EEM507 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Unit-5 Synchronous Machines

Prof. D.K. Chaturvedi

Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed Univ.)
Dayalbagh, Agra, U.P. India
UNIT -5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Contents
• Types
• Constructional details
• EMF equation
• Synchronous reactance
• Voltage regulation- synchronous impedance methods
• Power angle characteristics
• Power factor improvement methods
• V- curve
• Applications
              

EMF Equation
Time taken for one revolution is 60/Ns seconds.
Let        Φ  = Flux per pole, in Wb
              P  = Number of poles
              N = Synchronous speed in r.p.m
              f = Frequency of induced emf in Hz
              Z = Total number of conductors
             Zph = Conductors per phase connected in series 
= Z/3

Consider a single layer of conductor placed in a slot. Substituting in above equation

 eavg per conductor = 2 f Φ volts
The average value of emf induced in a conductor =  dΦ/dt
For one revolution of a conductor,  eavg per conductor = (Flux
cut in one revolution/Time taken for one revolution)

Total flux cut in one revolution is Φ x P.

Full Pitch Winding 
• The first conductor is connected to a
conductor which is 180° electrical (one pole
pitch) apart. So these two emf's will try to set
up a current in the same direction i.e. the two
emf are helping each other and hence
resultant emf per turn will be twice the emf  Tph = Zph/2 
induced in a conductor.
emf per turn = 2 x (emf per conductor)
= 2 x (2 f Φ)  = 4 f Φ volts. Hence the resultant emf
across a coil will be algebraic
• Average Eph = Tph x (Average emf per turn) sum of the two.
                    ER = E+ E = 2E
•          Average Eph = Tph x 4 f Φ
• But in ac circuits, RMS value of an alternating
quantity is used for the analysis. The form
factor is 1.11 of sinusoidal emf.
 Short pitched coil
• The angle by which coils are short pitched is called
angle of short
• ER = 2Ecos(α/2)
where α – chording angle for fundamental frequency
3α – chording angle for 3rd harmonics
5 α – chording angle for 5th harmonics
• Induced emf gets reduced due to short pitching called
pitch factor or coil span factor denoted by Kc.
Kc=Vector sum of induced emf per coil/
Arithmetic sum of induced emf per coil
Pitch factor, kp=1 for full pitch
Kp<1 for short pitch.
Numerical
• In an alternator if the winding is short pitched by 60 electrical
degrees, its pitch factor will be:
A) 1.0
B) 0.866
C) 0.75
D) 0.50
Answer: cos (α/2)= cos(30)=0.866
Advantage of short pitched winding
• Copper saving – at the end connections
• For large rated machines, reduction in copper will reduce the cost of the
machine considerably.
• Harmonics are reduced – Hence eddy current and hysteresis losses are
reduced.
• There is no effect of triplen harmonics in line voltage so 3rd harmonics will be
automatically eliminated.
• It improve the waveform of generated EMF i.e. generated EMF can be made
to approximate to a sine wave more easily 
• Since the net length of the coil is also reduced, leakage inductance will be
reduced, so inductive reactance is reduced, so less voltage drop(IaXs), and so
better will be the voltage regulation.
• Mechanical strength of the coil is increased.
Distribution factor
The armature winding is not concentrated, but
distributed through out the periphery of stator.
Consider 18 slots 2 pole alternator. So slots per pole i.e. n = 9. 
                               m = Slots per pole per phase = 3 
                                β = 180°/9 = 20°
 The distribution factor is defined as the ratio of the resultant emf
when coils are distributed to the resultant emf when coils are
concentrated. It is always less than one.             
where   m = Slots per pole per phase
              β = Slot angle = 180°/n
 n = Slots per pole
Eph = 4.44 Kc Kd f ΦTph volts 
Problem - 1
A 3 phase, 16 pole alternator has a star connected winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot.
The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb, sinusoidal distributed and the speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency of
the induced emf, phase emf and line emf. Assume the coil as full pitched.
Given parameters: P = 16, slots = 144 , Z = 10 conductors per slot, Φ = 0.02 wb, N = 375 rpm, for full
pitch coil, Kp = 1.
To find : f, Eph, EL
Solution:
f= PN/120 = 16 x 375/120,
f = 50 Hz
The emf equation of alternator is given by, Eph= 4.44 Kp Kd Φ f T volts
Here, m = no. of slots/pole/phase = 144/16/3 = 3
where n=no. of slots/pole = 144/16 = 9
β = 1800/n = 1800/9 = 200
Z = 10 conductors per slot per phase = 10 x 144/3 = 480
T = Z/2 = 480 /2 = 240
Eph= 4.44 x 1 x 0.96 x 0.02 x 50 x 240 = 1022.97 V
Problem - 2
• A 6-pole 3-phase star connected alternator has armature of 90 slots
and 8-conductor per slot. It is running at 1000 rpm. Assume the flux
per pole is 0.05 wb. Calculate EMF generated, Kw=Kc*Kd=0.97.
• Solution
Ns=120f/P
F=50 Hz
Z=slots* conductor/slot=720
Zph=720/3=240
Tph=Zph/2=120
Eph = 4.44 Kc Kd f ΦTph volts =1292.04 Volts
Star connection EL=2237 volts
Problem - 3
Calculate RMS value of induced emf per phase of a 10-pole, 3-phase, 50Hz
alternator with 2-solts/pole/phase and 4-conductors/slot in two layers.
The coil span is 150o. The flux /pole has a fundamental component of 0.12
wb and a 20% third harmonic component.
Solution
Fundamental emf - α =180-150=30o Z=10*2*4=80
Chording factor Kc1 = cos(α /2) = 0.966 T=Z/2=40
E1=4.44Kc Kd f TΦ=995 V
m=2; No. of slots/pole=6, β = 180 /6=30 ,
0 o

Kd1=sin(mβ/2)/{msin(β/2)}=0.966
Harmonics EMF
Kc3 = cos (3α /2) =0.707
Kd3=sin(3mβ/2)/{m sin(3β/2)}=0.707
f3=3*50=150 Hz
Φ3=0.2 * 0.12/3=0.008 wb
E3=106V
E=√(E12 + E32)=1000V
Email: dkchaturvedi@[Link]