CENTROID

CENTRE OF GRAVITY
 It is the point where the whole weight of the body is assumed to
be concentrated. It is the point on which the body can be
balanced.
 It is the point through which the weight of the body is assumed to act.
This point is usually denoted by ‘C.G.’ or ‘G’.

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

CENTROID
 Centroid is the point where the whole area of the plane figure
is
assumed to be concentrated.

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 CENTROID

CENTRE OF GRAVITY

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 5

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

  It is easy to find the centroid of simple shapes.
 If the object has an axis of symmetry the centroid will always lie
on
that axis.
 If the object has two axes of symmetry, the centroid will be at
the intersection of the two axes.

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 SIMPLE GEOMETRIC SHAPES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 7

 COMPOSITE GEOMETRIC SHAPES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 8

 COMPOSITE GEOMETRIC SHAPES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 9

 CENTROID of a figure is always represented in a coordinate system as shown in
figure
below. The calculation of centroid means the determination of 𝒙 and 𝒚 .

y
𝒙 ℎ
𝒚

𝑏 x

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 10

 Determination of Centroid by the
Method of Moments
 Let us consider a plane area A. The centre of gravity/ centroid of the area G
is located at a distance 𝒙 from the y-axis and at a distance 𝒚 from the x-axis
(the point through which the total weight W acts).
A

𝒙 G

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 11

 Assume the area A is divided into infinite small areas 𝑎1, 𝑎2,
𝑎3, 𝑎4…etc and their corresponding centroids are 𝑔1, 𝑔2,
𝑔4…etc.
𝑔3,
Let (𝑥1, 𝑦1), (𝑥2, 𝑦2), (𝑥3, 𝑦3) , (𝑥4,𝑦4)….etc be the
coordinates
of the centroids w.r.t 𝑎x axis
𝑎 𝑎
and y axis.
2 3 4
𝑎1 𝑎5
𝑎6

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 12

Applying the principle of MOMENT of area,
Moment of Total area A about y axis = Area x centroidal
distance
=Ax 𝒙
Sum of moments of small areas about y axis
=𝑎1𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3𝑥3 + 𝑎4𝑥4…. etc.
= 𝑎𝑥
Using Varignon’s theorem of moments,
Therefore, 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙
�
A x 𝒙 = 𝑎𝑥
�

Similarly 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒚
� 13

, �
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
Axes of Reference Centroidal Axis
These are the axes with respect to The axis which passes through the
which the centroid of a given centroid of the given figure is known as
figure is determined. centroidal axis, such as
the axis X-X and the axis Y-Y shown in
Figure.

14

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

SYMMETRICAL
AXES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 15

SYMMETRICAL
AXES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 16

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 17
 DERIVATION OF CENTROID OF
SOME IMPORTANT GEOMETRICAL
FIGURES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 18

 RECTANGL
 Let us consider a rectangular lamina of area (b x d) as shown
E in Figure.
 Now consider a horizontal elementary strip of area (b x
dy), which is at a distance y from the reference axis AB.
 Moment of area of elementary strip about AB
= (b x dy) . y
 Sum of moments of such elementary strips about AB is
given by,
𝒅
(b . dy) . y
𝟎

=b 𝒅
𝟎
ydy 𝒚𝟐 �
=b. �
𝟐 �
𝒃𝒅 �
=𝟐
� 19

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

�
 Moment of total area about AB = bd . 𝒚
 Apply the principle of moments about
AB,

bd . 𝒚 = �𝟐
𝒃𝒅
�
𝒅
𝒚= �
�
By considering a vertical strip, similarly, we can prove that

𝒃
𝒙= � 20

�
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
 TRIANGLE
 Let us consider a triangular lamina of area (𝟏 𝟐 x b x d) as
shown in Figure.
 Now consider a horizontal elementary strip of area (𝒃𝟏 x
dy), which is at a distance y from the reference axis AB.
 Using the property of similar triangles, we have
𝑏1 𝑑 −𝑦
=
𝑏𝑏 = 𝑑 −𝑦 . b
1 �
𝑑
�
𝒅 −𝒚
 Area of the elementary strip = �
. b . dy
�

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 21

  Moment of area of elementary strip about
AB
= Area x y

= 𝒅�
−𝒚
. b . dy. y
�

Sum of moments of such elementary strips is given by

=

𝒃𝒅
=𝟐
�
22 �
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
  Whereas, 𝒙 triangle is symmetrical about y axis
�
=𝒃 �

23

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 y y

d
d b/3 2b/3

d/3 d/3

b x b x

24

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 SEMI CIRCLE
𝟐
𝝅𝑹
 Let us consider a semi circular lamina of area (
�
) as shown in Figure. �
𝟏
 Now consider a triangular elementary strip of area (� x R x Rdθ) at an
angle of θ from the x-axis. �

