3.
1 Transformer Construction
3.2 Operating Principles
3.3 Transformer on No Load
3.4 Transformer on Load
3.5 E. M. F Equation of a Transformer
3.6 Transformer Losses
3.7 Transformer Efficiency
3.8 Transformer Testing – Open and Short circuit
3.9 Auto transformer
CHAPTER 3 : TRANSFORMER
HEP 3013
ELECTRICAL MACHINE
Introduction of Transformer
A Transformer is a static device which transfers ac
electrical power from one circuit to the other at the
same frequency but the voltage level is changed.
Parts of Transformer
Main tank
Primary Winding
Secondary winding
Buchholz Relay
Oil level Indicator
Breather
Radiator
LT and HT Bushes
Tap Changer
Air release plug
Testing of Transformer
All measurements are tested for routine test :
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of voltage/turn ratio
Measurement of impedance voltage / short circuit
Measurement of No load loss & No Load current
Measurement of Insulation resistance
Ratio test between three phase
Faults in Transformer
Temperature rise in winding
Temperature rise in oil
Overload
Insulation failure in oil
Failure of Tap-changing
Open Circuit
Short Circuit
Over heating
Protection of Transformer
Oil Temperature Indicators
Winding Temperature
Indicators
Buchholz Relay
Oil level Gauge Function
Explosion Vent Step up/ down
Isolation
Instrumentation
Types of Transformer
Current transformer
Voltage transformer
Auto transformer
Power transformer
Transformer Construction
There are two general types of transformers
Core type transformer Shell type transformer
Transformer Construction
These two differ by manner in
which the windings are wound
around the magnetic core. There are two types of
In order to reduce the eddy current windings employed for
losses, the core is laminated. transformer :-
In order to reduce core losses, 1. Concentric Coils
transformer have their magnetic
Used for core- type
core made cold-rolled grain- 2. Interleaved Coils
oriented sheet steel. Used for shell- type
Transformer Winding Construction
The winding is made of copper or
aluminum conductor, insulated with
paper or synthetic insulating material.
The windings are manufactured in
several layers, and insulation is placed
between windings.
The primary and secondary windings are
placed on top of each others but
insulated by several layers of insulating
sheets.
The windings are dried in vacuum and
impregnated to eliminate moisture.
Operation Principle
The transformer is based on two principles :
• First, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism)
and,
• Second, that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage
across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).
Transformer is only converting from AC signal into AC signal.
The primary is connected to source of alternating (AC) voltage
By changing the current in the primary coil, one changes the strength
of its magnetic field; since the secondary coil is wrapped around the
same magnetic field, which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f
(electromotive force)
If the secondary coil is closed, a current flows in it and so a voltage is
induced across the secondary terminal. Therefore, electrical energy is
transferred from primary to the secondary terminal.
Transformer on No Load
There is no load in secondary side it is open circuited.
When ac source is connected in primary a small current I 0 flows through
the primary. It occurs a very small amount of copper loss and iron loss in
the primary.
Copper loss I02R is very small and this loss may be neglected.
Hence, primary no load input power of practical transformer is equal to
the iron loss.
Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which does
not have any loss in it, means no core losses, copper losses and
any other losses in transformer. Efficiency of this transformer is
considered as 100%.
Practical/Non-ideal Transformer
Practical /Real transformer
Windings have resistances
Not all windings link the same flux
Permeability of the core material is not infinite
Core losses occur when the core material is subjected
to time-varying flux
EMF Equation
Faraday law
It can be observed that a changing magnetic field will induce a voltage in a
coil.
The voltage depended on how fast the flux was changed.
The voltage depended on the number of coils turns.
The voltage depended on how much magnetic flux passed through (linked
with) the coil.
EMF Equation
Faraday law:
Changing magnetic field or fluks generates an electromagnetic
force( emf), e within a coil of wire.
V (t) = Vp sin ωt
Ø (t) = Øp sin ωt
Ep= 2 π f N ØP
EMF Equation
Peak value: Ep= 2 π f N Øp
RMS value: Erms = Ep / √2
= 0.707 (2) π f Øp N
= 4.44 f Øp N
Induced e.m.f in both primary and secondary coils is same. So, we derive
formula as below:
E1= 4.44 f Øp N1..... (1)
E2= 4.44 f Øp N2......(2)
Ideal Transformer Characteristic
No flux losses
The resistance of the coils are zero.
No power losses in both windings
The relative permeability of the core in infinite.
No Eddy current and hysteresis losses (core losses)
Transformer Analysis
Equivalent circuit
Approximate equivalent circuit
Equivalent circuit parameters
Open circuit test
Short circuit test
Exact Equivalent Circuit
The model of the real transformer
Referred to secondary side
Referred to primary side
Exercise
A 40kVA step-down single phase transformer has primary winding of 200
number in turns and secondary winding of 20 number of turns and powered
by 230V, 50 Hz. Assume it is an ideal transformer. Determine:
i. Primary current and secondary current with no-load.
ii. Primary current and secondary current when the load is 5kVA.
iii. Induced e.m.f at primary winding and secondary winding if flux is 0.15
Tesla.
iv. Rated current at primary coil and rated current at secondary coil.
