2ND REGIONAL POLICY DIOLOGUE AND NETWORK BUILDING OF MULTI-SAKEHOLDERS ON

INTERGRATED DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES

(PoDIWM)

Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Was

tewater Management and Potential Project Prop
osal in Brunei Darussalam
21st OCTOBER 2020

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT &

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT PARKS AND RECREATION,
MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT
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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Contents
• Overview
• Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Performance (Septic tanks)
• Centralized Wastewater Treatment Performance (STP)
• Policy Recommendation

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Sanitation and Wastewater Management In Urban Areas

• Improved sanitation coverage of the Population:
 59% centralised sewerage system (major townships &
National Housing Schemes)
 > 70% served by the sewerage vacuum system
(Water Village Resettlement Schemes)
 34% with septic tanks (sub-urban & rural areas)
• The percentage coverage is based on the population
density.
• “Grey Areas” on the map are not yet connected to
centralised sewerage system
• Sludge is deposited at landfill Sg. Paku

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Septic Tank – Sludge Flow Calculation

• 34% of the Total Population with Septic Tanks;
• Estimated 150,000 people or 30,000 septic tanks operating in Brunei
• 5-6 ppl per household, septic tank size: 3.65 m3 septic tank

• Assuming desludging amount of 1 m3 based on guidelines and capacity of standard septic tanks
• If desluding is done every 5 years, 6,000 m3 / year will be accumulated based on sludge flow of 40
litre/person/year
• For people connected to centralised system, estimated sludge production is 11,600 m3 / year

• Thus a total of 17,600 m3 / year should be deposited to landfill.

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 1800
1600  • Shown is sludge deposition from
septic tanks and wastewater
Septic Sludge (tonnes/month)

1400 treatment plants combined.

1200
• Around 13,000 /year to
1000 14,000 /year is deposited
800 between 2016 and 2019.
600
• Thus septic tank desludging is
400 done less than once every 5
200 years.

0
Dec-99 Jan-00 Jan-00 Jan-00 Jan-00 Jan-00 Jan-00 Feb-00 Feb-00 Feb-00 Feb-00

Time
Sludge deposition from septic tank and STP
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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Overall Wastewater Treatment Plant Performance

Mean % efficiency (Dec 2015 – August 2019)

90.0
80.0 Eff. TS EFF TSS Eff BOD

70.0 Based on monthly

60.0 data from 31
50.0 treatment plants
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Dec.15 Dec.16 Dec.17 Dec.18 April.19 Aug.19
Month/year

Mean % Removal Efficiency TS, TSS and BOD (Dec 2015-Aug 2019)
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A v e ra g e d F e c a l C o lifo rm (M P N / 1 0 0 m l)

Example: Fecal Coliform Outflow into River

Fecal Coliform Outflow (Dec 2015 - Aug 2019)

1E+07

1E+06

1E+05

1E+04

1E+03
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Different Treatment Works

Shown is threshold limit of WHO Guideline (1000MPN/100ml) 7

 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Results of Performance Assessment

Score Justification of the score

Legislation on domestic wastewater treatment 2 - Share/link under other Government Agencies such as Town and Country Planning Order,
2015, Environmental Protection and Management Order, 2016, Pollution Control
Guidelines for Industrial Development 2003, Minor Offences Act, 2013
Legislation on sludge treatment 2 - PWD’s Design Manual and Guidelines for sewerage
- In process of enactment of Sewerage Act
Policy and program for domestic wastewater
4 RKN 5 to RKN 11 (5 years National Development Plan), Annual recurrent budget.
management
DDS and JASTRE guidelines for the required monitoring value of BOD5 is 20 mg/l and
Effluent standards 3 TSS is 30 mg/l for Brunei Darussalam for decentralized domestic wastewater is higher
compared to Japan which requires a BOD value of <10 mg/l e.g. (Gaulke, S. 2006)

Standard on treatment performance testing methods 3 Standard and Guidelines on performance testing methods are in place

Fully funded by Brunei government (centralized)

Financial mechanism and cost recovery 5
Installation and maintenance for Septic tank borne by house owners.
Performance on domestic wastewater treatment Performance of centralized STP based on analyses.
2
technologies Started monitoring of septic tank in 2019.

Performance of sludge treatment technologies N/A No measurement of performance carried out

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Policy consultation and recommendation -

(1) Institution arrangement and legal framework
1) Sludge flow calculation indicated that desludging of septic tanks is done on an infrequent basis.

• Action Plan 1: Monitoring and maintenance of septic tank especially those discharge directly to the water source such as
rivers etc. in combination with finalizing Drainage and Sewerage Act.

• Strengthening the monitoring and maintenance section in sewerage act and implementing concrete regulation in
sewerage act to spell out monitoring and maintenance procedure.

