first person or the second to
register this patent - the pneumatic tyre is now
an indispensable feature of our motorised
society.
Complex tyre behavior is a direct result of the
tyre construction.
Pneumatic Tyre – The History
The two main functions of the tyre, is force
generation in the road plane and suspension
of the vehicle mass.
More areas such as comfort, traction and
cornering are take into account when the
combination of components for the tyre is to
be selected and calculated.
Modes of Transport Selection
Market surveys carried out in Europe reveal that
nowadays more than three quarters of all freight is
transported by truck.
Crossply Tyre and Radial Tyre
It was a further thirty years after the invention
of the pneumatic tyre for the first crossply
tyres to be developed for commercial vehicles.
There are very distinct differences in the
construction of radial and crossply tyres.
The carrying “air container” on crossply tyre is
made from criss crossing layers of rubberized
fabric, in radial tyres it is form by radially
running plies (casing plies) of rubberized cord.
Crossply Tyre and Radial Tyre
On firm road surfaces the radial tyre is superior to the crossply tyre
Its good self cleaning tread pattern; its stiffer sidewalls also enhance
resistance to tipping on vehicles with a high centre of gravity
The materials that make up a truck
tyre
Tyre components and their functions
Tyre components and their functions
1 – Tread strip
▪ Material Rubber compound
▪ Function The tread strips has to provide high wear
resistance and good grip under all road
conditions. In some instances the tread strip
combines two different materials (cap and base);
the basis is there to minimise the tread
temperature and the rolling resistance.
Pic
Tyre components and their functions
2 – Multi-ply steel belt
▪ Material Steel cords embedded in rubber compound
▪ Function Enhances driving stability, reduces rolling
resistance and gives the tyre its long service life.
Restricts casing growth and increases the tyre’s
structural strength.
Pic
Tyre components and their functions
3 – Steel casing
▪ Material Steel cord
▪ Function Gives the tyre its structural strength and its
deflection characteristics; substantially determines driving
comfort.
4 – Inner lining
▪ Material Rubber compound
▪ Function Major factor in preventing diffusion of air and
moisture in tubeless tyre.
Pic
Tyre components and their functions
5 – Sidewall
▪ Material Rubber compound
▪ Function Protects from lateral scuffing and the effects
of the weather
6 – Bead reinforcement
▪ Material Nylon, aramide, steel cord
▪ Function Securing the end of the steel cord ply on the
bead core. Reinforcing the bead against high shear forces.
Pic
Tyre components and their functions
7 – Bead core
▪ Material Steel wire embedded in rubber compound
▪ Function Ensures the tyre sits firmly on the rim.
Pic
Standardized Markings
Designations on the tyre meet both the US standard
FMVSS 119 and the European standard ECE R 54, and
refer to tyre characteristics.
Explanation
DOT = US Department of Transportation
ETRTO = The European Tyre and Rim Technical
Organisation, Brussels
ECE = Economic Commission for Europe (UN Institution in
Geneva)
FMVSS = Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
Code & Name:ECE R54-2005 UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL
OF PNEUMATIC TYRES FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND THEIR TRAILERS
Sidewall Markings
Standardized Sidewall Marking
4 Country of manufacture
1 Manufacturer
(brand name or logo) 5 US load designation
1a Tread pattern reference of single/dual fitment and indication
of max. inflation pressure in psi
2 Size designation (1 bar = 14.5 psi)
315 = tyre width in mm
80 = aspect ratio (section 5a Load range
height to section width) =80% in accordance with US standard
R = radial construction
22.5 = rim diameter (code) 6 Data as per US safety standard
on inner construction or number of
3 Service description plies, in this case
consisting of : Tread: under the tread there are five
154 = load index for single steel cord plies (including carcass)
fitment Sidewall: viewed from the side there
150 = load index for dual fitment is one steel cord ply (in this case the
L = code letter for speed rating carcass ply)
Fig
Standardized Sidewall Marking
7 TWI (Tread Wear Indicator) 11
E = tyres complies with value
8 Recommended application set forth in ECE-R 54
only Continental Truck Tyres
4 = country code for the
9 Regroovable country in which the approval
The manufacturer has designed number was issued
the tyre for regrooving (here: 4 = Netherlands)
10 12 DOT
Tubeless
Tube Type 13 Manufacturer code:
• Tyre factory
• Tyre size
• Tyre model
• Date of manufacture
Fig
The Most Important Marking
Example
Tyre Care – The Golden Tips
Tread depth
The main grooves on truck tyres have to have a tread depth of at least 1 mm,
1.6 mm or 2 mm, depending on the law in each country.
On tyres with wear indicators (TWI = Tread Wear Indicators), the tread depth
should be measured in the grooves where the wear indicators are located.
Tyre inflation
Tyre pressure should be checked every 2 weeks, at the latest every 4, on the
cold tyre. Spare tyres must also be checked.
Under inflation leads to
▪ Increased flexing, which makes the tyre overheat and may cause tyre
failure;
▪ Increased wear = shorter service life;
▪ Higher rolling resistance and subsequently increased fuel consumption;
▪ Irregular wear.
Tyre Care – The Golden Tips
Regrooving
Tyres which can be regrooved are designated REGROOVABLE on the sidewall
area.
These tyres feature an additional “rubber layer“ between the belt sector and
the tread grooves, which is currently between 2 and 4 mm depending on the
tyre size and tread pattern.
This rubber layer can be used to achieve a longer tyre service life by having the
tyre regrooved once the appropriate wear limit is reached on the original
tread pattern. A basic continuous layer of 2 mm must still cover the belt.
Storing tyres
Tyres should be stored in cool, dry, dark and moderately ventilated rooms.
Tyres which are not fitted on rims should be stored standing up. Avoid contact
with fuel, lubricants, solvents and chemicals.
Tyres age more quickly if exposed to direct sunlight or heat.