Exercise
Figure shows an ideal transformer. Based on data as in figure below,
Determine:
i. Primary current
ii. Secondary current
iii. Secondary voltage
iv. Consumed power by the resistive load.
Given primary voltage = 230V.
Exercise
A power transformer has the data as below:
20KVA, 200/ 40 turns powered by 400V, 50 Hz. Calculate:
1. Primary current and secondary current with no-load.
2. Primary current and secondary current when the load is 15kVA.
3. Induced e.m.f at primary winding and secondary winding, ɸ = 0.74Tesla.
Exercise
A 20 kVA non ideal transformer have data as below:
primary winding resistance = 6 Ω
secondary winding resistance = 0.06 Ω
primary inductive reactance = 8 Ω
secondary inductive reactance = 0.08 Ω
If the voltage ratio is 1000 / 100 V. Determine :
i. The equivalent value of R2’ and X2’ referred to primary.
ii. The equivalent value of R1’ and X1’ referred to secondary.
Exercise
A 20-kVA, 8000/277-V distribution transformer has the following
resistances and reactances:
Rp = 32Ω RS = 0.05Ω
Xp = 45Ω XS = 0.06Ω
Rc = 250kΩ XM = 30kΩ
The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-
voltage side of the transformer
1) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the
high-voltage side.
2) Voltage regulation when the pf is 0.8 lagging
Open circuit Test
It is used to determine Xm and Rc
Usually performed on the low voltage side
The test is performed at rated voltage and frequency under no
load
Short circuit Test
It is used to determine Xeq and Req
Usually performed on the high voltage side
This test is performed at reduced voltage and rated frequency
with the output of the low voltage winding short circuited
such that rated current flows on the high voltage side.
Losses in Transformer
Copper Loss (Variable loss)
Copper losses are resistive losses in primary and secondary
windings of the transformers.
Iron Loss
a) Hysteresis loss
The losses are seen as a heating of ferromagnetic core.
b) Eddy Current loss
Resistive heating losses in the core of transformer.
Transformer rating
Information on the nameplate:
10 kVA, 1100/110 volts.
The 10 kVA rating means that each winding designed for 10
kVA.
Therefore the current rating for
The high-voltage winding is 10,000/1100 = 9.09 A
The lower-voltage winding is 10,000/110 = 90.9 A.
Transformer Cooling
There are two types of losses occur inside the
transformer .The power lost due to these losses appears in the
form of heat. This heat increases the temperature of the
transformer.
To keep the temperature rise of the transformer within limits,
it is necessary for each transformer to dissipate the heat,
effectively to the surroundings.
There are 2 types of transformer
1. Dry type
2. Oil immersed transformer
Voltage Regulation
Defined as the difference between the voltage magnitude at the load
terminals of the transformer at full load and at no load in percent of full
load voltage.
A) Equivalent circuit referred to primary side:
V p Vs FL
VR 100%
Vs FL
Voltage Regulation
B) Equivalent circuit referred to secondary side:
V p / a Vs FL
VR 100%
Vs FL
Efficiency
To measure the efficient of the transformer
A) Equivalent circuit referred to primary side:
2
Vp
Pcore 2
Pcu I p Req1
Rc
Pout
Pin
Pout
x100%
Pout Ploss
Efficiency
B) Equivalent circuit referred to secondary side:
V / a
2
2
Pcore p
Pcu I s Req 2
Rc
Pout
Pin
When maximum efficiency occurs:
Pcore
n
Pcu
Exercise
A 500kVA transformer has a full load copper loss of 4kW and
iron loss of 2.5kW. Determine:
1. kVA output which the transformer’s efficiency is at
maximum.
2. Maximum efficiency, taking the load power factor as 0.75.
Exercise
A 15-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is to be tested to determine its excitation branch
components, its series impedances, and its voltage regulation. The following test data have
been taken from the primary side of the transformer.
Open circuit test Short circuit test
VOC = 2300 V VSC = 47 V
IOC = 0.21 A ISC = 6.0 A
POC = 50W PSC = 160W
1) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the high-voltage side.
2) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side.
3) Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 lagging power factor, 1.0 power factor,
and at 0.8 leading power factor.
4) What is the efficiency of the transformer at full load with a power factor of 0.8
lagging?
Exercise
The following are the open circuit and short circuit test data of a
single phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220V, 60 Hz transformer
O/C Test (HV side S/C Test (LV
Open) side
Shorted)
Voltmeter 220V 150V
Ammeter 2.5A 4.55A
Wattmeter 100W 215W
i)Calculate the equivalent circuit with respect to HV and LV side
ii) Calculate the efficiency and regulation of the transformer when
supplying rated load at 0.8 pf lag.
iii) Calculate the voltage regulation.
Autotransformer
Features of
Autotransformer
Lower leakage
Lower losses
Lower magnetizing current
Increase kVA rating
Primary and secondary on the same winding. No galvanic Isolation
Therefore there is no galvanic isolation.
