Introduction:

Matter and
Measurement

John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
Cottleville, MO 1
 Course Evaluation
Activity Weight Description
Laboratory 30% 6 labs each will be evaluated out
of 5%
Midterm Exam 10% The content covered before the
mid term (first 4 weeks)
Final Exam 25% (5% on the content covered in the
midterm, 20% for the other
lectures)
Course Work 20% Assignments, classwork
activities, Quizzes ( scheduled
and pop quizzes)
Project 15% Including poster presentation
and discussion

Instructor Info:
Email: [email protected]
Office hrs: Wednesday 9:00-11:00 2
 Chemistry
In this science we study
matter, its
properties, and its
behavior.

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 Matter
We define matter as anything that has mass and
takes up space.

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Matter

 Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

 Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
 A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
elements.
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States of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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 Matter
And
Measurement
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Classification of Matter

Matter
And
Measurement
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Properties and Changes of Matter

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Types of Properties
Physical Properties…
Can be observed without changing a substance into
another substance.
◦ Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.

Chemical Properties…
Can only be observed when a substance is changed
into another substance.
◦ Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.

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Types of Properties
Intensive Properties…
Are independent of the amount of the substance that
is present.
◦ Density, boiling point, color, etc.

Extensive Properties…
Depend upon the amount of the substance present.
◦ Mass, volume, energy, etc.

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Types of Changes
Physical Changes
These are changes in matter that do not change the
composition of a substance.
◦ Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.

Chemical Changes
Chemical changes result in new substances.
◦ Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

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Chemical Reactions

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Separation of Mixtures

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Filtration
In filtration, solid
substances are
separated from liquids
and solutions.

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Distillation
Distillation uses
differences in the
boiling points of
substances to separate
a homogeneous
mixture into its
components.

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Chromatography
This technique separates substances on the basis of
differences in solubility in a solvent.

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Units of Measurement

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SI Units

Système International d’Unités

A different base unit is used for each quantity.

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Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are
appropriate for the item being measured.

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 Volume
The most commonly used
metric units for volume are
the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).
A liter is a cube
1 decimeter (dm) long on
each side.
A milliliter is a cube
1 centimeter (cm) long on
each side.

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Temperature
By definition
temperature is a
measure of the average
kinetic energy of the
particles in a sample.

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Temperature
In scientific measurements,
the Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often used.

The Celsius scale is based

on the properties of
water.
0 C is the freezing point of
water.
100 C is the boiling point
of water.

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Temperature
The kelvin is the SI
unit of temperature.
It is based on the
properties of gases.
There are no negative
Kelvin temperatures.

K = C + 273.15

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Temperature
The Fahrenheit scale
is not used in scientific
measurements.

F = 9/5(C) + 32
C = 5/9(F − 32)

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 Example
A weather forecaster predicts the temperature will reach 31 °C.
What is this temperature (a) in K, (b) in °F?

(a) we have

K = 31 + 273 = 304 K.

(b) Also , we have

Practice Exercise

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Derived Units
Density is a physical property of a substance.
It has units (g/mL, for example) that are derived from
the units for mass and volume.

m
d=
V

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 Example
(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 × 102 g occupies a volume of
7.36 cm3.
(b) Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid methanol (wood alcohol) if its
density is 0.791 g/mL.
(c) What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold (density = 19.32 g/cm3)
if the length of the cube is 2.00 cm?

(a)

(b)

(c) First we need to calculate the volume of a cube is given by

its length cubed: Volume = (2.00 cm)3 = (2.00)3 cm3 = 8.00 cm3

THEN, Mass = volume × density = (8.00 cm3)(19.32

g/cm3) = 155 g 36
 Practice Example

(a) Calculate the density of a 374.5-g sample of

copper if it has a volume of 41.8 cm3. (b) A student
needs 15.0 g of ethanol for an experiment. If the
density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL, how many milliliters
of ethanol are needed? (c) What is the mass, in
grams, of 25.0 mL of mercury (density = 13.6 g/mL)?

Answers: (a) 8.96 g/cm3, (b) 19.0 mL, (c) 340 g

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Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and
different degrees of accuracy.

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Accuracy versus Precision
 Accuracy refers to the
proximity of a measurement
to the true value of a quantity.

 Precision refers to the

proximity of several
measurements to each other.

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 Significant Figures
The term significant figures refers to digits that were
measured.
When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention
to significant figures so we do not overstate the
accuracy of our answers.

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Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in the
number.

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Significant Figures
When addition or subtraction is performed,
answers are rounded to the least significant
decimal place.

When multiplication or division is performed,

answers are rounded to the number of digits that
corresponds to the least number of significant
figures in any of the numbers used in the
calculation.

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Example

How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume
that each number is a measured quantity): (a) 4.003, (b) 6.023 × 1023, (c)
5000?
(a) Four; the zeros are significant figures.
(b) Four; the exponential term does not add to the number of significant
figures.
(c) One; we assume that the zeros are not significant when there is no
decimal point shown.
If the number has more significant figures, a decimal point should be
employed or the number written in exponential notation. Thus, 5000.
has four significant figures, whereas 5.00×103 has three.

Practice Exercise
How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements:
(a) 3.549 g, (b) 2.3 × 104 cm,
(c) 0.00134 m3?
Answers: (a) four, (b) two, (c) three
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 Example
The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm, and
5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume of the box, using the correct
number of significant figures in your answer.
In reporting the volume, we can show only as many significant figures as
given in the dimension with the fewest significant figures, that for the
height (two significant figures):

A calculator used for this calculation shows 2285.01, which we must round
off to two significant figures. Because the resulting number is 2300, it is
best reported in exponential notation, 2.3 × 103, to clearly indicate two
significant figures.
Practice Exercise
It takes 10.5 s for a sprinter to run 100.00 m. Calculate her average speed in
meters per second, and express the result to the correct number of
significant figures.
Answer: 9.52 m/s (three significant figures)
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Practice Example

A gas at 25 C fills a container whose volume is 1.05 × 103 cm3. The

container plus gas has a mass of 837.6 g. The container, when
emptied of all gas, has a mass of 836.2 g. What is the density of the
gas at 25 °C?
Answer
Density = 1.3x10-3 g/cm3 = 0.0013 g/cm

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Dimensional Analysis
We use dimensional analysis to convert one quantity
to another.
Most commonly, dimensional analysis utilizes
conversion factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 in. 2.54 cm
or
2.54 cm 1 in.

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Dimensional Analysis
Use the form of the conversion factor that puts the
sought-for unit in the numerator:

desired unit
Given unit   desired unit
given unit

Conversion factor

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Dimensional Analysis
For example, to convert 8.00 m to inches,
convert m to cm
convert cm to in.

100 cm 1 in.
8.00 m    315 in.
1m 2.54 cm

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Example

If a woman has a mass of 115 lb, what is her mass in grams? (Use the
relationships between units given on the back inside cover of the text.)

The answer can be given to only three significant figures,

the number of significant figures in 115 lb. The process we
have used is diagrammed in the margin.
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Example
The average speed of a nitrogen molecule in air at 25 °C is 515
m/s. Convert this speed to miles per hour.

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References
Chapter 1, Chemistry, The Central Science, Pearson,
12th edition, ISBN:987-0-321-74983-3
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic-hom
e/arith-review-decimals/arithmetic-significant-figures
-tutorial/v/significant-figures
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic-hom
e/arith-review-decimals/arithmetic-significant-figures
-tutorial/v/more-on-significant-figures
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic-hom
e/arith-review-decimals/arithmetic-significant-figures
-tutorial/v/addition-and-subtraction-with-significant-
figures
https
://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic-home/arit
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