𝟐
 Its centre of gravity is �R from O.
�
 its projection on the x-axis = 𝟑𝟐R cosθ
 Moment of area of t
elementary strip𝟏abou 𝟐
the y-axis = (𝟐 x R x Rdθ) . R cosθ
𝑹𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
=
d𝜽 �
25

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 26

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 QUATER CIRCLE
𝟐
𝝅𝑹
 Let us consider a quarter circular lamina of area (
�
�
) asNow
shown in Figure. 𝟏
 consider a triangular elementary strip of area (� x R x Rdθ) at an
angle of θ from the x-axis. �

𝟐
 Its centre of gravity is �R from O.
�
 its projection on the x-axis = 𝟑𝟐R cosθ
 Moment of area of
elementary strip𝟏about 𝟐
the y-axis = (𝟐 x R x Rdθ) . R cosθ
𝑹𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
=
d𝜽 �
27

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 28

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 29
 30

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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 32
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 33
NUMERICAL 1

120mm

10mm

60mm

10mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 34

 y

120mm

1 10mm

60mm

x
10mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 35

COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL CENTROIDAL AREA ( 𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
x DISTANCE y DISTANCE
(mm) (mm)
Rectangle 1 60 65 120 x 10 = 1200 72,000 78,000
Rectangle 2 60 30 60 x 10 = 600 36,000 18,000

𝑎= 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 =
1800 108000 96,000

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 108000
= 60mm
𝑎 1800

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 = 96000
= 53.33mm
𝑎 1800

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 36

NUMERICAL 2

80 mm

10mm

40mm

10mm

24mm

25mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 37

 y
NUMERICAL 2

80 mm

1 10mm

2
40m
m

10mm
3 24mm
x
25mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 38

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA ax ay
DISTANCE DISTANCE (mm) (𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 )
(mm)
RECTANGLE 1 40 5+40 +24 = 69 80 x 10 = 800 32,000 55,200
RECTANGLE 2 40 20 +24 = 44 40 x 10 = 400 16,000 17,600
RECTANGLE 3 40 12 25 x 24 = 600 24,000 7,200

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 =
𝑎=
72,000 80,000
1800
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 72,000
= 40mm
𝑎 1800

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 = 80,000
= 44.44mm
𝑎 1800

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 39

NUMERICAL 3

100 mm

20mm

100mm

20mm
20mm

150 mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 40

NUMERICAL 4

60 mm
12mm

128mm
10mm

10mm

75 mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 41

NUMERICAL 5

80mm 80mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 42

 y
NUMERICAL 5

1 2

𝟒𝐱
𝟖𝟎 𝟖𝟎
𝟑
+
𝛑 𝟒𝐱
2 1
x 80 x 80 𝟖𝟎
𝟑
3 3
𝛑

x
80mm 80mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 43

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA ax ay
DISTANCE DISTANCE (mm) (𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 )
(mm)
2 1 1
TRIANGLE 1 x 80= 53.33 x 80 = 26.66 x 80 x 80 = 1,70,656 85,312
3 3 2
3200
𝟒 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
QUARTER 𝟖𝟎 + = 𝟒 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
= 33.95 𝜋x802 5,72,774.23 170651.03
𝟑𝛑 𝟑𝛑 =
CIRCLE 113.95 4
2 5026.5
4
𝑎 = 8226.54 𝑎𝑥 = 743430.23 𝑎𝑦 = 2,55,963.03

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 743430.23
= 90.37mm
𝑎 8226.54

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 =
2,55,963.03
8226.5
= 31.11mm

𝑎 4

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 44

NUMERICAL 6
50mm 150mm

50mm
150mm

150mm
50mm

50mm
80mm150mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 45

 y
NUMERICAL 6
50mm 150mm

2
50mm
1 150mm

150mm 3
50mm
x

50mm
80mm150mm

REQUIRED AREA = SQUARE 1 – RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE 2 – QUARTER CIRCLE 3

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 46

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA ( 𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)

SQUARE 1 100 100 200 x 200 = 40,000 40,00,000 40,00,000

RIGHT ANGLED 50 + (2/3 x 150) 50 + (2/3 x 150) ½ x 150 x150 = - 16,87,500 - 16,87,500
TRIANGLE 2 = 150 = 150 -11,250
QUARTER 4 x 150 4 x 150 𝜋x1502 - 11,24,964.5 - 11,24,964.5
= 63.66 = 63.66 = - 17671.45
CIRCLE 3π 3π 4
3

𝑎=
11,078.55
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 =
1187535.5 1187535.5

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 107.19 mm
𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 = 107.19 mm
𝑎
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
NUMERICAL 7