• Implementing Authority: Department of Drainage and Sewerage (DDS), Department of Environment Parks and
Recreation (JASTRE)

• Proposed monitoring and desludging plan of septic tanks: Once every 2 years {BOD5, TSS, COD, TS} in order to
improve frequency of monitoring and desludging, since current desludging is done less than every 5 years on average
for septic tanks

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Policy consultation and recommendation -

(2) Technology
• Monitoring data will be used for government, research and
development purposes of septic tanks, e.g improved design of septic
tank.
• Based on the results of the monitoring, septic tank effluent limits,
frequency of desludging and maintenance, guidelines and regulations
to be updated.
• University to be involved in Septic Tank sampling and monitoring.
AS SPECIFIED MANHOLE FRAME
AND COVER
AS SPECIFIED MANHOLE FRAME
FORMED CONCRE TE SURROUND AND COVER
MIN. 25 mm THICK CE MENT SCRE ED FORMED CONCRETE SURROUND
TO SET COV ER TO CORECT LEVEL
MIN. 25 mm THICK CEMENT SCREED
( FOR TUR
TURF A REA ) ( FOR TURF AREA ) TO SET COVER TO CORECT LEVEL

More scientific investigation on the exact frequency of desludging –

FLEXIBLE CONNECTION
ME CHANICAL JOINT
INLET CHA MBER PRIMARY CHAMBER SECONDARY CHAMBER FLEXIBLE CONNECTION
DIAMETER TO SUIT RETICULATION OUTLET CHAMBER MECHANICAL JOINT
VENTILATION OPENING
BEN CHING SLOPE 1 : 12 V ENTILATION OP ENING VENTILATION OPENING
FLOW 100 x 100 VENTILATION OPENING 10 0 x 100 DIAMETE R SAME AS INCOMING PIP E
100 x 100
3 NOS.100 x 100 BENCHING SLOPE 1 : 12
T.W.L T. W.L FLOW

AS SPECIFIED PIPE
AS SPECIFIED PIPE

as part of regulation.
SUB MERGED HORIZONTAL ORIFICE
3 NOS.100 x 100

PROJECTION

100 Ø UPVC SLUDGE WITHDRA W OFF P IPE

GALVANISED S TYEE L BRACKET c/w
STAINLESS S TEEL B OLTS & NUTS

• Promote R&D to improve septic tank treatment and design e.g. pre-
SECTION
SCALE : NOT TO SCALE

frabricated septic tanks which can limit ammonium, phosphate and

nitrate emissions

12m m
EQUAL SPACING ACCORDING

FA LL
TO WIDTH OFTANK

BAFFLE BOA RD SCUM BOARD

S LOPE 1:12 TO OP ENING

PRIMARY CHAMBER NO. 2
GALVANISE D MALLEBALE CAS T IRON STEPS
S TAGGERED A T 300mm CENTRES VERTICALLY
PRIMARY CHAMBER NO. 2
G ALVANISED MALLEBALE CAST IRON STEPS
AND HORIZONTA LLY 100 Ø UPVC PIPE STAGGERED AT 300mm CENTRES VERTICALLY

• Septic tank database shall be created and maintained, for planning

FLEXIBLE CONNE CTION 100 Ø UPVC SLUDGE WITHDRAW OFF PIPE A ND HORIZONTALLY
FLEXIBLE CO NNECTION
MECHANICA L CONNE CTION
MECHANICAL CO NNECTION
DIAMETER TO SUIT VENTILATION OPENING DIAMETER SAME AS INCO MING PIP E

1: 12

1: 12
RERICULATION 100 x 100 AS SPECIF IED PIPE
FLOW FLOW
VENTILATION
VENTILA TION OPENING
OPENING

1: 12
1 : 12
AS SPECI FIED PIPE
EQUAL SPACING ACCORDING

and enforcement.
VENTILATION OPENING TO WIDTH OFTANK
100 x 100

100 Ø UPVC SLUDGE WITHDRAW OFF PIPE

100 Ø UPVC PIPE

PRIMARY CHAMBER NO. 1 PRIMARY CHAMBER NO. 1

BAFFLE BOA RD SCUM BOARD

12m m
FA LL
PLAN
SCALE : NOT TO SCALE

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Policy consultation and recommendation -

(3) Finance
• Septic Tank Owners bear 100 % cost for desludging and
monitoring.
• Considering PPP for long-term continued maintenance of
STP to maintain optimum performance. Connection to
centralised system is encouraged.

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Policy consultation and recommendation -

(4) Public awareness and participation
 JASTRE to assist in preparation of guidebooks for the public on
the importance of water quality, the linkage between septic tank
maintenance and improving water quality (e.g. Sungai Brunei) and
the environment, and our role for a sustainable future.

• Put more effort on community outreach programmes in all four

districts to raise public awareness and participation.

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 Draft Policy Recommendation on Domestic Wastewater Management and
Potential Project Proposal in Brunei Darussalam

Domestic Wastewater Policy Roadmap

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2025-2030 Post SDGs era

(1) National Development Plan: NDP until 2035

Upgrade & Maintenance of STP

(2) Strengthening of maintenance and monitoring

section in Sewerage Act

(3) Research and Development of septic tanks:

(3a) Data collection and monitoring
(3b) septic tank design development
(3c) Review and revise guidelines and
regulations, manuals

(4) Publication and outreach

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