Lecture
Non-Conventional Renewable
Energy Sources
Renewable Energy Systems
Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Have discussed conventional energy sources
including Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear
Non-Conventional Energy Sources:
• MHD
• Gas Turbines
• Other Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable Energy Systems
Thermal Vs. Magneto Hydro Dynamic
(MHD) Generation
Thermal Power Heat released by fuel
Thermo cycle Rotational Mechanical Energy
Generator Electric Energy ƞ= ƞ1 * ƞ2
There are two stages of energy conversion in
conventional thermal power generation. Thus, it
has low efficiency
Renewable Energy Systems
Thermal Vs. Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD)
Generation
Thermal Power Heat released by fuel
Thermo cycle Rotational Mechanical Energy
Generator Electric Energy ƞ= ƞ1 * ƞ2
There are two stages of energy conversion in
conventional thermal power generation. Thus, it
has low efficiency
Renewable Energy Systems
Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generator
• Rotating Machines Associated Losses +
Maintenances
• MHD:
Combustion of Fuel Hot Gases Electrical Energy
Magnet
Renewable Energy Systems
Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generator
Single stage conversion:
Conducting Gas Electric Power
MHD Generator
(Strong Magnetic Field)
High Temperature
Renewable Energy Systems
MHD Principle
Load Anode
Gas Flow
2500° C Flow
Strong Magnetic Field
Fig. Principle of MHD Power Generation (ƞ =50%)
Renewable Energy Systems
MHD
• [Link]
• https://
[Link]/watch?v=e9LvM8EThyk
• Technological feasibility is established
• It is not economically feasible
MHD relevant Research in Russia using natural gas
as a fuel
Renewable Energy Systems
Gas Turbines
Power generation:
• Compressed air is fed to the combustion
chamber
• Continuous combustion of fuel is maintained
• Produced hot gases run gas turbine
Renewable Energy Systems
Gas Turbines
• Although less economical than thermal plant, it
is good for its ability to start and take up load
quickly.
• Capable of meeting sudden peaks of system load
• Can also be used as synchronous compensator.
• Fuel economy increases by using hot exhaust
gases of gas turbine in conventional steam
generation cycle.
Renewable Energy Systems
Geothermal Power Plant
• Heat deep inside the earth act as a source of
power.
• Steam coming from underground
• It is available in volcanic regions found in USA,
Italy, Newzealand, Mexico, Japan
• [Link]
• [Link]
Renewable Energy Systems
Geothermal Power Plant
• [Link]
• MQffnw
Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable Energy Sources
Merits:
• Protect environment
• Sustainable development
• Clean
• Easy to use
• Economically may become viable with increased use
Renewable Energy Systems
Wind Power Generation
Wind Electrical Energy
Merits:
• Plentiful
• Inexhaustible
• Non polluting
• No Heat Burden on Atmosphere
Renewable Energy Systems
Wind Power
Demerits:
• Non-steady
• Undependable
• Wind speed > 30 km/hr
• Isolated sites
• Backup is required for continuity
• Pitch control gearboxes serve the purpose of setting wind
turbine blades at the best angle to the wind to turn the
rotor.
Renewable Energy Systems
Wind Power
Types of Operations:
1. Small 0.5-10 kW; for single premises
2. Medium 10-100 kW; suitable for communities
3. Large 2MW-5MW; suitable for connection to
the grid
Renewable Energy Systems
Wind Power
Turbines:
Horizontal axis and vertical axis
Pitch control gearboxes serve the purpose of setting wind turbine blades
at the best angle to the wind to turn the rotor.
The nacelle sits on top of the tower and contains main technical parts of
the wind turbine.
[Link]
[Link]
Renewable Energy Systems
Horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines
Renewable Energy Systems
Wind Power Equation
P= 0.5 A V³ (Watts)
= density of air (1201 g/m3)
V= mean air velocity (m/s)
A= swept area (m2) = rotor height * rotor diameter; plane of wind intersected
by generator.
P= Power (Watts)
For example, for a rotor of 17m diameter and a velocity of 48 km/h .
Theoretical Power is 265 kW
Practical is 133 kW Renewable Energy Systems
Wind Power
• Most Wind Power Sites:
• Remote, Rural Island and Marine Areas.
• Denmark produced 42.1% of total demand
• Pakistan: Corridor between Gharo and Keti
Bandar (Thatta district, Sindh)
• Kund Malir; 40 turbines installed, supplying
111 households.
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Energy
Average incident solar energy:
earth surface 600W/m2
Free, non exhaustible, and pollution free cloudy,
hazy atmosphere reduce energy variable.
Challenging technological problems:
Collection, concentration of solar energy and
conversion through electric form through
efficient and comparatively economical means
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Energy
• 700° C to operate a heat engine at reasonable
efficiency to generate electricity.
• Tracking bowl: dia > 30 m 200 kW
• Construction huge capital outlay
• 10 MW California; 1818 plane mirror (7m *
7m)
• Direct radiation to raised boiler
• Solar Tower
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar thermal station
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar thermal station
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar thermal station
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Pond
Solar Pond Special low temp. heat engine
A pool of saltwater which collects and
stores solar thermal energy
• Much R&D in Israel: 150 kW from 0.74 hectare at
cost of $.20/kWh,
• Solar > wind by 2040
• Overall larger source by 2040
• [Link]
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Pond
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Pond
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Photovoltaic Power (PV)
PV:
• Roof top PV plant
• Solar Cells ƞ = 25%, Practical = 15%
• Maintenance of cells is required
• Amorphous Silicon cheap solar cells
Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Energy
Solar Car: Space requirement huge
0.1 % US area will be used for generating 10^12
kWh/year
Solar Thermal: Storage, Backup
Fluctuating Load
Source
Renewable Energy Systems
Wave Energy
Tides are formed because of the gravitational
forces between the Earth, the moon
Waves are formed; because of raging force
exerted by the wind on the water surface.
P (Amplitude)^2
( 2m) (10 s)
Renewable Energy Systems
Wave Energy
Energy Flux: 50-70 kW/m width of oncoming wave.
Engineering problems associated with wave power
are formidable.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Renewable Energy Systems
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Ocean World’s largest solar collector
• Temp. difference of 20° C between warm, solar
absorbing surface water and cooler ‘bottom’
water can occur. Miami: temp. difference; 17.5° C
• Pump large quantities of deep cold seawater
and surface seawater to run a power cycle
[Link]
Renewable Energy Systems
OTEC; How it works?
Renewable Energy Systems
Bio-fuels
The material of plants and animals is
Called BIOMASS transformed by chemical
and biological processes intermediate biofuels
such as CH4, ethanol liquid or charcoal solid.
Biomass Heat for cooking, comfort heat
(space heating), crop drying, factory processing
and raising steam for electricity production and
transport.
Renewable Energy Systems
Rural Energy in Pakistan
Decentralised and hybrid development
stop rural migration city (urban) for better
living conditions.
Smooth transition from fossil fuel economy to
sustainable renewable energy based economy
ENERGY FOR ALL and
and bring
ENERGY FOREVER for equitable
environment, friendly sustainable development.
Renewable Energy Systems