1000 mm

800 mm 200 mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 48

NUMERICAL 8

4mm 6mm 3mm

6mm

3mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 49

 COMPONENT CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (m𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
13 9
1 RECTANGLE = 6.5 = 4.5 13 x 9 = 117 760.5 526.5
2 2
4
2 SEMI =2 9 - 4 x 2= 8.15 𝜋22
= - 6.28
2 3𝜋 -12.56 -51.182
CIRCLE 2

3 TRIANGLE 13 − 3 = 12 3 + 6= 5 1
x3x6=-9 -108 -45
3 3 2
10 + 3 = 11.5
3
4 SQUARE = 1.5 3x3=-9 -103.5 -13.5
2 2
4x 3 4x3 𝜋 x 32
5 QUARTER 10 - = 8.72 = 1.27 = - 7.06
3𝜋 3𝜋 -61.56 -8.97
CIRCLE 4

𝑎=
85.66
2
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 =
474.8768 407.8518
3
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 5.51 mm
1
𝑎
𝑦= = 4.76 m
𝑎𝑦
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 50
5 4
𝑎
NUMERICAL 9
3m

4m

9m
1m 2m

1m 1m

1.5 m 6m

10.5 m

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 51

 COMPONENT CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (m) DISTANCE (m)
2 x 1.5
1 TRIANGLE =1 9
=3 1
x 1.5 x 9 = 6.75
3
6.75 20.25
3 2
2 RECTANGLE 1.5 + 3 = 3
13
= 6.5 3 x 13 = 39 117 253.5
2 2

1.5 + 3 + 6 = 6.5 1
9
3 TRIANGLE =3 x 6 x 9 = 27 175.5 81
3 3 2
4 x 0.5 𝜋52
4 SEMICIRCLE 1.5 + 1 + 0.5 = 3 + 2 +1 = 3.2 = - 0.3926 -1.1778 -1.26025
3𝜋
2
2
5 RECTANGLE 1.5 + 1 + 0.5 = 3 +1=2 1x2= - 2 -6 -4
2

𝑎=
70.3574 2
𝑎𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥 =
349.4898
292.0722

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 4.15 m 1 3
4
𝑎
𝑦= = 4.96 m
𝑎𝑦 5
𝑎
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 52
NUMERICAL 10

30mm
5mm

10mm

5mm 5mm

25mm
20 mm

10mm 10mm 10mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 53

 y

4
2

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 54

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA ( 𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
30 1
1 TRIANGLE 20 + 25 = 35 x 40 x 30 = 600 12000 21000
3 2
25
2 RECTANGLE 20 = 12.5 30 x 25 = 750 15000 9375
2
20
3 RECTANGLE 20 = 10 10 x 20 = - 200 -4000 -2000
2
4x 5 𝜋52
4 SEMICIRCLE 20 + 20 = 22.12 = - 39.3 -786 -869.316
3𝜋
2
5 CIRCLE 20 10 + 25 = 35 𝜋x 52 = - 78.53 -1570.6 -2748.55

𝑎=
1032.17
𝑎𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥 =
24757.13
20643.4

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 20 mm
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = 23.98 mm
𝑎
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 55
NUMERICAL 11

2
1
3

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 56

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA ( 𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
4 x 2.25 𝜋 𝑥 2.252
1 SEMICIRCLE - = -0.955 2.25 = 7.95
- 7.952 17.88
3𝜋 2
6 4.5
2 RECTANGLE =3 = 2.25 6 x 4.5= 27 81 60.75
2 2
3 x 4.5
3 RIGHT 6+ =73 4.5
= 1.5 = 6.75
3 3 2
ANGLED 47.25 10.125
TRIANGLE

𝑎=
41.7
𝑎𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥 =
88.755
120.298

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 2.88 mm
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = 2.12 mm
𝑎
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 57
NUMERICAL 12

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 58

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA ( 𝒎 𝒎 𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
4 x 200 𝜋 𝑥 2002
1 SEMICIRCLE 200 = 84.88 = 62831.85 12,566,370 5,333,167.428
3𝜋
2
4 x 400 𝜋 𝑥 4002
2 SEMICIRCLE 400 = -169.76 = 251327.41 100,530,964.9 -42,665,341.51
3𝜋
2
4 x 200 𝜋 𝑥 2002
3 SEMICIRCLE 400 + 200 = 600 = - 84.88 =- 62831.85 -37,699,110 5,333,167.428
3𝜋
2

1 SEMICIRCLE + 2 SEMICIRCLE - 3 SEMICIRCLE

Y
𝑎
=251327.41
𝑎𝑦 = 1
𝑎𝑥 =
−31,999,006.65
75,398,224.9
X
𝑎𝑥 3
𝑥= = 300 mm
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = - 127.32 mm
𝑎 2
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE -Y
NUMERICAL 13

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 60

 X = 46.11mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 61

NUMERICAL 14
DETERMINE THE CENTOID WITH RESPECT TO THE APEX

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 62

 Y

-X
X

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 63

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 64